Text/Sisi
The year is approaching, and Ruixue has arrived.
According to the forecast of China's meteorological supercomputer, as warm and humid water vapor and cold air in the central and eastern parts of the mainland are in place again, a wide range of rain and snow weather will arrive. The large-scale rain and snow weather will become more and more intense, and eventually cover 32 provinces on the mainland, including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. It can be said that in the next few days, the country's 32 provinces will usher in the first snow of 2022, entering the "cold winter period" of the year before.
Interestingly, unlike the usual cold winter, before the National Meteorological Center's supercomputer forecast, there were already many "meteorologists" on the Internet who made predictions. According to the recent eruption of the highly hot Tonga volcano, it is believed that the raised volcanic ash will pull down the global temperature, and even many people say bluntly that 2022 will be a "summerless" year.
In fact, the volcanoes and the wind and snow are indeed coincidental. But there is no real causal relationship between the continent's comprehensive cooling and the Tonga volcano. However, it is not nonsense that volcanic eruptions will reduce global temperatures, and in history, there have been "summerless years" caused by volcanic eruptions.
In April 1815, the eruption of Mount Tambora killed tens of thousands of people. Reaching a record level of VEI7, this lesser-known volcano threw up to 50 cubic kilometers of dust and rock into the air, and its volcanic ash once surrounded the earth, plunging much of the earth's northern hemisphere into an unusual cold. Meteorologists at the time speculated that Tambora had released nearly 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide. And the newest volcano in Tonga? According to meteorological satellite observations, the current sulfur dioxide eruption of The Tonga volcano is only 400,000 tons.
The year 1816 was therefore called "the year without summer" by meteorologists. Mount Tambora has aroused the enthusiasm of a large number of scholars and scientists. Why did volcanic ash hang over certain parts of the planet for months? It became the hottest research project in the decades that followed. In this article, we will take advantage of the bitter winter wind at the end of the year to see those "summerless years" since the history of meteorological records! The full text is about 2000 words, the estimated reading time is 15min, welcome to read.
1. The reason for the great changes in the continental climate and the widespread arrival of rain and snow
According to data released by the National Meteorological Center, before January 30, there will be two waves of rain and snow, both of which will be large-scale rain and snow nationwide. Of these, the first wave will come from January 20 to January 24. The second wave will come from January 25 to January 27. Both waves are climatic phenomena with a very large range of influence.
The reason for the nationwide rain and snow attack is the reason for the convergence and collision of cold air currents in the north and warm currents in the south. According to the forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and the southern part of Tibet along the mountains and other places have heavy snow, local blizzard, and this rain and snow weather in the water vapor is more abundant, the snow will be relatively large. After the rain and snow have weakened briefly, a second wave of rain and snow will appear on a larger scale and more intensely.
2. Why did the eruption of Mount Tambora cause a "summerless year"?
Mount Tambora, located in Indonesia, is only 2,851 meters above sea level and was not well known before its eruption. For the previous thousand years, Mount Tambora was in a quiet and long-term rest until its sudden eruption in 1815. This eruption is considered to be the most devastating explosion on Earth in the past ten thousand years.
April 5, 1815.
Mount Tambora began to rumble. Within a range of more than 1,000 kilometers, you can hear the earth-shattering noise. Soldiers stationed hundreds of miles away on the island of Java thought they had heard the sound of artillery fire and began looking for a possible place where the "battle" might have taken place. After 5 days of searching for nothing, the roar continued until 10 April, when soldiers arrived at Mount Tambora and found a terrible scene they had never seen before:
Three fire dragons emerge from the interior of tambora mountain, and the smoke fills the air for up to 25 kilometers. The hurricane caused by the fire uprooted the surrounding trees, and the hot volcanic lava sped down the mountain at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour and rushed into the sea. Huge volcanic pumice stones enclose the harbor in layers. Volcanic eruptions also triggered tsunamis and large-scale subsidence of land. The town of Tambora thus sank to a depth of 6 meters. Heavy rain and volcanic ash fell for weeks, and almost all houses within a radius of several hundred kilometers were smashed by rocks erupted from the volcano, and about 90,000 people were lost in this eruption (in fact, the vast majority died of volcanic famine and lack of water).
The erupting volcano lasted until July before slowly stopping. The upper part of the volcano lost 70 billion tons of mountain mass, forming a huge sinking crater with a diameter of more than 6,000 meters and a depth of 700 meters. But things are far from over, but have more far-reaching effects. Because of the total eruptions of the Tambora eruption, gas and flying material account for more than 99%, while lava is less than 1%. The large amounts of sulfurous gases that erupt from the mountain mix with the water vapor in the air and are pushed by the air flow of the stratosphere and spread farther away.
At that time, the distant North American bookmakers were out of harvest, europe had a serious outbreak, and even Antarctica was affected. These are all changes that the eruption of Mount Tambora has brought to earth.
3. What is the volcanic ash brought by the volcanic eruption?
The most material brought by volcanic eruptions is volcanic ash, so what exactly is volcanic ash?
Volcanic ash refers to gravel and mineral particles that are less than 2 mm in diameter by volcanic eruptions. Despite its name, ash is very hard, mostly very sharp vitreous rocks. Figuratively speaking, volcanic ash, a mixture of rocks, minerals, and glass slag.
Because it is less than 2 mm in diameter, volcanic ash can cause direct damage to the human cornea and lungs. After being inhaled by the human body, it will accumulate in the respiratory system, causing a variety of diseases, especially for the elderly and children, especially sensitive.
4. What are the world's famous volcanoes?
The volcanoes that the world's most popular people pay attention to are Mt. Fuji in Japan, Huangshi Volcano in the United States, and Tianchi Volcano in Changbai Mountain in China. At the end of the article, let's look at the past and present lives of these volcanoes.
(1) Mt. Fuji Volcano
Japan's Mt. Fuji volcano has been dormant for more than four hundred years, and in history, Mt. Fuji has erupted 18 times. Three of these were volcanic eruptions. Scientists in Japan have predicted that the eruption cycle of Mt. Fuji should be around 900 years. The eruption of Mt. Fuji volcano is a VEI-4 eruption.
(2) Yellowstone Volcano
The Yellowstone Volcano in the United States is one of the most famous supervolcanoes in the world, with an eruption cycle of about 700,000 years. Under its Yellowstone volcano, which has the world's largest magma reservoir, Yellowstone volcano has undergone 3 super-large eruptions in the past 2 million years, both of which have reached VEI8 magnitude eruptions. However, It has been 640,000 years since the last eruption. In other words, in the next 100,000 years, the probability of a yellowstone eruption is very high, and if it happens, it will cause a huge disaster on a global scale.
(3) Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano
Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano is the largest volcano in China, dating from 1200 AD to 5000 BC, respectively. According to historical data and survey data, scientists speculate that the Changbaishan volcanic eruption in 1200 AD is the world's largest volcanic eruption in two thousand years, no less than the eruption of Mount Tambora, which belongs to the VEI7 level of eruption. (Some people say it belongs to the VEI6 eruption), and there is currently no sign of recovery of the ChangbaiShan volcano.