Shangqiao Cemetery is located on a hilly slope south of Shangqiao Village in Fenghua District and north of Fenghua Railway Station. From 2006 to 2008, archaeological excavations in the area occupied by the Fenghua Central Grain Depot and the Fenghua Railway Station Thoroughfare road have revealed that the cemetery should be at least a large-scale Han to Six Dynasties cemetery.
From November 2012 to April 2013, in order to cooperate with the construction of the logistics center of Shangqiao Science and Technology Industrial Park in Fenghua Economic Development Zone, Ningbo Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (now Ningbo Cultural Heritage Management Research Institute) and other units conducted rescue archaeological excavations in the Area of Shangqiao Cemetery involved in the construction of the plot. The excavation cleaned up more than 200 tombs from the Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, which is an important discovery of tomb archaeology in the historical period in Ningbo and even Zhejiang in recent years.
The excavation area was originally a tea plantation area, and more than 200 tombs cleaned were opened under the topsoil layer, and the era was still dominated by the Han to Six Dynasties, and a number of Tang Dynasty tombs were also found. Although these Tang Dynasty tombs are generally preserved, they provide new evidence for the longevity of the cemetery. The following is a brief report on the Tang Dynasty tombs found in this excavation.
1. Tomb shape system
Due to the poor preservation of the tombs, after sorting, it was preliminarily determined that there were 19 tombs in the Tang Dynasty, including two types: earthen pit vertical tombs and brick chamber tombs.
1
Pit vertical tomb
2 seats.
2012FSM94, broken by 2012FSM90, the pit plane is rectangular, the direction is 210°, 2.32 long, 1.1 wide, the residual depth is 0.5 meters, and the pit wall is straight. No burial utensils and human bones have been seen, and the burial style is unknown. In the north of the tomb, 4 burial items were found, including 1 celadon pot, 1 clay pot, and 2 celadon bowls, and the 2 bowls were stacked on the mouth of the 2 pots.
2
Brick chamber tomb
17 seats. According to the difference in the shape of the plane, it can be divided into two types.
Type A, rectangular brick chamber tomb, a total of 7, all single chambers. Take 2012FSM9, M61, M76 as an example.
2012FSM9, direction 305°, the length of the tomb is 2.6, the width is 0.94, and the residual height is 0.7 meters. The east, south and west walls are built with three shun and one ding or four shun and one ding, the shun bricks are tiled with staggered seams, and the ding bricks have a long brick after every three or four short bricks, and each of the three walls has 3 tower-shaped niches. There is no niche on the north wall, and the bottom floor of the smooth brick and the ding brick are misaligned, which should be the place where the door is sealed. The bottom of the tomb is a single layer of "human" glyph paving tiles. The disturbance in the tomb was serious, no burial tools and human bones were found, and no burial items were found. The tomb tiles are all blue-gray plain bricks, 24 cm long, 12 cm wide and 3 cm thick.
2012FSM61, direction 325°, the length of the tomb is 3.1, the width is 0.84, and the residual height is 1 meter. The east, south and west walls use the three-layer brick method from bottom to top using the masonry method of three shun and one ding, and then stacking the coupons with shun bricks on the internet. There are 4 small rectangular niches on the east wall and 1 small rectangular niche in the middle of the south wall. The northern part of the burial chamber is the closed door, and the sealing door bricks are in the shape of a "human" character. The floor tiles at the bottom of the tomb are tiled with a single layer of "human" glyphs, which is well preserved. The burial chamber was heavily disturbed, and no unknown or human bones were seen. 4 pieces of burial items were excavated, of which 3 were celadon bowls, cups and pots repaired by porcelain fragments excavated in the filled soil, and 1 celadon bowl was found at the bottom of the tomb. The tomb bricks are blue-gray and light red, 28 long, 14 wide and 4 cm thick, mostly plain, and the end faces of some bricks are molded with semi-lotus patterns.
M61 unearthed a pan pot
2012FSM76, direction 275°, the length of the tomb is 4.14, width is 2.12, and the residual height is 1.03 meters. The four walls of the tomb are all three shun and one ding masonry, and the upper part is unknown, which is speculated to be the top of the ticket. The sealed door wall of the burial chamber is located on the west wall and is a double wall. The floor tiles at the bottom of the tomb are tiled with a single layer of "human" glyphs, and have been partially destroyed. The disturbance in the tomb was serious, and no burial tools and human bones were found in the tomb. 4 pieces of burial items were excavated, of which 1 was a celadon bowl repaired by fragments of porcelain excavated in the filled soil, and 3 pieces were found at the bottom of the tomb, namely 1 celadon pot and 2 celadon bowls. The tomb tiles are all blue-gray plain bricks, 32 cm long, 16 cm wide and 4 cm thick.
Type B, ship-shaped brick chamber tomb, a total of 10, according to the difference in the number of burial chambers can be divided into two subtypes.
Type Ba, single chamber, 9 seats. Take 2012FSM46, M51, M21 as an example.
2012FSM46, direction 294°, the length of the tomb is 3.12, the width is 0.98-1.1, the residual height is 0.34 meters, the middle is the widest, and the posterior part is the narrowest. Only the south, west and north walls of the tomb remain, all of which are three shun and one ding at the bottom, and three layers of shun bricks and one layer of ding bricks remain, and the upper part is unknown, which is speculated to be the top of the coupon. The east wall has been completely destroyed, presumably where the tomb door was sealed. The floor tiles at the bottom of the tomb are single-layer double brick horizontal and vertical tiles. The disturbance in the tomb was serious, no burial tools and human bones were found, and no burial items were found. The tomb bricks are all blue-gray plain bricks, 28 long, 14 wide and 3 cm thick, and some of the inscription bricks have the words "Tang Mingzhou" moulded on the end face.
2012FSM51, with a direction of 317°, the burial chamber is 3.08 long, 0.64-0.9 wide, and the residual height is 0.78 meters, with the widest middle and the narrowest rear. The east, south and west walls are built of three shun and one ding, and the upper part is unknown. The east wall retains 1 rectangular niche and the west wall retains 2 rectangular niches. The sealing wall of the burial chamber is located on the north wall of the burial chamber, the inner side is reinforced with a row of ding bricks, and the outer side is a double brick wall, all of which are three shun and one ding masonry, and the two sides of the wall extend another brick in the north. The floor tiles at the bottom of the tomb are tiled with a single layer of "human" glyphs. The burial chamber was seriously disturbed, and no burial tools and human bones were found. A celadon cup was unearthed at the bottom of the tomb, and a badly damaged copper coin was found in the filled soil. The tomb tiles are all blue-gray, with a plain front and a molded pattern on the end, 24 cm long, 14 cm wide and 3 cm thick.
Bb type, double chamber, 1 block.
2012 FSM21, direction 101°, breaks the Six Dynasties Tomb M20. The tomb is seriously disturbed, the double chamber in the south side of the burial chamber is relatively well preserved, the north side of the burial chamber only remains the south wall partial and part of the paving tiles, from the structural point of view, the structure of the two burial chambers is consistent, take the south chamber as an example to introduce. The length of the tomb is 3.38, the width of the remnant is 1-1.4, the depth of the residue is 0.5 meters, the middle is the widest, the east side is the narrowest, the tomb wall is three shun and one ding masonry, the upper part is unknown. There is a tower-shaped niche on the east wall, and 3 tower niches on the south and north walls, which are symmetrically distributed. The west wall is a closed door and is completely destroyed. The floor tiles at the bottom of the tomb are double brick horizontal and vertical tiles. The disturbance in the tomb was serious, no burial tools and human bones were found, and no burial items were found. The tomb tiles are all blue-gray plain bricks, 28 long, 14 wide and 4 cm thick. Some stencils of inscription bricks were found on the tomb wall of the south chamber, and the legible words were "New Sample of Liu Family in the Second Year of Da Zhong", "Wang Shangzhi", "Da Zhong Yuan Qi" and so on.
2. Relics
Due to the overall preservation of the cemetery, the theft and disturbance of tombs in the Tang Dynasty was also more serious. Judging from the surviving types of excavated burials, porcelain is the mainstay, with a small number of pottery and damaged copper coins that cannot be read in letters.
chinaware
The excavated Tang Dynasty tombs, the excavated porcelain is celadon porcelain, the main types of utensils are pan pots, pots, bowls, cups, bowls and so on.
pottery
Only 1 clay pot was found in 2012FSM94.
3
Tomb tiles
Most of the bricks used in the Tang Dynasty brick chamber tombs excavated this time are plain surfaces, but molded pattern bricks and inscription bricks have been found in individual tombs. For example: one of the 2012FSM21 inscription bricks, with a residual length of 12.5, a width of 12.5 and a thickness of 3 centimeters, a short end face molded with "Liu Jia New Sample" in the second year of the middle school; the second of the 2012FSM21 inscription bricks, 24.5 long, 12 wide and 3 cm thick, with a short end face molded "Wang Shangzhi"; 2012FSM46 inscription brick, 27.5 long, 13.5 wide, 3 cm thick, short end face molded "Tang Mingzhou".
2012 FSM21 Year Brick
III. Conclusion
Shangqiao Cemetery is only 10 kilometers away from Baidu Village, the seat of Yinxian County from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Six Dynasties, with Baidu Village as the center, a large number of tombs from the Han to The Six Dynasties period have been found over the years, and the Shangqiao Cemetery also has a large number of tombs from the Han to the Six Dynasties period. However, there are few reports of Tang Dynasty tombs in the Fenghua area, especially the distribution of such a large scale as the Shangqiao cemetery is the first to be discovered.
The Tang Dynasty tombs cleaned up this time, M21 unearthed inscription bricks have the words "Da Zhong Yuan Qi", "Da Zhong Second Year Liu Jia New Sample", "Da Zhong" is the tang Xuanzong year number, Da Zhong Yuan Qi is the Big Zhong Yuan Year, for 847 AD, and the second year of Da Zhong is 848 years. "New sample of the Liu family in the second year of middle school" indicates that this batch of tomb bricks is the new style of that year, so the burial age of M21 should be 848 or shortly thereafter. Although M46 has not unearthed chronological inscription bricks, the inscription "Tang Mingzhou" in the tomb bricks indicates that the age of M46 was in the middle and late Tang Dynasty after the establishment of Mingzhou in 738. In addition, the celadon pan pot excavated by M76 is similar to the celadon pan pot excavated from The M24 tomb of Shaoxing Muzha and the M2 of the Tang Tomb of Zhuji, and the ages of the latter two are in the early Tang Dynasty, and the age of M76 should be roughly equivalent to it. Although the Tang Dynasty tombs in the Shangqiao Cemetery have been seriously disturbed, from the burial age of the above tombs, the cemetery has been used since the early Tang Dynasty to the Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties, and has been used until the late Tang Dynasty. In addition to the tombs of the Han to Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, the excavations of the Shangqiao Cemetery in 2012-2013 also cleaned up many tombs from the Song to the Ming and Qing dynasties. Therefore, the Shangqiao Cemetery should be a large-scale cemetery used in the Han Dynasty until the Ming and Qing dynasties, which is also rare in Ningbo and even Zhejiang, and can provide relevant archaeological information for the study of funerary customs in the region.
Editor: Zhang Yuanyuan
Reprinted from: Southeast Culture