Thank you Teacher Hu Kun for the manuscript
The original article is published in the Journal of Shanxi University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No. 5, 2021, please indicate the source when citing
▼
The Sorrow of Departure: The History of a Shaanxi Soldier's Transition to War during the Two Song Dynasties
——Centered on "Tian Cheng's Epitaph"
Wen 丨 Hu Kun
Northwest University Song liao jin history research institute and school of history
Teacher Hu Kun
From the change of Jingkang to the "Zhongxing" of Emperor Gaozong, in the past few years, the situation has changed drastically, and the tranquility and stability of the Chengping era have been replaced by the turbulent displacement of the chaotic world. The influence was, of course, not limited to the ruling class of the Zhao and Song dynasties. Under the influence of the torrent of the times, as most ordinary people, the existing life trajectory has inevitably changed, forced to float with the chaotic world, and strive to struggle in it. From the macro perspective of the big times, the individual life of ordinary people may be insignificant, but for individuals, the entanglement and calmness, helplessness and satisfaction, hardship and cheering of all encounters in the life course are not only important but also critical. Paying attention to the life course of ordinary people is not only in the care for individual lives, but also in response to the popular "vision downward" research path in recent years, but also an effective entry point for understanding the "background" of a historical period and even a dynasty.
In May 2009, at the foot of the West Mountain in Baosha Town, Chengxian County, Gansu Province, an epitaph of Tian Cheng, whose owner was tian cheng, was excavated, and this tombstone is now transferred to the Chengxian Museum, with the inscription "Epitaph of The Song Gongwei Dafu Kangzhou Thorn Shitian Cemetery" (hereinafter referred to as "Tian Cheng's Epitaph") [1]. The tomb owner, Tian Chengzi Xisheng, was born in the early Yuan Dynasty of Emperor Zhezong of Song, and was originally from Weizhou (present-day Pingliang, Gansu). Wang Shaotuo bianxihe, Tian Cheng's father went to Didao (迪道, in present-day Lintao, Gansu) as a village, and settled down. According to the epitaph, Tian Cheng joined the army fifteenth, and during the Northern Song Dynasty, he participated in military operations such as the Qingtang Dynasty, The Square La, and the Aid to Hedong, and then went to Ying Tianfu and served Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. After entering the Southern Song Dynasty, he also went through battles such as Zhang Yu and Ding Jin, pacifying Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan, and was appointed as the commander of the various armies in Zhenjiang and the military commander of Yongxing Army Road. In his later years, he was dismissed from his military post due to his power as a vassal, and lived idly in Jingnan Province (present-day Jiangling, Hubei), where he died.
According to the epitaph, Tian Cheng's life's deeds were almost the most standard experience of the Shaanxi soldiers before and after the Jingkang Revolution, which was highly consistent with the history of the two Song Dynasties and was a typical sample. Moreover, at the time of Tian Cheng's death, he was already a thorn in the history of Yao County, with knighthoods, food, and important military positions, but his people and deeds were not mentioned in the history books, which was somewhat puzzling. Judging from Tian Cheng's official title in his later years, he no longer belongs to the concept of "ordinary people" in the ordinary sense, but in terms of his origin and experience, he is only a microcosm of many Shaanxi soldiers in the process of the founding of the Southern Song Dynasty. Although the events he experienced were not ordinary, his surname is not found in the annals of history, but the epitaph of one party's own is known to posterity, and calling him "extraordinary" is probably inconsistent with the facts. In view of this, this article intends to start from the text of "Tian Cheng's Epitaph", and on this basis, the study of Tian Cheng's life course, trying to observe the ups and downs of the history of the two Song Dynasties from the perspective of "ordinary people" through this typical case, and explore the choices and struggles of an ordinary person under the torrent of the great era, and what kind of emotions and moods they have under the situation that it is difficult to return to their homeland.
I. Reading the Epitaph of Tian Cheng and the Historical Records passed down through the generations
The rubbings and transcripts of the "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" have been published today[2], but compared with the epitaph rubbings, there are some problems with the punctuation and text of the existing records, and there are now three records according to the epitaph rubbings and references, and the re-recordings, punctuations and segments are as follows:
Inscription: Song Gongwei Dafu Kangzhou Thorn Shitian Cemetery
□□□□□□□□□ Tian Cemetery inscription
□□□□□□□ Yue Nongshen, The Marquis of Wujie Taishou Tianhou was buried under the West Mountain of Xikang with the funeral of his father Gong Wei. In October, when Gong Wei's funeral reached Jingnan, Hou □□□□ made a final statement: "My father served in the army, small and large battles were all meritorious, and the late was the joy of the rivers and lakes, and the end of his life." In the end, it is also said: "But ruke load, and I Xi Qin people, with □ hometown, □ slow burial, not ten years will use soldiers, the first to restore, will be my hometown also." Er took a horse to bear the remains, buried on the side of the first, or Qiang pond. I taste Guanwai and Han? In, like its terroir, will bury me between, Shang Wuxiang also. 'Fu Xiangguo is as my father said, and Qin Long returns. The imperial court honored Daxin and retreated, not filial piety was not buried, and Jingwu was eaten one by one. It is a mistake to be graced to the west, and to be naked and to the heavens, to mourn my father's words. There is a period of time, and the son is Ming Zhuyou. ”
Gong Zhen Cheng, the word Xi Sheng, a native of Ben Wei Prefecture. Great-grandfather Guang, Zu Ming, Father Ji, gifted to Yi Lang. Fang WangGuan Wen Shao expanded the Bian Xi River, went from Yi to Di Dao, recruited as a village household, and taught Tian Jia Yan. If they are sick and abandoned, and cannot join the army, they will recruit people from their fields and their families will be poor. When he was fifteen years old, he sighed and cried: "Pro-old and sick, and the birth is good, what is the birth of a boy!" Naibai obeys righteousness, and asks him to be from the horse, to alleviate poverty and restore his old karma. From righteousness to the public and children, weeping is not desired. A few days later, Liu Zhongjian, the envoy of the Imperial City, □ bow horse to admit his business. The hui imperial court ordered Yao Xiong, the commander of the Xi River, to pass through the river and Liang Fangping to supervise the army. Shi Xing, Zhongjian Shaogong, made Ju Zhai shou. Gong Fen said to himself: "He is too young to be bold, and the country is on the side, and those who have made meritorious contributions are willing to die." "Everybody's strong and different. After the battle, Zhongjian looked at Zhu Yin, who was seriously injured and regretted. Having already threatened two levels of previous reports, Fang Ping did not believe it, meaning that the rich family had bribed it. Xiong congsheng's nuclear corpse, the examination and pursuit of the real, Fang Ping was greatly ashamed, than Gong Qin Wuyang, played two levels. Xiang Lu exclaimed, "Tian Clan has a son!"
At the end of Xuanhe, the imperial court took the Shaanxi right soldier Pingmu Prefecture rebel Fang La, beheaded the rank of thirty-six, and entered the court. When the Jin Yuzhi came again, the Gong from Yao Guhe to the east of the Kou, Huigu, and Nanguan also lost. Gong and Xin Xingzong were besieged in Longde Province, and the house fell, and the Gongyin jiemin Hao Han Jingtu recovered. It is an ox cart carrying grass, hiding soldiers in the middle, and entering at all four doors, and will pass through the qu. Arson to take the troops, behead the defenders of the chieftains and more than 3,000 Jurchens, and the city was restored. However, when the Second Emperor hunted in the north. The public news, weeping with sorrow and sorrow, stood left and right with two banners, led the Xi river soldiers and scattered hundreds of people, and said: "My generation has been blessed by the country for several two hundred years, and in this fortune, I can work with me to the left of the king, and the one who returns to the right." "There are more than a hundred people on the left. The gongbu went out of Jinan and said that the group of thieves Gao Cai, Wang Qi, Han Wen, and more than 10,000 people tended to the heavens, and the emperor ascended to the pole.
The thief Zhang encountered the ravaging of Jiangdong, And Liu Guangshi and Miao Fu fought at the mouth of the Jiujiang Lake. Thieves are prosperous, the stronghold is advantageous, the lord □ is depressed, timid. "Although thieves are numerous and have no law, if they do not take advantage of their undecided destruction, they will go down the river, and fear that they will take advantage of public opinion, and they will taste it for the public." The tide river at the mouth of the lake is about eight meters wide, and the gong is □ and the pawns are straight forward, and the horses jump across. The thief lost his voice and was shocked, because of the great victory. Guang Shi untied the sword and gave it to the public back: "Serve the public bravely today!" Ding Jinzhong disturbed Huaidian with more than 100,000 people, and the public □□ ordered to recruit Anzhi and rode alone to the thieves' camp. Jin was shocked: "How dare you, dare to go to this point!" The metaphor is that the state will be the spirit, the blessing to the back, the thief and the whether it is possible. Overnight in the public tent, the public undressed □ sleep, and if there is no one, the thief folds. The next day, he looked at the Robai and walked with his multitudes, and the temple of the lord took all the robbers and let them go. Within a few days, even halfway through, the thief was weaker and weaker, so he decided to □□. Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan rebelled fiercely, and Gong Conghan Shizhong was ordered to beg thieves and fought at Pucheng in Jianzhou. Gong Xian fell into battle, so he captured Masahiko, and Fu Ben died for several days. The male body was more than twenty times wounded, and the □ merit was the first.
The public side has beautiful hair, is refreshing and handsome, and is generous in charity. The officials take charge of themselves with public integrity and push the hearts of others. Early fulfillment of the front, less than the book, and the official reports to Mu, Fang Xuan wants to speak, □□ is hypocritical, and people obey their gods. Every food and drink shall be blessed to the Father. If you taste things, you will not know what you say, and if you hear his name, you will be honored, and your courtesy and talent will also be. Ran Zhi □ shang qi, can kill the body to clear the heart.
When he was in Hedong, Yao Gu had envoys who were straight and could not call, gu fu, and staff. Fang Han was even more so, and his people begged for mourning: "Begging for a commutation of sentence." Ancient misheard, said to be chopped, and drove □ chopped. Left and right have no courage to speak, the public alone, willing to die with their bodies, to settle their grievances, and to be released. Gai hou was commanded by the Dragon God Guardian Four Carriages, and knew that junruiye, the prince of Jingnan. It is still a sage. □ Xin Xingzong also, Xingzong is sleepy, while the side is lit up. Gong Yue: "The public body is the safety of the first army, the enemy and the spy, rather than worry about the stone?" "Xingzong is in his hands, and he sleeps as he was." Gongmi shielded his head with a purse, and □ and fell into the air, xingzong was greatly surprised and admired each other more and more.
Shaoxing Xin You, the duke of the old power, feared that the disaster would be in trouble, and sighed: "My old man, I can't use it." "So I asked for something to make up for it. Ju Jingnan, a deep coat of cloth, and Tian Fuye old tour. Or the person reluctantly put on the property, laughing and thanking him: "When I got up and went, Honn was three years old, and the son was a supplementary official, and this life karma was also." The sons and grandsons of Gou are virtuous, and they do not lose their □; if they are not virtuous, they will not be divided by production. I can't do it. One day, he suddenly called out to the present marquis: "I have been hanging between the horses for forty years, and I have vowed to die a country, but I am fortunate to die in the house of □." "Those who say that Jun'en has not been reported repeatedly, and they will die in the day, and Shaoxing will die on the eleventh day of March, and there will be eight in the year of sixty." Guan Gong Wei Dafu,Zhi Kang Prefecture Assassin History,Wu Gong Kai □ Yi 300 households,appointed Zhenjiang garrison in front of the Right Army, Yongxing Army Road Soldiers and Horses Under the jurisdiction of the Horse And Horse Guards.
Married guo, buried in his hometown, born Shilin, from Yilang, also succeeded to the gonggong. The step-□ zhou shi 祔焉. Present-day Liu Shixiong, Bingyi Lang, Yuqian Right Army, and Zhijie Prefecture; Shi'an, Bingyi Lang, Zhili Prefecture Xiniu Pingzhai, and also the soldier and horse prisoner. There are five grandsons and men, the son of Shi Lin, The Leap, the Shu wu lang and the dian si general; Min, chengjie lang. The son of Shi Xiong, Still Young, and neither the daughter nor the daughter of Shi An have yet to die.
Whoops, the tenth year has □ and fights meritoriously, and reads the king, and does not forget the loyalty of the martial arts. Ming yue:
Fierce and fierce, filial piety and loyalty. Wu Yong does what he does, and what he does is meritorious. The world is □, and the world is back and forth. Shenwu Dianjing, Zhongtian Liji. Kou is peaceful, and the demons are annihilated. At the end of the day, the beginning of the beginning, the public and the yan. Zhongyuan Zhen, Ming Sheng. Loyalty is like a gong, and Jiuyuan does not do it. The Nine Plains do not do, and after me, people are like it.
The protégé was composed by Masaro and a professor of State Studies.
Protégé Wen Lin Lang, Fujin County, Zhijie Prefecture, in charge of academic affairs to persuade farmers□ song maoshu.
Years in B. Engravers: Ren Li, He Zong, Yang Yuanguang.
△ Song Gongwei Doctor Kangzhou Thorn Shitian Cemetery Rough stone photos and Takumoto
The photo is from teacher Yan Jianfei, and Tuoben is from the article of teacher Cai Vice Quan
The first inscription of the zhiwen is "□□□□□□□□□ Tian Cemetery Inscription", and the nine characters can be supplemented according to the inscription on the stele as "Song Gongwei Dafu Kangzhou Thorn History". The first sentence of the following text, "□□□□□□□ Moon Nongshen", the "Epitaph of Tian Cheng" refers to Emperor Gaozong of Song as "emperor of the present Taishang", and after the Zhiwen has "years in Yiwei", then Song Xiaozong's dry branch is the second year of Yiwei, but Chunxi is the second year, and it is unknown what month. "Marquis Taishou Tian of the Wu Dynasty", that is, Tian Shixiong, the son of Tian Cheng and his wife Liu Shixiong, as later recorded, was then known as "Bingyi Lang and the Imperial Right Army's co-ruler and Zhijie Prefecture". Tian Cheng's burial place was "under the West Mountain of Xikang", which was formerly known as Tonggu County in Xikang, and is now Cheng County, Gansu. The burial site of the epitaph coincides with the land from which it came from, at the foot of the West Mountain in the town of Xipaosha in present-day Cheng County.
Tian Cheng's father, Tian Ji, "went to Di Dao, recruited as a village household, and taught Tian Jia Yan", but later because of illness, he "could not join the army" and "recruited people from his field". Di Dao was a county of Xi Prefecture (熙州; present-day Lintao, Gansu). In the fifth year of Xi Ning (1072), Wang Shao expanded the Border Xi River, recovered its land, and set up Xi Prefecture,[3] and Tian Ji probably went to Di Dao shortly thereafter to recruit as a village. The so-called zhaihu is a kind of township soldier, and the Song Dynasty historical records contain:
Township soldiers, from counties and townships, and the recruits of the people of the side and their Sons of Ding Zhuang, learn martial arts and prepare for battle; they are known as the Righteous Courage, the Bow and Arrow Society, the Baoyi, the Zhaihu, the Qiangren, the Tuding, the Crossbowman, the Dongding, the Gunner, the Gunner, the Gunner, the Archer, and the Yongyi, each of which is named after its party, commonly known as the Township Soldier. [4]
Therefore, the "Tian Cheng Epitaph" refers to Tian Ji as "serving in the army". The epitaph also reflects that the villagers also had "granting fields", which can also be confirmed in the Song Dynasty historical records. For example, in July of the eighth year of Xi Ning (1075), a courtier said: "Although there are counts of archers and villages along the border, but the Jingliusi has never been in charge of acres of fine tents, and every time there is a request, it must go down to the walled city, and I am afraid that it will be unknown for a long time." [5] Therefore, the "Epitaph of Tian Cheng" records that Tian Ji was ill and "could not join the army" and was forced to "recruit people from his field".
"The imperial court ordered Yao Xiong, the commander of the Xi River, to supervise the army through the slight river", and the so-called "outside the river" refers to the fact that in February of the third year of Yuan Fu (1100), "the commander of the soldiers and horses of the Lanhui Road of the XiHe River and the commander of Yao Xiong of Zhihe Prefecture to rescue the Qingtang"[6], which was one of the series of military operations in Hehuang from the end of Emperor Zhezong to the early years of Emperor Huizong. In this campaign, "Tubo did not leave troops to guard the provincial chapter, but invited a battle at Pingchuan outside the gorge, and the Xiong army spent the gorge, so it won three battles and three victories until the Qingtang Dynasty"[7], achieving major results. The epitaph contains Tian Cheng's participation in this campaign in the fifteenth year, according to the epitaph Tian Cheng's death year in the "Shaoxing Decian Unitary March 2 eleventh day, the year sixty has eight", that is, Shaoxing twenty-three years (1153), in reverse, Tian Cheng's fifteen years old is exactly the third year of the Yuan Fu. Epitaphs and biographical records corroborate each other. However, the epitaph mentions the person who "made Liu Zhongjian of the Imperial City" and "Liang Fangping supervising the army", and the historical materials have not been seen.
"The imperial court took the Shaanxi right soldier Pingmu Prefecture traitor Fang La", and Shi Zai "Shaanxi Liulu Han Fan elite soldiers went south at the same time." Xin Xingzong and Yang Weizhong commanded the Xihe soldiers, Liu Zhen tongjing yuanbing, Yang Keshi and Zhao Ming commanded Huan Qingbing, Huang Di commanded Yanbing, Ma Gongzhi commanded Qin Fengbing, Yijing tonghe dongbing, and Liu Yanqing all commanded the various road armies and horses" [8] Combined with the epitaph later in the text that "Gong and Xin Xingzong were under siege at Longde Province" and Tian Cheng's exhortation to Xin Xingzong, it can be seen that when the Shaanxi Sixth Route Army squared La, Tian Chengdang was a general of Xin Xingzong, the commander of the Xihe Army. "Entering the official promotion dynasty" means that Tian Cheng's rank has been promoted to Shubu Lang.[9]
"Gong from Yaogu River to the east of the Koukou, Huigu, Nanguan also lost", refers to the fact that in March of the first year of Jing Kang (1126), The Xihe Road slightly made Yao Gu an envoy to Hedong, "dispatched generals to rescue Taiyuan according to the hadith"[10], and recaptured Longde Province (present-day Changzhi, Shanxi), but Taiyuan was besieged; in May of the same year, Yao Gu and Hedong set up a deputy envoy, Zhongshi Zhongzhong, to aid Taiyuan, the seed division died in battle in Yuci (present-day Jinzhong, Shanxi), Yao Gu's army collapsed pantuo (southeast of present-day Qi County, Shanxi), and retreated to Longde Province;[11] Yao Gu sat on the army and was demoted to the post of deputy envoy of Jiedu, and placed in Guangzhou"[12], and the Song court "commanded to relieve the submarine generation"[13] Yao Gu was placed as an envoy to Hedong; later, "xie qiantun army Nanguan, defeated by Sticky Han, ran to Longde Province".[14]
The epitaph says "Gong and Xin Xingzong were in the siege of Longde Province", Sun Qi was a Zhongshu Sheren in Jingkang, and there is a text in his collection entitled "Le Shu Ren Xin Xingzong Fuyao County Defense Envoy Longde Fuyao County"[15], which seems to be related to the epitaph, but the xin Xingzong's deeds contained in the historical records are quite rough and difficult to compare and determine. The epitaph records that the long-term house fell and was recovered, but it is not recorded in history. The epitaph later reads:
However, when the Second Emperor hunted in the north. The public news, weeping with sorrow and sorrow, stood left and right with two banners, led the Xi river soldiers and scattered hundreds of people, and said: "My generation has been blessed by the country for several two hundred years, and in this fortune, I can work with me to the left of the king, and the one who returns to the right." ”
This passage is quite similar to the Han Dynasty's edict to Zhu Lü, when the lieutenant Zhou Bo entered the Northern Army to carry out the order: "The lieutenant entered the army gate and ordered the army to say: 'For the right side of the Lü clan, for the left side of the Liu clan.'" 'All left in the army are Liu Clan. [16] For what Tian Cheng did, only this epitaph contains it, and it is tolerant of it, but on the whole, it has a larger "writing" component.
"The public ministry went out of Jinan, saying that the group of thieves Gao Cai, Wang Qi, Han Wen, and the masses of more than 10,000 people tended to the heavens, and the emperor ascended to the pole of the present Taishang", saying that Wang Qi and Han Wen did not see the historical record, and there is a record of Gao Cai in the "Records of the Chronicles of the Lineage Since Jianyan" (hereinafter referred to as the "Records of the Essentials"), the text of which reads: "The thieves of the Hedong Army gao cai returned to the right with two thousand people, and the words were not inferior, and Wang Jiezhi ordered the right army to command Miao Fu to lead his people." [17] His identity as Yun Gaocai was a military thief in Hedong, and he was in harmony with the epitaph, but when Gao Cai was reinstated, King Zhao of Kang was in Jeju (present-day Juye, Shandong), which was different from the tombstone Yunying Tianfu (present-day Shangqiu, Henan). However, according to the epitaph of Tian Cheng's wife Liu Shi, "Lady's surname is Liu Shi, who lives in Dongping, is a large clan, and is a sixteenth suitable tian clan", "Finally ChunXi Yi mi on August 24, died at the age of seventy-four". [18] It can be inferred from this that Liu Married Tian Chengcha in the first year of Jianyan (1127), and dongpyeong province (present-day Dongping, Shandong) and Jeju were neighboring prefectures, combined with the "Records of the Essentials", Tian Cheng and others crossed the Ji River from Hedong Road to the south, when they first arrived in Jeju, and then followed the Kang army to Yingtianfu. And according to the "Essential Record" that "the hedong army thief Gao Cai was converted to two thousand people", the "saying that the group of thieves" in the epitaph may be untrue, and the phrase "Fengjin Taishang Emperor Ascending to the Pole" may also be difficult to get rid of the suspicion of "writing". In addition, from the "Essential Records" recorded that Miao Fu led the high-caliber people, and combined with the epitaph later in the text "Thief Zhang Encountered Jiangdong, Liu Guangshi, Miao Fu array Jiujiang Lake Mouth and War", Tian Cheng, after defecting to King Kang, is likely to become Miao Fu's general again.
△ Song Taiyi's tomb of Liu Shi Rough stone photos and Takumoto
The epitaph also records the defeat of Zhang Yu, Zhao Dingjin, the capture of Liu Zhengyan, etc., which are mostly different from the historical materials passed down from generation to generation, and the following ones are described:
Zhang Yu (張遇), "Ma Jun, the commander of the Original Zhen DingFu, gathered the crowd as thieves, and called a swarm of bees"[19], in December of the first year of Jianyan (1127), "Koujiang Prefecture." The shouchen chenglang Chen Yanwen looked at the first ten days of the matter, and could not hold on, and was led away. The Jianghuai system made Liu Guangshi intercept his rear army and break it"[20]. The epitaph says "The thief Zhang encountered the ravaging of Jiangdong, and Liu Guangshi and Miao Fujin fought at the mouth of the Jiujiang Lake", or the battle recorded in the "Essential Record" that "Liu Guangshi intercepted his rear army". The "Biography of Liu Guangshi Family" also contains the Battle of Hukou, but it is different from the time recorded in the "Essential Record", and the record is slightly detailed, and its text is recorded as follows:
In the second year of (Jianyan), a swarm of thieves was robbed of Chizhou. Shangxing Weiyang, in addition to the Gongjianghuai system to make an envoy to beg thieves. In the spring of February, he gave the imperial pen to say: "Seeing that the most urgent measures are taken at the mouth of the river now, it should not be postponed from time to time. How to implement the trial on the same day, rely on the measures to explore the news, and arrange the day to play. "Gong Zi Xuanhua crossed the river, and the thief has taken Chiyang. The public attacked himself, and then sent a partial water army to lead the regiment to the wind and sand, the water and land turned to battle, and the thief was defeated at the mouth of the Jiujiang Lake. In the face of disarmament, lead the crowd to descend. [21]
There is no record of Miao Fu participating in this battle in the historical records, and according to the previous discussion, the tomb owner Tian Cheng participated in this battle as a general of Miao Fu. As for the details of Tian Cheng's participation in the war recorded in the epitaph and the load of "light world to dissolve the sword and throw the back of the public", there may be exaggerated elements.
Zhao Dingjin, according to the "Compilation of the Three Dynasties Northern League", "Essential Records", and "History of Song", in October of the second year of Jianyan,[22] the most original and detailed record of the "Compilation of the Three Dynasties Northern League", contains its facts:
Ding Jin rebelled, led the crowd to Kou Huaixi, and commanded Liu Zhengyan to consult with him. Masahiko asked Tong Naoro Liu Yan to accompany him, Xu Zhi... Therefore, Yan rode eight hundred with a red heart. Catching and suppressing the thief realm, Yan knew that the crowd was invincible, but asked Yu Zhengyan: "The soldier has the first voice and then the truth." Now the thief is very strong, and if he does not break it with strange tricks, it will be difficult to take. Please be a five-color flag, eight hundred cavalry holding one color in the mountains and forests repeatedly, all take the back road, back and forth, one color flag exhausted, that is, with one color easy, to frighten the heart of the thief. "It's just the way it is. The thieves saw that the officers and men were tired day by day, the flags were different in color, and there were many officers and troops, so they asked for surrender without a fight, but divided into troops under their subordinates.
His record of Ding Jin "surrendering without fighting" is very different from tian cheng's "single riding to the thief camp" in the epitaph to recruit Ding Jin. And combined with the "Compilation of the Three Dynasties Northern League" and other books, at this time, Tian Cheng seems to have become Liu Zhengyan's general.
The capture of Liu Zhengyan is slightly the same in the historical records of the world, with the "Essential Record" as the detailed, and its text reads:
In the night, Shi Zhong will go to Pucheng Ten Mile North and meet Fu and Zhengyan at Yuliangyi. Zhengyan Tun Creek north, Fu Tun Creek south, across the creek according to the dangerous ambush, about the same. Shi Zhong led the armies to fight, Xiao generals Li Zhongxin and Zhao Shujie were bravely trapped, and Ma Yanpuchi, the commander of the right army, rescued and died. The thief took advantage of the victory to reach the Chinese army, and Shi Zhong shouted with his eyes open and raised his spear to enter. Masahiko saw it and lost his voice, "I thought Wang De was General Han also." "Masahiko is few, Shizhong marches forward, Masahiko falls on his horse, and Shizhong captures him, and he gets his golden children." [23]
The epitaph has the text of "□ merit first", which cannot be corroborated with the historical data. The epitaph also clearly records that Tian Cheng was "ordered to beg thieves from Han Shizhong", indicating that At this time, Tian Cheng was Han Shizhong's subordinate.
"Gaihou was the commander of the Dragon God Guard's four chambers, and the Prince of Jingnan, Junruiye." According to the "Jingding Jiankangzhi", "Wang Wei, the character Junrui, Shaoxing zhong, repeatedly made military achievements, and the officials commanded the envoys from the four compartments. [24] The "Essentials" also states: "Wang Wei, the defensive envoy of Dai Prefecture and the commander of the Horse Infantry of Jinghu South Road, is the defense envoy of Yongzhou, and the commander of the four compartments of the Chonglong Shenwei is the envoy of Jingnan Province." Qin Junzhi stayed behind in Lin'an Ye, and Wei was left behind to be in charge, so he recommended the right one. [25] Wang Weizhi Jingnanfu's word system is found in Wang Yang's Dongmu Ji [26]. In summary, there is no doubt that "Prince Junrui" is Wang Wei.
"Shaoxing Xin You, gong yi old courtier... So he asked for a supplement, and lived in Jingnan." Shaoxing Xin you is the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), which is the end of the year when the Song and Jin sides signed the "Shaoxing Peace Agreement", at this point in time, the so-called "power ministers" in later articles are easily associated with Qin Ju, who was then the prime minister. The so-called "seeking to make up for the outside", from the semantic point of view, in the "inside" can make up for the "outside", obviously Tian Cheng's place of office at this time should be in Lin'an or nearby areas. The epitaph later states that Tian Chengyu "served as the commander of the Right Army in Front of the Zhenjiang Garrison, and the Yongxing Army Road Soldiers and Horses were under the jurisdiction of the Horses and Horses". According to Tian Cheng's experience and the situation at that time, the so-called military position of "Yongxing Junlu Soldiers and Horses Under the Jurisdiction of the Horse" could only exist during the nine or ten years of Shaoxing's return of the Jin people to Henan and Shaanxi. As for the military post of "Zhenjiang garrison in front of the Imperial Right Army", according to history:
On April 27, 111th year of Shaoxing, he issued an edict: "Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, and Yue Fei have removed the Privy Councillor, and their old consul Xuanfu and other divisions have resigned, and when they encounter the division, they have temporarily taken orders." See the current administration of the system, the commander-in-chief, the general deputy, and the former commander- and the general have been replaced by the imperial former commandery, the commander-in-chief, the general deputy, etc., under the Privy Council, and each still carries the imperial prefix into the title. And order you to cast the seal and pay them one by one. And the order is still stationed, and will be dispatched in the future, and will be implemented according to the will. ”[27]
It can be seen from this that the former armies of Zhenjiang Prefecture were reorganized from the armies of Han Shizhong's Huaidong Xuanfu Division, and that the military title of "Zhenjiang Garrison In Front of the Right Army" was recorded in the epitaph after April 27, 1911 in Shaoxing. Although it is still reluctant to refer to Zhenjiang as "inside", the author is still inclined to think that Tian Cheng is the commander of the right army after Xie Zhenjiang stationed in the imperial court, and lived idly in Jingnan Province. As for why "Jujingnan" was chosen, it is not known.
Second, the text analysis of "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" and Tian Cheng's life course
Through the reading of the "Epitaph of Tian Cheng" and the historical records of the past, it can be seen that the experience of Tian Cheng's transformation of the battle described in the epitaph is highly consistent with the records of the biographical history in the general aspect, but the details are not found in the historical records of the lineage, or there is a contradiction with the historical records of the lineage, considering the position, perspective, and even the source of the epitaph and the narrative of the historical records, it is reasonable to have differences. However, in the light of the historical records, re-examining the text of the Tian Cheng Epitaph from the overall perspective, it will still be found that there are some doubts and problems in the epitaph, or further discussion can be made. Before discussing related issues, a brief review of the text structure of the epitaph may be used to provide a deep understanding of the relevant issues.
The main text of the "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" can be roughly divided into six parts: the first part is the preface, explaining the origin of the Zhiwen; the second part describes the facts, starting from "Gong Zhen Cheng, Zi Xi Sheng", to "The public body was created by more than twenty years, and the □ Gong is the first"; the third part of the character commentary and example, starting from "Gong Fang Mei Hair", until "Xingzong greatly surprised, more and more respectful"; the fourth part begins with "Shaoxing Xin You, Gong Yi Old Emperor Quan Chen", until "Ren Zhenjiang garrisoned the former Right Army, Yongxing Military Road Soldiers and Horses Are Under the Jurisdiction", some of the content is also within the scope of practice. However, it is a character commentary and an illustration of the partition, so it is listed as a separate part, or it can be called the practice of the later years; the fifth part describes the situation of wives and children; and the sixth part is an inscription.
The Ming Dynasty King Yan once cited examples of epitaph calligraphy:
Where there are examples of epitaph calligraphy, there are three things in the major ten: 曰讳,曰字,曰姓,曰姓,曰乡邑,曰族出,曰行治,曰 Resume,曰卒日,曰寿年,曰 Wife,曰子,曰 Burial Day,曰 Burial Place... Although the other order may be in order, it is better not to go beyond these ten things, and this is also a positive example. There are examples that are owned but not written, and those who have no examples and are books, and those who have variations, each has its own reasons. [28]
Comparing the "Tian Cheng Epitaph" with Wang Yan's argument, it is not difficult to find that the "Tian Cheng Epitaph" "although the order or order", but generally in line with the epitaph "normal example" of calligraphy, is basically a decent epitaph. However, if we look at the details of the "Tian Cheng's Epitaph", it is not difficult to find that the second part of it describes the facts, until the third year of Jianyan (1129) to pacify the change of Miao Liu, that is, abruptly stopped, and then inserted a character commentary and an illustration, and then followed, and jumped straight to "Shaoxing Xin You" (that is, Shaoxing eleventh year, 1141), of which the interval was twelve years. Is this not a "variation"? The further question is, is there a reason behind this writing that cannot be communicated with outsiders? According to Wang Yan's suggestion, if there is a "variation" in the epitaph in calligraphy, there should be a "reason", and as for what the "reason" is, it depends on a careful analysis of the epitaph text.
Here we may first consider the following question: if the third part of the epitaph is adjusted to the fourth part, that is, after the description of the change of The Pingding Miao Liu, a paragraph after the continuation of the text after "Shaoxing Xin You, Gong Yi Old Emperor of Power", and the following text of "Gong Fang Mei Hair" is placed after "Ren Zhenjiang garrisoned in front of the Imperial Family, Yongxing Army Road Soldiers and Horses Are Under the Jurisdiction of the Horse", then for the epitaph text, is it an improvement or a decrease in the original expression? Or has it not changed?
In fact, the text after this adjustment is more in line with the "normal" epitaph writing method from the narrative structure, ensuring the integrity of the life deeds of the hero, and at the same time, the text below the third part of the "Public Hair" is adjusted to the fourth part "Ren Zhenjiang garrisoned in the front of the right army, the Yongxing Army Road Soldiers and Horses are under the jurisdiction", which can summarize and enhance the life of the hero, at least in terms of narrative structure compared with the original writing method. However, after the adjustment, another problem is also highlighted, that is, the time interval between the change of pacifying Miao Liu and "seeking to make up for the outside" in the narrative is too long, and when the two paragraphs are continued together, it is inevitable that the reader will have a strong sense of "jumping". Here, there is reason to believe that the author of the epitaph may have chosen the current way of writing to make up for this sense of "jumping". The current way of writing, at least for the author, if you do not deliberately analyze the text, the sense of "separation" brought about by reading is very weak, but the "jumping" sense brought by the adjusted text is more direct and strong.
If the author of the epitaph adopted the current way of writing in order to compensate for the "jumping" sense of narration, then the question that immediately followed was whether the twelve years between the third year of Jianyan and the eleventh year of Shaoxing were because there were no deeds worth writing in the experience of Zhi lord Tian Cheng, or was the deeds of this period inconvenient to write? If the answer is the former, the author's choice of the current writing method is naturally a helpless result, and there is nothing wrong with it, but if it is the latter, it is necessary to continue to analyze the reasons for its "inconvenience".
Tian Cheng's life deeds can only be seen in this Fang's epitaph, and there are no words in the historical records, and it is almost impossible to restore Tian Cheng's deeds between the third year of Jianyan and the eleventh year of Shaoxing. However, through the sporadic information revealed by his epitaph, there is still room for positive discussion on this issue. When Tian Cheng was idle in Jingnan Province, there was a saying that "when I got up and walked, He'en was three years old", what is "horizontal column"? Now, take several common words at the same time as Tian Cheng as an example to illustrate. Li Mison's "Xu Shi'an Zuo Wu Dafu and the State Regiment Training Envoy" contains the phrase "With the official A certain brave champion of the three armies, the body of a hundred battles, with the display of achievements, the rank of the ranks, into the Remote Regiment" [29]. Yue Fei was promoted from yao county observation envoy to yao county to be a messenger of yao county, and the words were "xuan li long work, many battles and practical works, meritorious deeds plus several roads, sweeping away the crowd, moving across the ranks, and paying for the sending of the flow" [30]. Zhao Zhe, who was killed by Zhang Jun in the Battle of Fuping, later recovered the old official of the Guards Doctor and the Mingzhou Observation Envoy, and his words were clouded: "It is the use of the powerful ministers, and dares to kill in a wanton manner, and his name is still listed horizontally, and it is still the weight of the fake car." [31] Judging from the above three examples, the so-called horizontal column obviously refers to the rank from the history of the Yao Commandery to the Yao Commandery, that is, the Haruka Commandery.
Tian Cheng said to himself that "He'en Henglie was three years old", after Shaoxing lived idly in Jingnan Province for eleven years, his death was Gongwei Dafu and Kangzhou Assassin History, which belonged to the lowest rank of Henglie, and it can be seen that Tian Cheng has not been promoted since Shaoxing eleven years later. According to this retrograde for three years, it was Yao County's thorn Shi Dang between the eight and nine years of Shaoxing. Although the promotion of a military minister to Haruka County cannot be compared with the promotion of a ranked official in Haruka County, it is still a key threshold for his career. Tian Cheng stood up and went into the army, and without a special background, his promotion to Haruka Commandery was a meritorious warrior. According to the epitaph, Tian Cheng served as the commander of the Right Army in Zhenjiang and the yongxing Army, which can prove from the side that Tian Cheng did not do nothing during the Shaoxing period.
Judging from the records of the epitaph, Tian Cheng was already a general of Han Shizhong when jianyan was three years old when he was discussing the change of Miao Liu. Judging from the military position of "Zhenjiang Garrison In front of the Right Army", according to the examination made above, Tian Cheng was probably subordinate to Han Shizhong's department until he was idle. Starting from the basic historical facts of the Gaozong Dynasty of the Southern Song Dynasty, during the Shaoxing period, Han Shizhong's troops fought many battles with Jin and Pseudo-Qi, and even the Battle of Dayi Town, which was listed as the "Thirteen Battle Achievements of Zhongxing". If Tian Cheng had been Han Shizhong's general after three years of Jianyan, he should have at least participated in some of the battles against Jin and Pseudo-Qi, and should have performed in the battle, otherwise his rise to the ranks and important military positions could not be explained. The lack of this experience of Tian Cheng in the epitaph text is particularly meaningful.
In addition, the statement in the "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" that "Shaoxing Xin You, the public with the old power of the lord, fear of disaster in the middle" is also quite interesting. On the eleventh year of Shaoxing, there was no second person in the imperial court who could be called a "powerful minister", except for Qin Juniper. What happened to Tian Cheng, when he violated Qin Juniper, and even "feared that misfortune would be caused", the epitaph has not been stated, and there is no trace in the historical records. However, the following two issues can still be considered here: first, in terms of Tian Cheng's highest achievement as a YaoJun official, his suspension is also like cloud mud compared with Qin Jun's identity and status, and under normal circumstances, the two should not seem to intersect, let alone make "忤" behavior; second, since the death of Qin Juniper in Shaoxing twenty-five years (1155), the wind direction above the court has changed greatly, Qin Juniper's influence has gradually weakened, and the courtiers who had been persecuted by Qin Juniper have gradually returned to the court, as far as the situation at that time is concerned, The history of being persecuted by Qin Juniper also became a political capital, not to mention the "Epitaph of Tian Cheng", written in the second year (1175) of Emperor Xiaozong of Song, which seems to have more reasons to write about "powerful subjects" as a thing worth showing off.
To sum up, the epitaph Tian Cheng's "power minister" is likely to be the result of "writing", and its purpose is to increase Tian Cheng's political influence. However, it seems that it is impossible to completely rule out the possibility of doing so, especially in connection with the complete lack of deeds of Tian Cheng in the third year of Jianyan to the eleventh year of Shaoxing in the epitaph, and the historical facts of Han Shizhong's right to be deposed after eleven years in Shaoxing, which is also secretly consistent with the record of the epitaph "fear of disaster in the middle of the world", and his statement of "a powerful minister" may not be empty.
Although there are problems such as deliberate writing, exaggeration, and ominous language in the text of "Tian Cheng's Epitaph", the events recorded in the epitaph are generally consistent with those contained in the historical records, and his life experience is basically complete.
Tian Cheng's ancestors were weizhou commoners, or farmers, until his father Tian Ji's generation, just in time for Wang Shao to open the Border Xi River, he recruited to join the army in Di Dao, became a member of many villages on the northwest border of the Song Dynasty, and received the government's grant of land to the village households, so he settled in Di Dao's home to guard the border. However, the good times did not last long, Tian Ji was infected in his prime, lost the ability to work, not only was it difficult to participate in military operations, but even the government's land could not be managed, so that he had to recruit people to cultivate on his behalf, and his family's situation deteriorated. Tian Cheng was fifteen years old, in order to reduce the burden on the family and to restore his old business, despite his father's opposition, he resolutely joined the army and threw himself into the account of Liu Zhongjian, the local garrison. At this time, the imperial court was using troops to rescue The River Huang, and Tian Cheng, along with Liu Zhongjian's troops, participated in the military operation to rescue the Qingtang Dynasty under the command of Yao Xiong, the military governor of xihe road. Because of his bravery in battle, he was promoted from a soldier to a junior officer.
At the end of Emperor Huizong's reign, the Fang La Rebellion broke out in Muzhou, and in order to suppress the uprising, the Song court mobilized the elite troops of the Six Roads of Shaanxi to go to the southeast to suppress the rebellion. Tian Cheng, along with Xin Xingzong, the commander of the Xihe Army, suppressed the Fang La rebellion, awarded Xiu Wulang with his military merits, and entered the ranks of wuchen and imperial officials. At this time, the Song court was defeated by Yanyun, the Jin people invaded the Central Plains in the south, and Yao Gu was appointed as an envoy to Hedong through Xihe Road, and was ordered to rescue the taiyuan city besieged by Jin soldiers, and Tian Cheng, as the general of Xihe Road, naturally followed the lord Yao Gu to Hedong. Unexpectedly, Yao Gu's army collapsed and was demoted, and the successor Xie Qian was defeated at Nanguan, and Tian Cheng and other Xihe generals were forced to retire to Baolongde Province under the leadership of the main general. Longdefu was soon besieged by the Jin people, and although Tian Cheng and Xin Xingzong and others resisted, they were not spared defeat, so Tian Cheng had no choice but to cross the Ji River south with the remnants of the Xi River and the surrounding pawns and "bandits", and turned east to Jeju to join the Kang King Zhao Shuo. After arriving in Jeju, Tian Sung married Liu Shi, whose family lived in Dongpyeong Province, and became his third wife. While in Jeju, King Kang killed Tian Cheng, the leader of their team, Gao Cai, and assigned this team to Miao Fu, who became Miao Fu's general.
Soon, Tian Cheng came from Jeju to Yingtianfu with the conscription of King Kang Zhao, and participated in the ascension ceremony of King Kang, and history entered the Southern Song Dynasty, and King Kang was the later Emperor Gaozong of Song. At the end of the first year of Jianyan and the beginning of the second year, Zhang Yu entered Koujiang Prefecture, and Tian Cheng followed Liu Guangshi and Miao Fu to intercept Zhang Yujun and won. Around the second year of Jianyan, Tian Cheng was transferred from Miao Fu to Liu Zhengyan, and in October of that year, he accompanied Liu Zhengyan to ping Ding Jin, and Ding Jin surrendered to the imperial court under the military pressure of the officials. During jianyan's second and third years, Tian Cheng became a subordinate of Han Shizhong, participated in the battle to pacify Miao Liu's change, and made great achievements. Three years after Jianyan, Tian Cheng became a relatively stable member of Han Shizhong's department, and should have followed Han Shizhong's department to participate in the war with Jin and Pseudo-Qi, and was promoted to Yao Commandery in the eighth and ninth years of Shaoxing. Around the ninth or tenth year of Shaoxing, the Jin people returned to Song Shaanxi and Henan, and Tian Cheng was appointed to the military post under the jurisdiction of the Yongxing Army Road Soldier and Horse Du, or he may not have tried to take office.
After April of the eleventh year of Shaoxing, Han Shizhong's army of Huaidong Xuanfu Division was reorganized into the Zhenjiang Prefecture Garrison Officiant Army, and Tian Cheng was given the command of the Zhenjiang Garrison of the Right Army. In the same year, the Shaoxing Peace Conference was signed, Han Shizhong was dismissed from the military, first as a privy councillor, and then given idle home, around this time, Tian Cheng also felt the tension of the political atmosphere, so he asked for a military post and lived idly in Jingnan Province. In March of the 23rd year of Shaoxing, Tian Cheng died in Jingnan Province at the age of sixty-eight. Before his death, Tian Cheng confessed to his son Tian Shixiong about the aftermath, hoping to return to his ancestral grave after his death. However, most of the Northern Song Dynasty's shaanxi homeland fell to the Jin Dynasty, and Tian Shixiong served in Jinghu and Zhejiang for a long time, failing to fulfill his father's will. It was not until the second year of Emperor Xiaozong's reign, when Tian Shixiong was in zhizhou, that Fang moved his father's coffin from Jingnan to Tonggu County, Chengzhou for burial. Although the burial place is not the homeland, it is the closest place to the homeland in the Southern Song Dynasty, and it belongs to the land of the Six Roads in Shaanxi during the Northern Song Dynasty, which to some extent can be regarded as the completion of nai's father's last wish.
Iii. The Southern Migration of Shaanxi Soldiers and the Thoughts of their Homeland
In the period from the change of Jing kang to the reconstruction of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of northern scholars, soldiers and civilians followed the Song court to the south, the most eye-catching group of which was The Shaanxi military. Without him, the Zhao and Song dynasties were able to rebuild and last for more than a hundred years, and the Shaanxi soldiers would contribute the most, and they were also the armed forces that the Partial Security regime relied on the most. The Southern Song Dynasty once concluded: "After crossing the river, the famous generals are all northwesterns." [32] Among them, the Shaanxi military generals, who were called "Westerners" by the people of the time, had the largest number and the greatest influence. For example, Liu Guangshi, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, Wu Jiu, Wu Xuan, Liu Kun, Li Xianzhong, who were famous generals at that time, were not born in Shaanxi Liulu. The generals are both Western and his soldiers are mainly from Shaanxi. At that time, he was known as "a general from Gaozong to the south",[33] Liu Guangshi, Han Shizhong, and Zhang Jun "commanded many Westerners by the three marshals",[34] Liu Guangshi "all westerners in his department",[35] and "soldiers in many Guanzhong" [36] in Sichuan Xuanfusi, of which "all the soldiers were Westerners".[37] It is obvious that the Shaanxi generals and soldiers were actually the backbone of the country and the pillar of the state as far as the Southern Song Dynasty court was concerned.
As can be seen from the previously quoted books, in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Shaanxi soldiers would be mainly concentrated in the two Huai defensive lines liu guangshi, Han Shizhong, and Zhang Junbu, as well as the Sichuan-Shaanxi defense line Wu Jiu and Wu Xuan. This phenomenon actually reflects the two different southward migration routes of the Shaanxi Sixth Route Army from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Shaanxi was a gathering place for the world's elite soldiers, and it also fought against the Western Xia and Qingtang provinces for many years, and its military quality and combat ability were even more unmatched by other armies. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Shaanxi army was basically stationed and fought in Shaanxi, and the first large-scale mobilization of the imperial court out of Shaanxi was the time when Xuanhe quelled the Fangla Uprising in the last years. Subsequently, due to the Battle of Lianjin to destroy the Liao, he went north to cut down Yan. Later, the Jin army invaded, and successively went through large and small battles such as the rescue of Hedong and the QinwangJing division, although many of them were scattered and defeated, but before and after Emperor Gaozong of Song ascended to the pole, the remnants of this group of departed Shaanxi troops, under the leadership of generals at all levels, gathered around Emperor Gaozong of Song, forming the basis of the initial armed forces of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Liu Guangshi[38], Han Shizhong [39], Zhang Jun[40], Wang De[41], and even the protagonist of this article, Tian Cheng, and others, all came to The side of Emperor Gaozong of Song under such circumstances. Later, the armies of the three major generals of the Southern Song Dynasty's two Huai defensive lines were formed on the basis of these troops of The Square La, Aid Hedong, Zhengyanshan, and the Shaanxi Army that went to the Beijing Division.
As for the territory of The Sixth Road in Shaanxi at that time, there were still a large number of troops left in Tun, and although in the early years of Jianyan, they were also violently attacked by the invading Shaanxi Jin Army, losing troops and losing ground, but in general they could still barely maintain it. It was not until the fourth year of Jianyan (1130) that Zhang Jun, the privy council secretary and the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, in order to alleviate the military pressure at the place where Emperor Gaozong of Song was stationed, gathered the main forces of the Song army in Shaanxi to provoke the Battle of Fuping between Song and Jin. Due to Zhang Jun's improper command, the Song army was defeated, and the land of Shaanxi fell to the Jin people. The scattered Song army either surrendered or retreated to Sichuan. The Shaanxi Song army, which retreated to Sichuan, under the integration of the Wu Jie and Wu Xuan brothers, gradually formed the army of the Sichuan Xuanfu Division of the Later Southern Song Dynasty, led by the Wu brothers.
The southward migration of the Shaanxi military group is in fact a helpless move under the torrent of the times, in which there is very little room for individual choice. Whether it was the large number of soldiers who later gathered in the Lianghuai battlefield or the Shaanxi soldiers who moved south to the Sichuan-Shaanxi battlefield, the difference between them was only the difference in the causes of the southward migration. The former was mobilized out of Shaanxi by the imperial court in advance, and after the jingkang revolution collapsed, it naturally gathered around Emperor Gaozong of Song, who inherited the Zhao and Song dynasties, and crossed south with it; the latter was forced to retreat south to Sichuan due to defeat and the difficulty of defending the homeland. Fighting for the country and leaving home are intertwined, which together constitute the similar memories of the "country" and "home" of this group.
However, it is interesting that whether it is handed down from generation to generation, or biographical historical materials such as personal deeds, epitaphs, and Shinto tablets, judging from the materials currently available to the author, it seems that they are more about the outstanding military achievements and loyalty to the monarchy of this group of exiled soldiers, and rarely show their nostalgic and nostalgic side. Of course, this is related to the tradition of ancient Chinese historiography with "guo" as the narrative focus, but in the context of the Song and Jin Wars, the Northern Song Dynasty has already fallen into the country, and a large number of exiled soldiers have left their hometowns and fought hard, if they do not have the sadness of leaving and the sorrow of their hometowns, I am afraid it is difficult to meet the actual situation at that time, and it is even more contrary to people's common feelings. In this regard, the "Epitaph of Tian Cheng" reveals the homeland thoughts of this veteran soldier who has been fighting in Shaanxi for more than thirty years in the north and south, which is somewhat different.
In fact, the thoughts about Tian Cheng's homeland in the "Epitaph of Tian Cheng" are not directly described, but are relayed through the mouth of his son Tian Shixiong, and in order to facilitate further analysis, the relevant texts are still recorded as follows:
In October, when Gong Wei's funeral reached Jingnan, Hou □□□□ made a final statement: "My father served in the army, small and large battles were all meritorious, and the late was the joy of the rivers and lakes, and the end of his life." In the end, it is also said: "But ruke load, and I Xi Qin people, with □ hometown, □ slow burial, not ten years will use soldiers, the first to restore, will be my hometown also." Er took a horse to bear the remains, buried on the side of the first, or Qiang pond. I taste Guanwai and Han? In, like its terroir, will bury me between, Shang Wuxiang also. 'Fu Xiangguo is as my father said, and Qin Long returns. The imperial court honored Daxin and retreated, not filial piety was not buried, and Jingwu was eaten one by one. It is a mistake to be graced to the west, and to be naked and to the heavens, to mourn my father's words. There is a period of time, and the son is Ming Zhuyou. ”
Although the emphasis of the narrative quoted above is on the "please inscription", from the perspective of the writing technique of the article, the author Du Ding borrowed the mouth of Tian Shixiong to outline the image of the tomb owner Tian Cheng, a hero who was worried about the country and the wanderer, although it was a silent act, it was actually used to seize people. However, it is undeniable that more words after the epitaph are laying out Tian Cheng's military achievements, and his worried, body, and national side is fully displayed, while the nostalgic side of the homeland is not a word, and the image of the epitaph about "wandering son nostalgia" at the beginning of the epitaph is also weakened a lot.
In addition, judging from Tian Shixiong's retelling of his father Tian Cheng's words, "WuXi Qin people, with □ hometown", "Er bears my skeleton with a horse, buries the side of the first skull", "I will be buried in the middle, Shang Wuxiang also", and other expressions, homesickness jumps on the paper. When Tian Cheng was dying, he could not forget his identity as a "Xi Qin person"; it was difficult to return to his homeland, but he still had the obsession of "burying the side of the ancestors"; even if he was not allowed to enter the ancestral tomb after all, he would at least find a place to bury in the "Shangwu Township". The explanation of the slow burial after death made the "joy of the field" in Jingnan Province appear lonely and sad after resting, and he refused to be buried in Jingnan Province, but he insisted on carrying the skeleton of a horse and returning to the west for thousands of miles. Home has become the only wish and concern of the dying Tian Cheng. However, in terms of the original meaning of the epitaph text, homesickness is not the focus of the rendering, Tian Chengkou's "no more than ten years will use soldiers", and his son Tian Shixiong's words that "the imperial court respects the great faith and retreats", and the sad and melancholy thinking of the homeland becomes a clear proof of the loyal and courageous country, and the "home" in the narrative framework of the "country" has become a hidden material.
As mentioned above, in the deeds, Shinto tablets, and epitaphs of Shaanxi soldiers of the two Song Dynasties that the author currently possesses, it is almost impossible to see the words of nostalgia for relatives, whether it is a marshal such as Liu Guangshi, Han Shizhong, Wu Jie, Wu Xuan, or a senior general such as Wang De and Li Xianzhong[42], or Yang Congyi and Peng Gao[43] whose status is lower than the above-mentioned people. Only in the "Li Xianzhong Xingzhi" and "Yang Congyi's Epitaph", because Li Xianzhong was killed by Jin tossing Song Zhi's entire family, and Yang Congyi was mentioned in the behavior and epitaph because his parents were abducted by the Jin people, and without exception, they were laid out under the narrative situation of "guo". Here may be an example of Yang Congyi's Epitaph:
In March of Shaoxing's reform, Fengxiang was re-encircled by the Xi river, and the momentum was blazing. The announcement of the second relative said: "As a son of man, he does not dare to do filial piety, and now the city is widowed, and it is useless to keep the dead, so it is better to break the siege and rescue." "That is, weeping goodbye... First of all, the shame was repeatedly defeated, so the second relative of the imprisoned gong was in Qingxi Village, and the public was not at ease. In the first month of the second year, when the Gong Beggars were in the past, Zhonglie (Wu Jiu) Xu Gong took his headquarters out of the North Mountain and cut off the grain road. After a few days of travel, we reached Majialing and encountered the enemy in battle. The next day in Qingxi, the soldiers of the yuhui villages were aided, and from the dawn of the battle to the twilight, the great destruction of the captives, and the return of relatives. [44]
In the above-quoted narrative, Yang Congyi's depictions of weeping goodbye to his parents, his parents being taken captive, and his relatives returning home are only to highlight the loyalty and bravery of the tomb owner, and there is no more text to ink except for "weeping goodbye" and "internal peace", which involves emotions. Obviously, the focus of such a narrative approach is still on the "country", not the "home". Compared with the narrative of "Tian Cheng's Epitaph", although it all belongs to the narrative framework focusing on the "country", "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" at least reveals the nostalgia of the tomb owner. Although Tian Cheng died, he refused to be buried in Jingnan, even if he traveled thousands of miles, he would also be buried in a place near his hometown, and his obsession with the return of Ye Luo to his roots, even if the epitaph text was written in obscurity, could still make us read it after a thousand years. This may also be the place where "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" deserves the attention of scholars.
4. Yu language
Taking the text of the "Tian Cheng's Epitaph" as the starting point, through the reading of the documents passed down from generation to generation and the analysis of the text of the epitaph, the life course of a Shaanxi soldier during the two Song Dynasties is presented. Looking at Tian Cheng's life, at least from the text of the epitaph, it seems to be a life wrapped up in the torrent of history. When his father was ill and his family was poor, it coincided with the appearance of the imperial court using soldiers and generously joining the army, but it was actually forced to make a living. Later, under the mobilization of the imperial court, he followed the troops to conquest Fangla and aid Hedong, although he fought bravely and made many military achievements, but in the face of the big situation, his personal efforts seemed so insignificant. The rout of Hedong, the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, where will Tian Cheng, who has been fighting for the country for more than ten years, go? Tian Cheng, who seems to be faced with a choice, actually does not have much room for choice, and the search for the orphans of Zhao Song all the way to the east with the defeated soldiers is just an instinct, a kind of dependence on "organization". After re-becoming an official of the Zhao song dynasty, Tian Cheng, who had left his hometown, relied on his bravery to step by step to become a "horizontal column", but the political turmoil made his combat resume during the Shaoxing years a blank, and even in his epitaph, he did not dare to write more than one word. Out of fear, in the eleventh year of Shaoxing, when the Southern Song Dynasty court collected military power, Tian Cheng "sensibly" dismissed himself from his military post, far from the political center, all the way to the west, to Jingnan Province, and spent his old age here leisurely. However, the superficial leisure did not make him really feel at ease, and when he was dying, he repeatedly instructed his son: He, a Xiqin man, could not just float in a foreign land like this, could not bury me on the spot, and if he had the conditions, he would take me back to his hometown and bury me next to his ancestors, and if there was no condition, he would also let me get as close as possible to the land of Sangzi. Tian Cheng, who has been wrapped up in the times all his life, is extremely persistent at the time of his death, and if there is no strong and abnormal homeland thinking, it is difficult to imagine that Tian Cheng will be so persistent.
Under the framework of the narrative of the loyal monarchy, a group of Shaanxi soldiers far away from their homeland are portrayed as "gods of war" who have fought in various places, made great achievements in battle, and forgotten their homeland, and under this grand narrative, they ignore the normal emotions they have as a person. Here it may be said that thanks to Tian Cheng, his presence allows us to glimpse the other side of the Shaanxi military at that time.
Editor's Note: The underline in this article was originally a box, which was changed to facilitate the tweet.
Notes
[1] The epitaph has twelve characters of the lishu "Song Gongwei Dafu Kangzhou Thorn Shitian Cemetery", the upper right corner of the stele is damaged, there are iron plough scratches in the middle of the stele, and some of the text is mutilated; the main text is written by Professor Du Ding of Jiezhou Prefecture, and the Song Maoshu of Fujin County, Zhijie Prefecture, Ren Li, He Zong, and Yang Yuanguang are engraved; this epitaph is "years in Yiwei", and the epitaph calls Song Gaozong "Emperor Taishang", then B is not song Xiaozong Chunxi II (1175); the first line of the epitaph is "□□□□□□□□□ Tian Cemetery Inscription". For the specific situation of this epitaph, see Cui Feng and Cai Vicequan: "The Newly Discovered Tombstone of The Song Gongwei Doctor Kangzhou Thorn Shitian Cemetery and Its Related Problems", Journal of History, No. 2, 2013; Cai Vicequan: "Commentary on the Epitaph of Song "Tian Cheng" and The Relevant Inscriptions of Tian Shixiong", Journal of Lanzhou University of Arts and Sciences (Social Science Edition), No. 2, 2020.
[2] For the epitaph rubbings, see Cai Vicequan's "Commentary on the Epitaph of Song Tian Cheng and The Relevant Inscriptions of Tian Shixiong", and the transcripts can be found in the previous exposé and Cui Feng and Cai Vicequan: "The Newly Discovered Tombstone of the Song Gongwei Dafu Kangzhou Thorn Shitian Cemetery and Its Related Problems", Zhao Kuifu, ed., "Longnan Jinshi School Record", Beijing: Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2018, pp. 1006-1009.
[3] Xu Songji: "Song Hui's Drafts", Fang Yu 6bis, Liu Lin, Diao Zhongmin, et al., Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2014, p. 9380. His book "XiZhou" states: "Didao County, Xi'ning was rehabilitated in five years", "In August of the fifth year of Xi'ning, the Lintao army was placed in Tang Linzhou and the Qiangren Wusheng Army, and in October it was changed to Xizhou". See also.
[4] Chen Jun, ed., "Imperial Chronicle Compendium", vol. 19, Xi Ning's September 7th Article Notes on "The Law of ancestral soldier system", Xu Peizao, Jin Yuan, et al., Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 2006, p. 468.
[5] Drafts of the Song Dynasty, Bing IV-VII, p. 8680.
[6] Drafts of the Song Dynasty, Bing 9-3, p. 8778.
[7] Drafts of the Song Dynasty, Bing 9-3, p. 8778.
[8] Song Hui Zhi Manuscript, Bing 10-16, p. 8802.
[9] According to the Song Dynasty official order, the military minister "Xiu Wulang or above was a promoted court official". See Xie Shenfu's "Qingyuan Articles of Law", Vol. IV, "Miscellaneous Pressures on Official Products", "Official Character Order", Dai Jianguo Dian School, "Continuation of Rare Chinese Legal Classics", Vol. 1, Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 2002, p. 20.
[10] Xu Mengxin, "Three Dynasties and Northern Leagues", vol. 44, Qing Xu Handu Inscribed Edition, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, p. 330.
[11] See The Compilation of the Northern League of the Three Dynasties, vol. 47, p. 356, 23, The Chronicle of Qinzong, vol. 349, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977, pp. 428, 11061.
[12] History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 23, QinzongJi, p. 429.
[13] History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 349, Biography of Yao Gu, p. 11061.
[14] Three Dynasties Northern League, Vol. 51, p. 385, p. 385.
[15] Sun Qi: The Great Collected Works of Sun Shangshu in Nanlanling, vol. 27, Song Collection Rare Books Series, vol. 35, Beijing: Linebound Bookstore, 2004, p. 480.
[16] Sima Qian: Records of History, vol. 9, Empress Lü Benji, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1959, p. 409.
[17] Li Xinchuan: Essential Records, vol. 3, Gengzi, March of the first year of Jianyan, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992, vol. 1, p. 64.
[18] Tian Shixiong: "The Tomb of Liu Shi, a Song Taiyi" (宋太宜人) Liu Shiren, see Cai Vice-quan," "Commentary on the Epitaph of Tian Cheng of Song and Notes on Tian Shixiong's Related Inscriptions", Journal of Lanzhou College of Arts and Sciences (Social Sciences Edition), No. 2, 2020.
[19] The Essentials, vol. 10, Jianyan, November 1, 1st century, p. 189.
[20] Records of the Essentials, vol. 11, Jianyan First Year December Bingyin, Vol. 1, p. 198.
[21] "There are Song Dynasty and auxiliary state heroes Taifu Huguo Zhen security Jingjun Festival, Yang Guogong zhishi to present Taishi Wushu posthumously sealed the family biography of Liu Gong, the king of The Ebony", volume II, Qing Banknote, Shan book number: 03753, National Library of China.
[22] See Compilation of the Northern League of the Three Dynasties, vol. 118, p. 865; The Essential Records, vol. 18, Late October of the second year of Jianyan, vol. 1, pp. 281-282; and History of the Song, vol. 25, Gaozongji II, p. 458.
[23] Records of the Essentials, vol. 23, Jianyan 3rd year, May Ding Hai, vol. 1, p. 374.
[24] Zhou Yinghe: Jingding Jiankangzhi, vol. 43, "Chronicles of Customs and Soils", II, "Tomb of the Envoy of the King of Sixiang", Song and Yuan Fangzhi Series, vol. 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1990, p. 2037.
[25] Records of the Essentials, vol. 156, Shaoxing 17 October, vol. 3, p. 192.
[26] Wang Yang: Dongmu Ji, vol. 7, "Wang Wei's Commander zhijingnanfu except for the four chambers", with the inscription "Changing Yongzhou Defense Envoy", Jingyin Wenyuange, "Siku Quanshu", vol. 1132, Taipei: The Commercial Press, 1986, p. 422.
[27] The Song Hui's Essential Compilation, Official 41-34, p. 4016.
[28] Wang Yan: Examples of Epitaphs, Vol. 1, Jingyin Wenyuange, Siku Quanshu, vol. 1482, Taipei: The Commercial Press, 1986, p. 381.
[29] Li Mixun, "The Collected Works of The Emperor", vol. 5, "Xu Shi'an ZuoWu Dafu and the Envoy of the Prefecture Regiment", Jingyin Wenyuange, Siku Quanshu, vol. 1130, Taipei: The Commercial Press, 1986, p. 640.
[30] Yue Ke: "The Continuation of Jin Tuo of the Eguo Dynasty", vol. 2, "The Confession of the Zhongwei Grand Master Wu Anjun", Wang Zengyu's proofreading, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1989, p. 1157.
[31] Records of the Essentials, vol. 78, Shaoxing 4th July Gengshen, vol. 2, p. 92.
[32] Li Xinchuan: Miscellaneous Records of the Dynasty and the Wild Since Jianyan, Vol. 12, "Famous Generals After Crossing the River are All Northwesterns", Xu Zhidian School, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000, p. 687.
[33] Records of the Essentials, vol. 23, Jianyan 3rd year, May 23, 2011, vol. 1, p. 371.
[34] The Essentials, vol. 87, Shaoxing 5th March, vol. 2, p. 241.
[35] Zhuang Qi: "Two Kings Night Fork" in the Chicken Rib Compilation, Xiao Luyang Dian School, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1983, p. 46.
[36] Records of the Essentials, vol. 130, Shaoxing 9th July, Vol. 2, p. 758.
[37] Wang Shipeng: "Mr. Meixi's Discussion", Vol. IV, "Re-discussion on Ma Gangzhi", First Edition of the Four Series, Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1919.
[38] According to the History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 369, Liu Guangshi," at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Guangshi followed his fathers Liu Yanqing (劉延庆) and Zhengyan Ji (征燕緯) from Fan to King Xuanqin, and later "went to the King of Jeju to go to King Gurkhamun of Jeju", p. 11478.
[39] According to Zhao Xiong's "Monument to the Founding Fathers of the Dingguo Dynasty by King Shizhong of Han Zhongwu", Han Shizhong first accompanied Wang Yu, then from Zhengyan Mountain, then from Liang Fangping to pacify the thieves in Shandong, and then "from Liang Fang to Pingfang to defend HeliZhou", and later King Kang opened the Grand Marshal's Mansion, and Shi Zhong went to follow him. See Du Dajue, ed., "The Collection of The New Famous Ministers' Monuments", vol. 13, Chinese Reconstructed Rare Books, Beijing: Beijing Library Publishing House, 2003.
[40] According to the Biography of Zhang Jun, vol. 369 of the History of Song, Zhang Jun first assisted Taiyuan from hedong as a deputy envoy, and then "led the soldiers from the Faithful Defender Liang Yang Zuqin King" and returned to King Kang, p. 11469.
[41] According to Fu Yun's "Song Dynasty Qingyuan Army Festival Made the Guards Of the Imperial Guard Ma Jundu Yu Wait for The Deputy Governor of the Ma Infantry Army on The North Road of Jinghu Lake, Jingnan Stationed in Longxi County, 4,100 Households of Food Andi Seal 1,200 Households to the Inspection School Shaobao Weiding Wanggong Shinto Monument", Wang De first aided Hedong from Yao Gu, then from Fan to The Void Qin King, and after King Kang ascended to the pole, "then led the army to the southern capital". The rubbings of the "Wang De Shinto Stele" can be found in the Beijing Library Jinshi Group, "Beijing Library Collection of Chinese Stone Carvings of Past Dynasties", vol. 43, Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989, pp. 57-58.
[42] "Li Xianzhong's Deeds" can be found in the "Collection of Famous Ministers' Monuments", vol. 24, "The Late Tai Wei Wei Wu Army Festival Envoy Lifting Wanshou Guan Yi 6,100 Households Of Food And Sealing 2,000 Households Longxi County Founding Duke Zhi Shi Presents Kaifu Yi Tong Sansi Li Gong XingZhi".
[43] The tomb of Peng Gao and his wife was discovered in Yangxian County, Shaanxi in 1991, and the partial photos and transcripts of the epitaph rubbings are found in Li Ye and Zhou Zhongqing: "Tomb of Peng Gao and His Wife in the Southern Song Dynasty of Yangxian County, Shaanxi", Cultural Relics, No. 8, 2007, pp. 68-70. The first line of the "Peng Gao Epitaph" is titled: "Song Dynasty Martial Arts Doctor, Jizhou Assassin History, Xingyuan Province Stationed in The Imperial Palace before the rule of Zhi Shi Peng Gong fact". Peng Gao was born in the first year of the reign of Emperor Jingkang of Song Qinzong and died in the second year of Emperor Shaoxi of Song Guangzong, at the age of sixty-six.
[44] Yuan Bo, "Song Dynasty and Prefecture Defense Envoy Lifting Taizhou Chongdaoguan Ankang County Founding Marquis Shiyi 1,700 Households Actually Sealed 100 Households Yang Cemetery Epitaph", rubbings and transcripts see Chen Xianyuan, ed., Hanzhong Steles, Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 1996, pp. 18, 125, 126.
A Song Dynasty History Research Information I
Email: [email protected]
Edit: Pammons