It was also determined that the Three Qins were the first battle of the Chu and Han dynasties. The victory in the counter-offensive from Hanzhong is a key step for Liu Bang Group to break through the blockade and move from difficulty to development. Without the victory of this battle, Liu Bang's clique would be trapped in the Shu Han region and consumed in the rich and closed kingdom of Tianfu. After capturing this strategic area, Liu Bang had a relatively stable rear area and the strength to go east to compete for the world. Therefore, this battle was of great significance to the establishment of the Han Empire.
This battle was also the only successful case in Chinese history in which Hanzhong counterattacked the key battles. More than four hundred years later, Zhuge Liang tried to repeat the history of that year five times from Hanzhong On the Northern Expedition, all of which ended in failure. This also confirms from the negative side that Han Xinbing's ingenuity and the difficulty of this battle are indispensable miracles in military history. This battle made Han Xin famous in the first battle, and gained great prestige among the han generals.
However, the Chronicle of Takazu Honji is very brief, using only 68 words:
In August, the King of Han used Han Xin's strategy to return from his hometown and attack the Yong King Zhang Handan. Handan attacked Han Chencang, the Yong army was defeated, and left; the battle was stopped, and then it was defeated again, and the hill was abandoned. The King of Han then fixed Yongdi. To the east, Xianyang, he led troops to besiege the Yong King's abandoned hills, and sent his generals to slightly determine Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun.
This article expounds in more detail from nine aspects.
One: Why do you take the Three Qins as the first battle for the world?
Liu Bang was given the title of King of Han, Wang Ba, Shu, and Hanzhong. The Kingdom of Han was bordered to the north by the Yong Kingdom of Zhang Handan and the Sai State of Sima Xin, to the east by the Linjiang State of Gong'ao, to the southeast by the Hengshan State of Wu Rui, and to the northwest and southwest by the barbaric lands of that time. The King of Han competed for the world, and there were three strategies for advancing troops to the north, to the east, and to the southeast, so why did Liu Bang choose to go north and set up the Three Qins?
First, it is also determined that the political public opinion of the Three Qins is favorable
1. According to the "Covenant of the King of Huai", Liu Bang first entered the Dingguan and should be given the title of "King of Qin" or "King of Guanzhong". However, Xiang Yu tore up the "Covenant of the King of Huai" and forcefully said that Ba and Shu were also the land of Guanzhong, so Liu Bang was sent to the Bashu region to become the king of Han. At that time, Xiang Yu's strength was the strongest, and all the princes were jealous, and Liu Bang had no choice but to go to Hanzhong for the time being. However, after all, the King of Chu Huai was still the nominal co-lord of the world, and the King of Chu Huai made it clear that the previous agreement could not be changed. Therefore, Liu Bang also decided on the Three Qins under the banner of "The Covenant of the King of Huai", which was beneficial to him in terms of political public opinion. Therefore, after seizing the land of the Three Qins, Zhang Liang wrote to Xiang Yu, saying that the King of Han only wanted to call Wang Guanzhong according to the agreement, and there was no other non-division of thoughts, and did not dare to go east to compete for the world. After Xiang Yu weighed it up, there was no westward army to attack Liu Bang.
2. It is also determined that the Three Qins can be regarded as internal wars and will not have a great impact on other princely kingdoms. According to Mr. Li Kaiyuan's interpretation, the "Covenant of the King of Huai" is to return to the era of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, after the restoration of the six kingdoms of the Kwantung and the joint elimination of the Qin State, so that those who have made great achievements in destroying qin will succeed to the throne of Qin. Xiang Yu tore up the "Covenant of the King of Huai" and sealed eighteen princes, but in fact, on the basis of the original Warring States Seven Xiong Territory, he divided a country into several small countries. For example, the territory of the Qin state during the Warring States period was divided into four princely kingdoms: Han, Yong, Sai, and Zhai. Therefore, Liu Bang also fixed the Three Qins, which can be regarded as a war within the "Qin State", and compared with the eastward attack on The King gong'ao of Linjiang, the influence of public opinion on the Three Qins was much smaller.
Second, the strategic position of the Three Qins is important
The Three Qins, now Shaanxi, were the place where the Zhou Dynasty was rejuvenated and the place where the Qin Empire rose. The strategic position here is very important, capturing the Three Qins, entering and going east to compete for the world, and retreating can be held firm to seek self-preservation. The Qing Dynasty scholar Gu Zuyu wrote in the "Minutes of Reading the History of Public Opinion and the Summary of The Minutes of Public Opinion in Shaanxi":
Shaanxi is based on the upstream of the world, and the one who controls the fate of the world is also. Therefore, if shaanxi is difficult, although the small will be big, although the weak will be strong, although it cannot be the hero of the world, it will also be immersed in the decision, resulting in a great calamity under the world. The Guanzhong region of the Land of the Three Qins is a place where soldiers must fight, and Zhang Liang praised it as "a golden city of thousands of miles, the country of heaven."
1. Golden City Thousand Miles. Guanzhong Plain, also known as the Weihe Plain, is between the Qinling Mountains and the Weibei Mountain System (Qiaoshan, Huanglongshan, Meridian Ridge, Longshan, etc.), from Baoji in the west to Tongguan in the east, with an east-west length of about 350 kilometers and an area of about 36,000 square kilometers, known as the "Eight Hundred Mile Qin River". The Guanzhong Plain has the danger of mountains and rivers, and at the same time, after successive generations of opening mountains and valleys, repairing passes and setting up passes, so that it has Hangu Pass in the east, Dasan Pass in the west, Wu Pass in the south, and Xiao Pass in the north, which is known as the reputation of "the solidity of the four plugs".
2. The Kingdom of Heaven. The entire Guanzhong region is crisscrossed by rivers, the famous ones are Guye River, Wuding River, Qingjian River, Yan River, Beiluo River, Jing River, etc., the Wei River crosses the Guanzhong Plain, and there are eight waters around Chang'an. In the late Warring States period, the climate was mild, and the Qin State built the famous Zhengguo Canal and Baigong Canal, which were more than 300 miles long and covered more than 40,000 hectares of fertile land, which was one of the richest areas in China at that time. The so-called "Zheng Bai's fertility, the source of food and clothing".
Third, Guanzhong's father and elder supported Liu Bang
After Liu Bang entered Xianyang, he sealed qin's treasure treasury and returned the army to hegemony, and had no offense with Minqiu. At that time, the Qin law was strict, and the slanderers were about to be exterminated of the three ethnic groups, and they could also be sentenced to death. Liu Bang and Guanzhong's father and father have three chapters of the Law: the murderer dies, the wounded and the theft is atonement. The rest of the Qin Fa was removed. The Qin people were very happy and rushed to take out cattle and sheep wine to treat Liu Bang's sergeant. Pei Gong refused to accept it, saying to the people: "We still have a lot of grain in storage, and there is no shortage of materials, and there is no need for you to spend money." The people of Qin were even happier, lest Liu Bang not be the king of Qin. Therefore, the people of The Three Qins were very supportive of Liu Bangjun.
On the other hand, Xiang Yu first killed 200,000 Qin soldiers in Xin'anCheng Pit, and then entered Xianyang and massacred them on a large scale, and the Qin princes and infants were also killed; the Qin palace was burned, and the fire was not extinguished for three months; and the women who received the goods and treasures of the Qin state returned, which disappointed the Qin people.
Looking at Zhang Handan and the other three people, they were originally Qin generals, and the fathers of the three Qins always hoped that they could lead their sons to kill the enemy on the battlefield and make meritorious achievements, but after several years of conquest, countless people died in the war. Later, the three surrendered to Xiang Yu, resulting in all 200,000 descendants being killed, but the three of them were not only not killed, but later they were also divided into kings and ruled qin. Sanqin was pained into the bone marrow of the three people.
Fourth, the military strength in Guanzhong is relatively weak
From the beginning of the Wuguang Rebellion in the first year of Qin II (209 BC) to the first month of the First Year of han (206 BC), in the nearly three years of the War of Annihilation of Qin, the Great Wall Army led by Wang Li was wiped out, and Zhang Handan's prisoner army and the newly recruited Qin disciples were all killed. Zhou Wen, Liu Bang, and Xiang Yu successively broke through the pass and entered Guanzhong, and Xiang Yu also massacred and burned down the palace in Xianyang, so after the war, the land of The Three Qins was devastated and the troops were weak.
In order to balance Liu Bang, Xiang Yu divided the Qin land into three and divided it into three princes. However, when using troops, it actually divided the military strength of Qin, because it was difficult for the three princes to form a unified dispatch and work together to resist the enemy.
Fifth, the disadvantage of attacking the Linjiang state and the Hengshan state
Although Gong Ao, the King of Linjiang, and Wu Rui, the King of Hengshan, were sealed by Xiang Yu, they were not Xiang Yu's hardcore allies. Throughout the Chu-Han War, we rarely see them in Xiang Yu's camp to attack Liu Bang's army. On the contrary, in the process of Liu Bangxi's invasion of Qin, Wu Rui's subordinate Mei Feng had given great help. Therefore, it was possible that Wu Rui and Gong Ao would be drawn over, and even if they could not be wooed, Liu Bang could still temporarily use their neutral stance to expand his own strength by returning the Three Qins. If you attack them first, it will undoubtedly be an enemy in many ways, which is not good for the Liu Bang clique, which is still relatively small.
From the geographical point of view, the Linjiang State and Xiang Chu's Western Chu State were adjacent, and Liu Bang's attack on the Linjiang State would inevitably provoke Xiang Yu's attack; the Hengshan State and the Jiujiang State were adjacent, and the relationship was close at that time, attacking the Hengshan State, the King of Jiujiang Was likely to send troops to rescue each other. Moreover, the State of Linjiang and the State of Hengshan had no danger to defend, and even if Liu Bang temporarily attacked, it would be difficult to defend for a long time.
Based on the above considerations, Liu Bang Group will also make the Three Qins the first battle for the world, which is a very correct choice.
2: Why did you choose this time to still set the Three Qins?
In April of the first year of the Han Dynasty, under the boycott of the princes, Liu Bang led an army to Hanzhong to take the country. In August of the same year, Liu Bang sent troops to return the Three Qins. Why choose this time?
1. Xiang Yu was busy fighting in the north and had no time to look west
Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Liang (湘梁) once rescued Tian Rong, a Qi nobleman besieged by Zhang Handan. Originally, Tian Rong should have known about the en Tu, but due to Tian Fei's reasons, Tian Rong and Xiang Liang had a rift, and when Zhang Handan besieged Xiang Liang, Tian Rong refused to send troops to rescue him, which eventually led to Xiang Liang being killed.
Xiang Yu resented Tian Rong as a result, and after the destruction of Qin, he did not divide Tian Rong. Tian Rong joined forces with Chen Yu and Peng Yue, who also resented Xiang Yu, and sent troops to capture the land of Sanqi, established himself as king, and attacked the states of Wei and Changshan. When Xiang Yu heard this news, he was very angry, so he raised an army to attack Tian Rong. Xiang Yu's northern expedition to Tian Rong provided Liu Bang with an excellent opportunity to also set the Three Qins.
2. Liu Bang was made the King of Hanzhong and returned to his generals
The Bashu region, where traffic was blocked, was the place where prisoners were exiled in the Qin State. In addition, most of the Han army was from the Central Plains, and after nearly three years of the Southern Expedition and the Northern War, there was no chance to return home. Now that the violent Qin dynasty has been extinguished, and the world has stopped soldiers, they miss their hometown very much. Therefore, many soldiers were reluctant to follow him to Hanzhong to take the country, and on the way to Nanzheng, many people secretly fled. After arriving in Hanzhong, there were still many people who secretly fled, and even the soldier Han Xin planned to escape.
At this time, if you allow the soldiers to flee, you will greatly weaken your own strength. On the contrary, effectively taking advantage of the soldiers' homesickness, fixing the Three Qins, and then going east to compete for the world will greatly stimulate the courage of the soldiers to kill the enemy bravely.
3. The land of the Three Qins has been greatly damaged and has not yet been restored
As mentioned above, The uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang began, and in the nearly three years of the war against Qin, the land of The Three Qins suffered great damage. At this time, only a few months after the fall of Qin, the local military and economy had not yet been well restored, and the strength was weak. At this time, the Three Qins were also fixed, and it was precisely to take advantage of the void to attack. If you wait until Zhang Handan, Sima Xin, and others recruit troops and strengthen their defenses, it will be very difficult to return the Three Qins.
4. Han Xin Shen Military Law, the general is trying to make meritorious achievements
Under Xiao He's strong recommendation, Liu Bang and Han Xin had a long talk. After some deep talks, Liu Bang recognized Han Xin's military talents very much, so he held a solemn ceremony to worship him as a great general. Subsequently, Han Xinshen's military law changed the Chu jue used by the Han army to the military merit knight of the former Qin state. Under this system of military merit, soldiers and soldiers can obtain high knighthoods and enjoy good treatment by killing enemies on the battlefield. The soldiers and the natives of Bashu, who were eager to make meritorious achievements, actively prepared to conquer the battlefield.
All in all, at this time, the Three Qins are still set, the time is ripe, and the opportunity is rare.
III: The defensive battle before the Three Qins
Although Xiang Yu was not a first-class politician, he still soberly realized that Liu Bang would never be willing to live in Bashu as the king of Hanzhong. Therefore, Xiang Yu was three points in the middle of the pass, and Feng Zhang, Sima Xin, and Dong Feng were kings to defend against Liu Bang.
Zhang Handan's 200,000 soldiers were killed in Xin'an, and the strength of the Three Qins was obviously insufficient. Zhang Handan and others as a whole took a defensive position, with "Sai Wei Shang", "Sai Chen" and "Distance from Sai Han Dao" to "Distance from sai Han King".
At that time, Liu Bang's strength was also relatively weak, and he also adopted a defensive strategy. On the way to Hanzhong, he burned down the boardwalk, on the one hand, to signal to Xiang Yu that he had no ambitions to go east, and on the other hand, it was also a strategic defense against the attack of the princes. The "List of Meritorious Servants of Gao Hui Gao Houwen" records that Guo Ting, the Marquis of Aling, "entered the Han Dynasty with the Sai Road", and the Sai Road was to cover the main road to prepare for the enemy.
At the same time, offense is also the best defense. At that time, Shu County was a fiefdom of the King of Han, but Zhang Handan privately appointed Shu County' guard. This is to show the state of hostility with Liu Bang, but also to be politically aggressive and offensive to defend.
(Ping Thorn Hou Lin Zhi) to the guest from the beginning of the father, beheading Zhang Handan signed shu shou. Chronology of the Princes of Gaozu
Faced with Zhang Handan's political provocations, Liu Bang appointed Li Shang as the governor of Longxi, which was still under Zhang Handan's control.
The King of Han gave (Li) shangjue Xin Chengjun (信成君) and made him a general as a lieutenant of Longxi. "History of Fan Li Teng's Biography"
Liu Bang and Zhang Handan fought openly or covertly, and the war in Longxi and Shu County seemed to be on the verge of breaking out.
Wanton: If you still have three Qins, why did you send troops to Longxi first?
Sending troops to Longxi was the prelude to the return of the Three Qins. The capture of Longxi not only consolidated the lands of Bashu and Hanzhong, but also served the purpose of confusing Zhang Handan, laying the foundation for the later darkness of Chen Cang.
Since ancient times, today's Hanshui and Western Hanshui are a river channel, originating in the southwest of present-day Tianshui, Gansu, flowing through Lixian and Chengxian in the Longnan region into Luoyang, Shaanxi, and then flowing through the Hanzhong region, connecting with today's Hanshui.
At that time, in the area of Luoyang in the upper reaches of the Han River, there was a huge mountain waterway type lake, known as Tianchi Daze. Due to the reason that the Tianchi Osawa water storage raises the waterway, most of the rivers in the upper reaches of the Han River are navigable, and the waterway transportation is convenient. Starting from Hanzhong, heading up the river, boats can reach Longxi. From Tianchi Osawa to the north, you can approach Chen Cang along the old road.
Under such traffic conditions, Han Xin secretly revealed Chen Cang's strategy that there would be no major obstacles in the transportation of grain and grass and soldiers. Han Xinbing first attacked Longxi before leaving Chen Cang, in order to block the Han Water Channel and prevent the Yong army in Longxi from going down the river, attacking Hanzhong after the Han army made a big exit from Chen Cang, attacking Liu Bangjun from behind.
When Qin Zhaoxiang was king, Sima Zhuo sent troops from Longxi and followed Han Shui to capture Qianzhong Commandery of the Chu state. The Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu wrote to Cen Peng, who was besieging Xicheng, saying, "If both xicheng and Shangyi are captured, you can lead your troops south to attack Western Shu." It can be seen that attacking Shu County, Longxi County is the gateway that must be done.
As mentioned earlier, Zhang Handan's private appointment of Shu County's sheriff was a political provocation and a military temptation. Liu Bang's dispatch of troops to Longxi was precisely the plan. Attacking Longxi in this way drew Zhang Handan's attention to the Longxi region, thus relaxing his vigilance against Chen CangDao and Meridian Dao, and preparing for the later surprise and darkness of Chen Cang.
In August of the first year of the Han Dynasty, the Han army marched towards Longxi. Cao Shan led a vanguard force to attack Xiayan County (下辨县, northwest of present-day Chengxian County, Gansu Province) in the southwest of Longxi County; Fan Huan led another vanguard to continue their march northwest along the Western Han River, with an army pointing directly at Xi County (西县, in modern Yanguan Town, Li County, Longnan City, Gansu Province) and Shangyi (上邽, in present-day Tianshui, Gansu Province), with the potential to capture Longxi County in one fell swoop.
Wu: Send an army to Chen Cang and capture Sanqin
Cao Shan's and Fan Duo's attack on Longxi Commandery was only a bluff. At the same time, Liu Bang's main force was marching along the old road to Guanzhong.
After capturing Xiajian, Cao San's vanguard folded to the northeast and joined Liu Bang's army at Gudao County.
Gudao County is an important stronghold on Chencang Road. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Gudao County was located on the Qinling Mountain Liang in the northeast of present-day Feng County, Shaanxi, and to the north was the famous Dasanguan. Many people mistakenly regard present-day Liangdang County in Gansu Province as the Qin and Han Gudao County, but in fact, the area around The Eastern Yangjiadian of Liangdang County was the seat of the Gudao County set up by Emperor Xiaowen of northern Wei in the fourth year of Yanxing, not the Qin and Han Gudao County. See Shi Dangshe and Zhou Zhenhewen, "The Early History of the Ancient Dao: An Argument Based on Archaeological Materials"
The Great Scattered Pass was an important pass that entered guanzhong from Chen Cang Road, and Zhang Handan soberly realized the importance of the Great Scattered Pass, and had long ago deployed heavy troops here to strengthen the defense. Before the dangerous pass that was easy to defend, difficult to attack and heavily guarded, Liu Bang could not break through for a while. At this time, Zhao Yan asked to see Liu Bang and pointed out a path leading to Chen Cang. Liu Bangjun bypassed the Great Scattered Pass and surrounded Chen Cangcheng through this trail.
(Zhao Yan) Yongjun Sai Chen, Gurudwara, Shangji wants to return, Yan Yan from his Way, Dao Tong. Chronology of the Princes of Gaozu
Zhang Handan received the news and rushed to the aid of Chen Cang. By the time we reached Yong County (雍县; present-day Fengxiang County, Shaanxi), Chen Cangcheng had fallen. The Han army took advantage of the victory to attack and fought with Zhang Handan's army at Yongcheng. At this time, Fan Huan also led his troops to Yongcheng, but Zhang Handan was defeated and forced to retreat to The Ruins Hill (present-day Xingping City, Shaanxi).
Zhang Handan's younger brother Zhang Ping led a part of the defeated Yong army to retreat to Haoyi (present-day eastern Qianxian County, Shaanxi), and the two brothers divided the two cities and formed a horn to prevent the Han army from advancing eastward, waiting for reinforcements from the Cypriot and Zhai armies.
The main force of the Han army, which had successfully marched, marched east along the Wei River and directly approached the ruined hill. The Beibu Han army, under the command of Cao Shengfan, pursued Zhang Ping and besieged Haoxi.
After receiving reinforcements, Zhang Handan, who had retreated to the abandoned hill, regained his military strength and raised his army west out of the abandoned hill, attacking from Langxiang (present-day southeast of Wugong, Shaanxi) and Gao Que (southeast of present-day Wugong, Shaanxi). While facing the attack of Zhang Handan's army head-on, the Han army secretly mobilized the Cao and Fan armies that were besieging Haoqiao to the south and raided Zhang Handan's army from the flank. Under the attack of the Han army on both sides, the Zhang Handan army was defeated and once again retreated to the abandoned hill.
(Cao Shan) from the return of the Three Qins, the initial attack on the debate, the ancient road, the Yong, and the Yuan. Strike Zhang Ping's army in the south of Haoqi, break it, surround Haohe, and take the countryside. Attack the Three Qin Armies east of the land and Gao Que, and break it. Re-encircle Zhang Ping, Zhang Ping out of the good qi away. History of Cao Xiangguo's Family
The Battle of Abandoned Hill was a decisive battle in the Han army's counter-offensive. After this great battle, the main force of the Three Qin Army was defeated and lost the ability to actively attack the Han army. After the Battle of the Ruins Hill, Zhang Handan was trapped in the isolated city, and since then he has not taken another step out of the Ruins Hill.
After winning the Battle of Ruins Hill, the Han army marched east and captured Xianyang. He also divided his troops to the north and west, and successively captured The Northern Prefectures, Shangjun, and Longxi Counties.
It should also be noted that Zhang Handan was besieged in the abandoned hill and held out for nearly nine months, until in May of the second year of the Han Dynasty, the Han army diverted water to irrigate the abandoned hill city, forcing Zhang Handan to commit suicide and the soldiers to surrender. After Haopi was breached, Zhang Ping first fled north to Qi County (present-day Bin County, Shaanxi), west to Fan County (present-day Long County, Shaanxi), and then along the Qishan Road into Longxi County, until the first month of the second year of the Han Dynasty, when he was captured by the Han army.
Lu: Ban Yu is a pioneer
The Banyu barbarians are a branch of the Cuban tribe, mainly distributed in Yingshan, Langzhong, Bazhong, Quxian and other vast areas in northeastern Sichuan. They were good at crossbow shooting, and because they used wooden planks as rafters, they charged into battle, and were called "board barbarians".
When Qin Zhaoxiang was king, there was a white tiger, who often counted from the group of tigers to the Qin state of Bashu and Han, and harmed thousands of people. King Qin Zhao offered a heavy reward and recruited warriors who could kill tigers. Ban Yu man made a crossbow out of white bamboo and went up the stairs to shoot the white tiger. Because they were barbarians, King Qin Zhao did not give them knighthoods, but implemented preferential policies such as tax reductions and reductions and lighter punishments for violations of the law.
Their dance is a collective martial dance, which they have developed in their long-term struggle with beasts of prey and tribes, and they are magnificent and tragic, and after Liu Bang has seen it, he evaluates it as the song and dance of the King of Wu. Later, musicians were also allowed to learn, and this dance entered the Han Palace, which was later named "Bayu Dance".
Before the Battle of The Three Qins, there was a leader named Fan Mu in the Banyan Barbarians, who had great prestige in the Langzhong area. He had a very strategic vision, a discerning eye, and was sure that Liu Bang would definitely seize the world. So he met Liu Bang and volunteered to recruit local indigenous people and follow Liu Bang to pacify the world. This recruited ethnic minority army, familiar with the terrain of Bashu and Hanzhong, was good at mountain warfare, and in the Battle of The Three Qins, they were the Han forwards, and they won victories in the charge and battle for many times, making great contributions to Liu Bang's army in the smooth return of the Three Qins.
After the Three Qins were also settled, Liu Bang respected their opinions and repatriated them back to their original places. In order to show his merits, Liu Bang successively made Fan Mu the Marquis of Jianzhang Township and the Marquis of Cijian County, but Fan Mu did not resign, and finally Liu Bang still made Fan Mu the Marquis of Duqu Township, so that he could return to his hometown and enjoy the glory and wealth. For the generals who followed Fan Mu, Liu Bang exempted the seven surnames of Luo, Pu, Gui, E, Du, Xi, and Gong from rent, allowing the locals to enjoy the same preferential treatment policy as Liu Bang's hometown Feng and Pei.
Emperor Han Gao destroyed Qin as the King of Han, Wang Ba and Shu. Langzhong people FanMu, with the strategy of grace and faith, knows that the emperor must be the world. Speaking of the emperor, in order to raise and distribute the people, it is necessary to co-determine Qin. Qindi was established, and the title was Marquis Jianzhang township of Chang'an. The emperor will ask for the Kanto, and the people will think of returning. Di Jia was difficult to hurt his intentions, so he listened to him and returned the favor. The title is: "The rich and noble do not return to their hometown, such as clothes embroidered with nocturnal ears." He was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Langzhongci (凫). Mu Gu resigned, and was the Marquis of Fengdu. The late world is called the Death of the Three Qins, fan sanhou also. The seven surnames of Minluo, Pu, Gui, E, Du, Xi and Gong are not provided for rent. "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi"
and Han Gaozu was the King of Han and recruited people to pacify the Three Qins. After returning to the countryside, Gaozu, with his merits, restored Tongfeng and Pei, did not provide taxes, and renamed its place as Ba County. The soil has the rao of salt iron dan lacquer, the vulgarity is brave, and it is good at singing and dancing. Gao Zu loved his dance, Zhao Le Fu XiZhi, and now "Bayu Dance" is also. "Jin Shu Li Te Li Chuan"
7: Which boardwalk was burned and rebuilt?
The story of Liu Bang and Han Xinming repairing the boardwalk and secretly crossing Chen Cang is widely circulated, but it has been disputed since the Western Han Dynasty which boardwalk was burned and repaired. Some people think it is the meridian road, others think it is the slope of the slope, and both sides have their own arguments. After mr. Xin Deyong, a researcher at the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, wrote "On the Geographical Significance of Liu Bang's Entry and Exit into Hanzhong and His Marching Route" and Mr. Sun Qixiang, a librarian of the Hanzhong City Archives, published "Examination of Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty on the "Burning of the Boardwalk" in the Zheng Dynasty in southern China", the statement that it was the Meridian Road that was burned and repaired was recognized by most scholars. The main reasons for this are as follows:
1. There is a relatively clear record in the "History of Gao Zu Benji".
In April, under the military strike, the princes took up their own positions. In the kingdom of the King of Han, King Xiang sent 30,000 followers, and Chu and the princes of Mu followed tens of thousands of people, from Du Nan into the eclipse. To burn the trail in case the princes attacked by thieves also showed that Xiang Yu had no intention of going east. To Nan Zheng...
Du County was in the west of Chang'an District, present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi, and to the south was meridian road.
2. In the Moya text of the "Former Si Li Colonel Wei Qian for Yang Junsong" (commonly known as "Ode to the Stone Gate") engraved in the Shimen Tunnel of the Chu Chuan Dao during the Huan Dynasty of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there is "Gao Zu was ordered to flourish in Hanzhong, and the Dao was scattered into Qin by the meridian." ”
3. The Northern Wei Li Daoyuan 'Notes on the Water Classics' has a relevant record: "(Straight) water north out of the Meridian Valley under the rock ridge ... And the south path of your excellency, there is a shu on the mountain, placed above Chongfu, down to the abyss. Zhang Zifang burned down the stack, showing no return also. "The Straight Water, now known as the Chi River, originates from the Waist Bamboo Ridge in Ningshan County, the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, and flows southwest to the territory of Shiquan County, which is consistent with the direction and trend of the Meridian Road.
4. From Guanzhong through the Qin Mountains to reach several valley roads in Hanzhong, the north mouth of the Meridian Road was the closest to Liu Bang's camp at that time, and Liu Bang entered the mountain from then on, which was conducive to quickly getting rid of the threat of Xiang Yu and even other princes, and also facilitated the reception of the Li Shang Department in Hanzhong.
5. There is a phrase "Zhang Liang sent to Zhongzhong" in the "Shiji Liuhou Shijia", and the "Zhongzhong" here is a false text, because "Zhongzhong" as a county was first placed in the sixth year of Emperor Yuanfeng of Han Zhao (75 BC), and did not appear in the era of Sima Qian. Moreover, a "Historical Record", "Praise" only appears in this place, but it conflicts with the historical background and related records, and its error is very likely. Mr. Xin Deyong used the explanation in Tang Sima Zhen's "History of Suoyin" to verify that "Eclipse" and "Praise" are both "鳋 (next to the golden character)", one is due to the similarity of the glyphs, and the other is due to the similar pronunciation.
6. At this time, the ramp is congested and cannot be passed. The Chu Chu Dao was formed very early, and by the time of the Spring and Autumn Warring States period at the latest, it had become a thoroughfare. However, since the reign of the Qin Dynasty, this road has not been repaired. During this period, there were two earthquakes in Qindi, which seriously damaged the road; the First Emperor built the Afang Palace, so he used materials from it, which would cause devastating damage to the natural environment of the subsequent Chugu Valley. Therefore, by the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, it had been blocked for a long time and was impassable. It was not until the time of Emperor Wu of Han that Emperor Wu of Han recognized Zhang Tang as the Taishou of Hanzhong and sent tens of thousands of people to rebuild the Five Hundred Mile Chu Chu Road.
7. The relics of Fan Duo's construction of the boardwalk on the Chu Chu Dao are nothing more than appendage rumors since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Nowadays, when going to Hanzhong, there is the Fan River next to the Liuba Chu Ramp, and there is the Fan River Iron Cable Bridge on the river, which is said to have been built by Fan Duo when repairing the boardwalk, and there is a "new Fan River Iron Rope Bridge Monument" next to the bridge, which was erected in the fifteenth year of Qing Daoguang (1835). It seems that there is all human and physical evidence, but in fact, it is just a sightseeing building built with rumors since the Ming and Qing dynasties.
On the question of the marching route of Fan Duo and Dou Bao
First, Fan's marching route
The Chronicle of Fan Li Teng records that Fan Yi "also fixed the Three Qins, don't attack the West Cheng Baishui North, and the Yong Light Car rode in the Yong South, breaking it". Therefore, some people believe that after Fan Duo captured Longxi County, he went down the Weishui River to the east and went straight to Yongnan.
In fact, this is impossible, because from Longxi to enter and exit the Guanzhong Plain, it is necessary to cross the Longshan Mountains.
Today, from Baoji City, the westernmost point of the Guanzhong Plain, to the west to Tianshui, Gansu, it is an almost straight line of Lianhuo Expressway, which is consistent with the direction of the Wei River. But there are dozens of tunnels and bridges in the middle of the highway, a highway built in 2009 with modern technology.
The main passage that crossed longshan mountain for thousands of years was not in the current Lianhuo Expressway or Weihe River, but moved north for about 50 kilometers, from today's Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, to the west, passing through the Guanshan Grassland, passing through Longshan Mountain, and reaching this "Guanlong Avenue" in Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County, Gansu.
Therefore, after Fan Duo captured Xi County, he did not capture Tianshui, but immediately retreated to Xiayan after firing a false shot, and along this already opened Chen Cang Road, he came to Yongcheng to attack Zhang Handan.
2. The marching route of the feeding baby
The Chronicle of Fan Li Teng records that the irrigation of babies "from the three Qins, down to the Oak Yang, and to the king of Sai". Because the marching route of the Three Qins was briefly recorded for the irrigation of the baby, some people speculated that while attacking Chen Cang and Yong County, the irrigation led part of the Han army to march east and capture Liyang.
I think that Dou Bao did not follow the main force of the Han army from Chen CangDao to Guanzhong at all, he took the Meridian Road.
When the Han army first reprimanded the troops to falsely attack Longxi, Dou Bao was ordered to repair the meridian road with great fanfare, making an illusion of soldiers out of the meridian to confuse the Three Qin army. When the main force of the Han army sent troops from Chen Cangdao to capture Chen Cang and Yong, and besieged Zhang Handan at the abandoned hill, Sima Xin led the Cypriot army to rush to the rescue.
Taking advantage of the air defense of saiguobu, the infant soldiers came out of the meridian and captured Oak Yang in one fell swoop. Later, he took advantage of the victory and marched westward, and joined forces with the main force of the Han army to besiege the abandoned hill.
Of course, this is only speculation, the main reasons are as follows:
I. Liu Bang's main generals, such as Cao Shan, Zhou Bo, and Fan Duo, all participated in the attack on Yongcheng and the pursuit of Zhang Handan and Zhang Ping, and there is no record of Dou Bao's participation in the above wars in the history books.
Second, the irrigation of the baby also fixed the Three Qins, and first captured the capital of the Cypriot state, Liyang, and the Oak Cation Meridian Road was relatively close. If he set out from Yongcheng, bypassed a series of cities in the Guanzhong Plain, and directly attacked Liyang, it is unimaginable that he did not have any encounters with the Three Qin Army along the way.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that Wei Yan requested and Zhuge Liang to divide his troops to attack Guanzhong, just like Han Xin's plan in those years. It shows that when the Three Qins were also determined, in addition to the main force of the Han army led by Liu Bang, there were also other parts of the Han army attacking from another channel. And Liu Bang's main general, except for the irrigation of babies, no one had the possibility of dividing troops to attack Guanzhong from other provinces.
Jiu: Han Xin in the Battle of the Three Qins was also determined
The "History of Gaozu Benji" records: "In August, the King of Han used Han Xin's strategy to return from his hometown and attacked the Yong King Zhang Handan. ”
Liu Xiang's "New Order" records: "The king of Han went east, the people of Qin returned to Han, the king of Han then attacked the three Qins, fixed its land, collected the princes and soldiers to discuss the king, fixed the emperor's business, and Han Xin's plot." ”
Historical records clearly record that the Battle of the Three Qins was planned by Han Xin, and there have been few doubters for thousands of years. But in recent years, many people have begun to doubt and put forward a lot of their own views. Four issues are discussed below.
1. Did the Han army have the position of general at that time, and was Han Xin worshipped as a general?
At the beginning of the Han Kingdom, many systems appeared temporarily and were not customized at all, so it was correct to say that the Han army did not have a general position, but Liu Bang could set up any kind of position anytime and anywhere. The post of general appeared frequently in the Warring States, and the General Code of General about the position of great general began by writing: "Great General, the official of the Warring States period." King Huai of Chu fought with Qin, Qin defeated Chu, captured his great general, and Qu Zhao was a soldier. Emperor Han Gao made Han Xin a general. ”
The meaning is very obvious, the great general is the warring states period of the existing positions, the Han Kingdom did not have at that time, Liu Bang is for Han Xin specially set up this position, gradually formed a system, become the Han Dynasty military status representative official position. Liu Bang called Fan Zeng a great general at the Hongmen banquet, and Chen Yu was a great general of the Zhao state at that time. The State of Chu and the State of Zhao could have great generals, and Liu Bang could not have worshiped Han Xin as a general?
2. After the Three Qins were also determined, all the generals had a gift, but the independent Han letter did not, which proved that Han Xin's merit was very small?
After the Establishment of the Three Qins, many generals were rewarded with knighthoods and yifeng, but whether Han Xin had a reward after the war was not recorded in the history books. But we can't deny Han Xin's merits just because he didn't give him a gift, just as the history books don't record what Xiao He received after he also fixed the Three Qins, and we can't deny Xiao He's merits. In fact, at that time, the award was mainly based on the battle merits of the siege, although Han Xin was worshipped as a great general at that time, but the army was still under the personal command of Liu Bang, Han Xin could only advise Liu Bang for the time being, so there was no battle merit, and he was not awarded.
However, we can see that in August of the following year, Han Xin led an army to attack the State of Wei as Zuo Chengxiang, and without his extraordinary ability and merit, it would have been impossible to obtain such a high official position so quickly.
3. Did Sima Qian transfer the story of "Han Xinbai Taiwei, The King of Han" to the "Grand General Han Xinbai of Huaiyin"?
The "History of Han Xin Lu Qilie" records: "The King of Han also designated the Three Qins, and Xu Xin was the King of Han, and the first letter was Han Taiwei, and the army was sent to Han. "Han Xin, the King of Han, was a lieutenant of Korea, not an official of the Kingdom of Han.
Han Wangxin did indeed advise Liu Bang to take advantage of the soldiers' eagerness to return home and go east to compete with the princes for the world. This is similar to The "Hanzhong Pair" of Han Xin, the Marquis of Huaiyin, but we cannot arbitrarily conclude that the "Hanzhong Pair" is a flower transfer because Han Xin, the King of Han, has said this.
Looking at han xin's worship of the great general, Liu Bang, under the persuasion of Xiao He, chose a good day, fasted, set up an altar, and had a ceremony, which can be described as a grand ceremony, and the appointment of a Korean lieutenant, why should he be so generous!
4. Is the attack on Chen Cang the credit of Zhao Yan and Fan Mu and has nothing to do with Han Xin?
Han Xin, as a staff officer, made the entire strategic deployment for Liu Bang, of course, he would not specifically care about the details, Liu Bang was blocked on the way to attack Chen Cang, and Zhao Yan led the way into the flat land to attack Chen Cang. As the vanguard of the Han Army, Fan Mu did make great contributions. But these are specific details, which does not negate Han Xin's strategic planning.