100 years of Russian literature in the 19th century

Text/Ma Jiajun

1799 Pushkin was born.

1801--1825 During the reign of Alexander I.

1802 Rajshev, a pioneer writer of Russian revolutionary democracy, is forced to commit suicide.

1809 Gogol is born. Romanticism rises.

1811 Belinsky is born.

1812 Anti-Napoleonic Wars (to 1814). Goncharov and Herzen were born.

1814 Lermontov and Shevchenko are born.

1816 The National Salvation League is formed among the officers of Petersburg.

1818 Marx and Turgenev are born.

1818 The Decembrists organized the "Green Lantern Society", at which Pushkin recited "To Chadayev" and "The Village".

1820 Pushkin was exiled. The Chronicle of the Fatherland magazine was launched. Engels was born.

1821 Besgery organizes the "Southern Association". Nekrasov and Dostoevsky were born.

1822 Ryleev organized the "Northern Association".

1823 Pushkin began writing Evgeny Onegin. Ostrovsky was born.

1824 Pushkin was exiled to Mikhailovskkoye. Opening of the Bolshoi Theatre.

December 14, 1825 December 14 erupted into a December uprising. Beginning of the period of aristocratic revolution.

1825-1855 During the reign of Nicholas I.

1826 Ryleev and Beschery were hanged, and more than 100 Decembrists were exiled. Saltykov was born.

1828 Chernyshevsky, Tolstoy is born.

1829 Herzen and Ogalyov organize a revolutionary group at Moscow University. Gribauedov was killed in Persia.

1830 Pushkin's Yevgeny Onegin was written. The French Revolution. There was an uprising against the Tsar in Poland. Don Peasant Revolt.

1831 Stankiewicz and Belinsky group at Moscow University. Gogol publishes novels.

1834 Belinsky publishes his first commentary. Ural peasant revolt.

1835 Herzen and Ogalyov are exiled.

1836 Pushkin founded the magazine Modern Man and wrote the novel The Captain's Daughter. Gogol's "Chancellor chincha" was first performed. Dubrovlyupov was born.

1837 Pushkin was killed. Lermontov published The Death of the Poet and was exiled to the Caucasus.

1839 Belinsky edited Chronicle of the Fatherland. Lermontov completed the novel Contemporary Hero.

1840 Opium War. Russian society emerged Slavic and Western European. Lermontov was exiled again.

1841 Lermontov is killed.

1842 Gogol's long poem "Dead Souls" is also in the same lifetime.

1844 Krylov dies.

1846 The Petroshevsky Revolutionary Group is formed with the participation of Sartikov-Scheidlin and Dostoevsky.

1847 Herzen went into exile for revolutionary activities and began publishing the novel Whose Crime. Turgenev began publishing The Hunter's Notes. Marx and Engels organized the "Communist Union" and drafted the Communist Manifesto. Peasant revolt in Belarus.

1848 Revolution in the countries of Europe. Belinsky died and wrote Letter to Gogol on his deathbed.

1849 Petroshevsky's group is destroyed, Dostoevsky and Scheidlin are arrested and soon exiled.

1852 Gogol dies. Turgenev was exiled for reading Belinsky's Letter to Gogol. Tolstoy began publishing novels.

1853-1856 Crimean War.

1855-1881 Reign of Alexander II.

1855 Chernyshevsky publishes Life and Aesthetics.

1857 Herzen founded the revolutionary journal Alarm Bell in London.

1859-1861 Social movements are on the rise. During this period, there were 474 peasant uprisings.

1859 Goncharov publishes Oblomov. Ostrovsky's The Great Thunderstorm was first performed (published the following year).

1860 Turgenev publishes the novel The Night Before. Dubrovlyupov publishes his paper "When will the real day come?" 》。 As a result, Modern Man magazine split. Chekhov was born.

1861 On 19 February 1861 the Tsar decreed the abolition of serfdom from top to bottom. Dubrovlyubov and Shevchenko died. Dostoevsky completed the novel The Insulted and the Damaged. Beginning of the revolutionary period of the civilian intellectuals.

1862 Chernyshevsky was arrested. Modern Man was discontinued. Turgenev published the novel Father and Son.

1863 Chernyshevsky writes the novel What to Do while in prison? 》。 The Surafi Movi branch was born.

1864 The First International is founded. Chernyshevsky was exiled. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed.

1866 Modern Man is forever seized. The Polish uprising was suppressed. Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment is published.

1866 Das Kapital, volume 1, is published. Nekrasov began editing the Chronicle of the Fatherland magazine.

1866 Tolstoy completes the literary masterpiece War and Peace.

1868 Gorky is born.

1870 Marx is a delegate to the Russian section of the General Committee of the Communist International. Herzen dies. Lenin was born. Workers went on strike everywhere. Populist movements emerged.

1871 The Paris Commune is founded.

1872 The Russian translation of Volume 1 of Capital is published. The Comintern expelled Bakunin. Moscow held a celebration of the 25th anniversary of Ostrovsky's literary activities.

1874 The Narodniks launched the "Go to the People" movement.

1875 The first revolutionary organization of Russian workers, the Southern Russian Workers' Association, is founded.

1876 The Narodniks form the Land and Freedom Party. Nekrasov finished writing Who Lives Well in Russia? 》。

1877 Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is completed and the Russo-Turkish War breaks out (ending the following year). Nekrasov died.

1878 The "Russian Northern Workers' Association" is founded in Petersburg.

1879 Russian social movements rise. The Populists split into the Equal Divide Land Party ("Black Divide") and the "Will Andlling Party".

1880 Famine. The climax of the Russian Revolution. Strikes, student uprisings, and peasant uprisings abounded. Shedlin's The Lords of Golovrov and Dostoevsky's literary masterpiece The Brothers Karamazov were completed. Chekhov began to create.

1881 The popular party Greniewitz killed Tsar Alexander II on 1 March on Petersburg Avenue. Dostoevsky died. Lu Xun was born.

1881-1894 Reign of Alexander III.

1882 In the preface to the Russian version of the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels say that Russia is the advanced force of the revolutionary movement in Europe. Tolstoy's ideological transformation.

1883 Marx dies. Turgenev died in France. The black division of Plekhanov's ideological transformation, in Geneva organized the Russian Marxist group "Labor Liberation Society". Bedenei, Gelatkov and A Tolstoy were all born this year.

1884 The Chronicle of the Fatherland is forever seized.

1885 Molotsov strikes. Ostrovsky died. Tolstoy completed the screenplay For The Forces of Darkness.

1886 Surafimović begins to compose.

1887 Chekhov publishes the novel Prairie.

1889 The Second International was established under the leadership of Engels. Chernyshevsky died after 27 years of exile, hard labor, and imprisonment. Saltykov-Shedlin died. Gorky was arrested. Tolstoy began writing Resurrection.

1890 Marxist groups were formed throughout Russia. In the past 10 years, there have been more than 450 cases of various forms of workers' revolutionary action. Chekhov made a trip to Sakhalin Island.

1891 Goncharov dies.

1892 Gorky publishes his first novel, Makar Chudra.

1893 Mayakovsky is born. Mao Zedong was born.

1894-1917 During the reign of Nicholas II.

1894 Anthology of Russian Symbolism is published.

1895 Engels dies. Lenin founded the "Association of Working Class Struggles" in Petersburg. The period of the proletarian revolution began.

1897 Lenin is exiled.

1898 The First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is convened and proclaimed. Chekhov's "Yao Neqi" and "The Man in the Set" were published, and "Seagull" was staged for the first time. The Moscow Art Theater was founded. Zhou Enlai was born.

1899 The Development of Capitalism in Russia is published. Tolstoy's novel Resurrection was written. The "Wednesday Literary Federation" was founded. Leonov was born. Boxer Rebellion.