(Ming) Statue of Cao Cao
【Tips for this article】:
● Determination of Cao Cao's tomb
● Cao Cao arranged the aftermath for himself
● The origin of Cao Cao's negative image
● The Mystery of Cao Cao's Tomb Robbery
● The Mystery of the Seventy-Two Tombs
● Cause of Cao Cao's headache
● How Cao Cao reached the pinnacle of power
● What kind of home and country feelings did the poet Cao Cao have?
● The biggest failure and the biggest stain on Cao Cao's life
【Introduction】:
Say Cao Cao, Cao Cao will arrive!
Cao Cao, the King of Wei Wu more than 1800 years ago, was a military man, a politician, and a writer. As the saying goes, when the situation makes heroes, heroes also timely. In the chaotic situation of the world's strife at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao turned out to be a world, strategizing the Eastern Expedition and the Western Expedition, and finally unifying the north, and achieving hegemony. The story of the Three Kingdoms has been passed down for a long time, and the TV series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" adapted from this is known to everyone and is relished by people after tea and dinner.
So, how did Cao Cao, the king of Wei Wu, rise in the chaotic world? Where was Cao Cao buried after his death? It has always been concerned by the world, and there are many opinions, and folklore is even more evil, saying that 72 tombs were erected after Cao Cao's death, that is, the so-called "72 Doubtful Tombs", is it true?
In folk interpretations, Cao Cao has always been a negative image, synonymous with adulterous males. There are also saying that he is "suspicious", "knowing after the fact", "I would rather bear the people of the world than the people of the world", and that he is the "originator of the tomb robber".
The discovery of Cao Cao's Gaoling finally allowed a real Cao Cao to return to the world across the long time of 1800 years. As a military strategist, as a politician to reform maladministration, worry about the country and the people, as a literary talent, full of pride, his works are called "poetic history".
What was Cao Cao's greatest failure in life?
Honor and disgrace, tomb robbery is the biggest stain of his life, right and wrong, perhaps there are other hidden feelings.
Explore Cao Cao's tomb and restore a real Cao Cao for you.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Hanzhong lost, Cao Cao was discouraged and arranged the aftermath</h1>
In 1905, China's first film, Dingjun Mountain, was released in the Grand View Building of Qianmen, Beijing, telling the story of Cao Cao and Liu Bei competing for Hanzhong at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 219, at Dingjun Mountain on the edge of the Han River, the Shu Han general Huang Zhong beheaded Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan with a knife.
Huang Zhong
Xiahou Yuan
● Xiahou Yuan Profile:
Xiahou Yuan (?–219), courtesy name Miaocai, was a native of Peiguo County (亳州, Inc. in Bozhou, Anhui). A famous general at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was a descendant of the eunuch Xiahou.
In his early years, Xiahou Yuan followed Cao Cao in his conquests of the four directions, and successively served as a knight and a lieutenant, Chen Liu, and the Taishou of Yingchuan. Participated in the Battle of Guandu and was responsible for supervising the transportation of grain and grass. He is good at running thousands of miles, fighting unexpectedly, and has successively quelled the rebellions of Chang Feng, Xu He, Lei Xu, and Shang Yao. After the Battle of Weinan, Xiahou Yuan led an army to suppress the remnants of Han Sui in the Guanlong region, as well as the Qiang and Qiang tribes, and the Weizhen Guanyou region. With his meritorious service, he was transferred to the general of the Western Expedition and was awarded the title of Marquis of Bochangting. After Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, Xiahou Yuan was in charge of guarding Hanzhong. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an, Liu Bei led an army to attack Hanzhong, and Xiahou Yuan was killed by Huang Zhong. After his death, his posthumous title was 愍 (mǐn sorrow, heartache) and he was entitled to the temple court of Taizu (Cao Cao).
The Han River basin between the Qinling Mountains and the Daba Mountains is a natural passage from Guanzhong to Shuzhong, where the Battle of Hanzhong in the 24th year of Jian'an of the Eastern Han Dynasty took place.
Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountain
Capturing the Shu Han Dynasty and unifying China was Cao Cao's dream in his later years. However, the Battle of Hanzhong, which lasted for 2 years, ended with Liu Bei taking Hanzhong. The last battle in Cao Cao's life was full of sorrow.
Cao Cao at the Battle of Hanzhong
It was during this campaign that Cao Cao wrote a special order, the Final Order, which was different from previous government and military orders, which was an order to arrange his aftermath, that is, a suicide note. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records the content of this "Final Decree" as follows: "Its rules are shouling on the western plains of the Ximen Leopard Ancestral Hall, because the height is the foundation, and there is no seal or tree..."
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The defeat in the Battle of Hanzhong, coupled with the perennial battlefield conquests and marches, and the illness of sleeping in the wind and food, made Cao Cao, who had been a horseman for a lifetime, feel that the limit was approaching, and time was running out. Just after Cao Cao led the remnants of the army to return to Luoyang in frustration from Hanzhong, he wrote a "Testament Order". Both the "Final Order" and the "Testament Order" require a thin burial, no seal or tree, and also specify the burial site, near Yecheng, on a high hill west of the Ximen Leopard Shrine. This is equivalent to clearly telling the world that the address of the haunted house after his death is almost marked with the door number.
The Address of Gaoling is clearly recorded in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Cao Cao dreamed of re-establishing order in the world, and fought and fought in the chaotic world of the Three Kingdoms dispute. History is like the water of the rolling Yangtze River, and the wolf smoke has been extinguished.
In 1800, the lupine room was gently shaken.
The tomb of Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms, through the fog of history, appeared on the hot land that he was familiar with and fought for.
(1) The vicissitudes of Gaoling
In 2010, archaeologists in Henan Province discovered Cao Cao's tomb in the small village of Xigao in northern Henan, and at this point, a mystery of thousands of years came to an abrupt end, and Cao Cao's tomb was no longer an ancient legend.
The discovery of Cao Cao's tomb immediately caused a huge sensation and controversy.
Cao Cao's necropolis palace
Cao Cao Gaoling Underground Palace 3D map
A large number of pottery, portrait stones, five-baht coins, etc. excavated from Cao Cao's Gaoling Tombs have the characteristics of the Eastern Han Dynasty, providing a reliable basis for the tomb to break the dynasty. Archaeologists through the tomb excavation of cultural relics, specifications and shapes, as well as tomb era, tomb location and historical documents are consistent with each other, forming a strict chain of logic, evidence chain, and finally determine the location of the high tomb of Cao Cao, the king of Wei Wu at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Pottery - Ding
Image stone
Five baht
The tomb era is the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the specifications of the tomb belong to the princes, coupled with the appearance of the "King of Wei Wu" stone tablet, and there is only one King of Wei Wu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, he is Cao Cao.
Among the more than 900 cultural relics unearthed from Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb, the most distinctive one is the stone plaque inscribed with writing. Archaeologists have shown great interest in these stone tablets inscribed with different contents, as similar stele have never been seen in previous archaeological excavations.
The Gui-shaped stone tablet excavated from Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb has a copper ring in the upper perforation, and a beautifully crafted copper chain is tied to the ring, on which is engraved the 10 characters of "Gehu Euphorbia often used by King Wu of Wei".
Stone Tablet: Gehu Euphorbia-1 often used by King Wu of Wei
Stone Tablet: Gehu Euphorbia-2 often used by King Wu of Wei
Stone plaque and copper chain
Among the stone tablets excavated from the tomb and recovered from the hands of tomb robbers, there are 8 stone tablets engraved with the name of "King Wu of Wei", and the stone plate font is a popular Lishu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which was commonly known as "eight-part body" at that time. The character "Wei" takes on different styles in different eras, and the character "Wei" in the stone tablet "King Wu of Wei" is very similar to the font of Yuan Bobei at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Commonly used" and "Gehu" are popular terms in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the halberd is the main war weapon in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, which obviously explains the military identity of the tomb owner and also shows the martial spirit of the tomb owner.
● "Yuan Bo Monument" is also known as "Ganling Xiangshang Fujun Monument":
On November 14, 1922, the North Tomb of Zhangyang Village in the north of Luoyang City was excavated, and only two pieces of stone were obtained, which is now the People's Cultural Center of Yanshi County, Henan Province. The font style is consistent with the regular Eastern Han Lishu, and the knot is beautiful, which is undoubtedly the Eastern Han Dynasty stele.
Yuan Bobei
Yuan Bobei rubbing
Yuan Bobei rubbing (partial)
At the same time, the three words "King of Wei Wu" reveal the mystery of the identity of the owner of the tomb.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms. WEI Shu. The Records of Emperor Wu records that in the 21st year of Jian'an, Cao Cao was made the King of Wei, with 30,000 households. After Cao Cao's death, he was given the title of King of Wu and was buried in Gaoling in February.
Cao Cao was called the King of Wei during his lifetime, and King Wu of Wei was his posthumous title. Cao Pi established the state of Wei and honored Cao Cao as Emperor Wu of Wei. Apparently, King Wu of Wei was a title given to Cao Cao for a short period of time before Cao Pi ascended the throne.
Like Cao Cao's tomb, these stone tablets have undergone a journey of ups and downs. Later archaeology shows that Cao Cao's Gaoling actually opened the precedent of the mausoleum system in the Cao Wei era.
A large tomb in the Cao Wei period
In 2015, at the foot of Wan'an Mountain in the southeast of Luoyang City, a large tomb from the Cao Wei period turned out to be a large number of rescue excavations by archaeologists, and a large number of stone tablets were unearthed, and the inscriptions on the stone plates were very similar to the stone tablets excavated from Cao Cao's tomb. Because of the serious theft, the identity of the owner of the Cao Wei tomb in Xizhu Village could not be determined for a while. However, based on the tomb specifications and excavated stone tablets, archaeologists deduced that the owner of the tomb should be a member of the imperial family of the Cao Wei regime. More than 300 stone tablets have been unearthed from the tomb, and the content of the records is very rich, and scholars believe that this is a list of burial items.
Combined with Cao Cao's Gaoling, scholars believe that this stone tablet is a unique funerary product in Cao Wei's high-grade tombs, and it has been popular for a short time.
A stone tablet inscribed with "Xuan San Qiao Er" was excavated from the tomb of Cao Cao, and two stone tablets were excavated from Cao Cao's tomb, "Xuan San Morning Silk" and "Xuan Er Descending Silk".
Scholars believe that there is some connection between these stone tablets. These scripts can only be used in tombs of the princely level.
In 2009, in Luoyang's Beiqiao Mountain, the Three Kingdoms Cao Wei name will be accidentally discovered, archaeologists through the Anyang Cao Cao tomb and Luoyang Cao Wei tomb and The Beiqi Mountain Cao Xiu tomb comparative analysis, the three tombs are related, but also corroborated each other.
Cao Xiu Cemetery Palace
A tomb that originally had a clear location and disappeared for thousands of years finally revealed its true scene in the face of modern archaeology. Archaeologists have found that almost all the information of the owner of the tomb recorded in history has been supported by archaeology. So, why did Cao Cao's mausoleum fall into the dust of history?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the origin of Cao Cao's negative image</h1>
In 154 AD, Cao Cao was born in Peiguo Commandery (Bozhou, Anhui), and during the great turmoil at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao spent his life fighting in the north and south. In his youth, he rebelled against Dong Zhuo, defeated Yuan Shao at Guandu with fewer victories and more victories, and unified the north. After that, Cao Cao's soldiers pointed to the Yangtze River Valley, and after the Battle of Chibi, he founded the State of Wei.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms. WEI Shu. The Book of Emperor Wu describes that Cao Cao was a very special person, a transcendent master, and in the midst of the chaos in the world, Wen Tao wu strategy established extraordinary feats. However, in the long time after Cao Cao's death, in the eyes of the world, he became a cunning and chaotic adulterous male image. His tomb has also evolved into an age-old question. The 72 tombs about Cao Cao began to be widely circulated in Chinese folklore.
By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, the story of the Three Kingdoms was already a household name. The Northern Song Dynasty writer Su Dongpo vividly described the situation at that time, "When talking about the affairs of the Three Kingdoms, when liu Xuande was defeated, he had cù eyebrows, and there were people who came out of the nose; when he heard Cao Cao's defeat, he sang happily." ”
Northern Song Dynasty writer Su Dongpo
In the Song Dynasty, Liu Bei and other figures representing the Han Dynasty gained great admiration, and Cao Wei was metaphorically portrayed as the Jin Dynasty that invaded the Song Dynasty, and Cao Cao naturally became the representative of the negative figures. The Southern Song Dynasty was geographically similar to the Shu state of the Three Kingdoms era more than a thousand years ago, and also faced strong military pressure from the north. In the view of the Southern Song Dynasty, Shu was the orthodox successor of the Han Dynasty, while the powerful Jin State was the State of Wei in the Three Kingdoms Era.
Cao Cao's image of a traitor was fully carved in the book "Popular Interpretation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms" written by the novelist Luo Guanzhong in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. The novel quickly became popular and has survived to this day. The image of Cao Cao in the artwork replaces the real image of Cao Cao in history. With the collapse of Cao Cao's image, Cao Cao's tomb also disappeared into the dust of history.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the mystery of Cao Cao's tomb robbery and 72 tombs</h1>
As we all know, after Cao Cao's death, 72 graves were erected, so why are so many graves raised? That's because when Cao Cao started his army, he was short of money, as the saying goes, soldiers and horses did not move grain and grass first, cao Cao set up an army called "Touching Gold Colonel" in order to raise military funds, specializing in stealing Han tombs and noble tombs to obtain gold and silver. Because of this, there is also the han tomb "ten tombs and nine empty", which is related to Cao Cao's tomb robbery. Later people even named Cao Cao as the originator of the tomb robbery world.
So what is going on, let me elaborate.
In April 189, the sixth year of Zhongping, after Liu Hong's death, there was chaos in Kyoto. At this time, another important figure in the history of tomb robbery, Dong Zhuo, appeared on the scene, and after that, he also married Cao Cao—Cao Cao once tried to assassinate Dong Zhuo with the Seven Treasures Sword without success.
Dong Zhuo
At that time, Dong Zhuo, who was the assassin of Xiliang, supported his own army, and when He Jin was killed, Dong Zhuo took the opportunity to enter Beijing and control the government of the dynasty - deposing the Young Emperor of Han, establishing emperor Xian of Han, and declaring himself a taishi, monopolizing power and killing ministers. Cao Cao saw that Dong Zhuo was acting perversely, unwilling to cooperate with him, and conspired with the old han courtiers to assassinate the old thief Dong Zhuo, but the assassination failed, Cao Cao fled in panic, and Yi changed his name and left Luoyang, Kyoto, overnight.
After leaving Luoyang, Cao Cao contacted the princes of all sides to raise an army against Dong Zhuo under the name of "KuangFu Han Room". In the town of Chenliu in present-day Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Cao Cao "scattered his family wealth and joined the righteous soldiers" and organized a team of 5,000 people to prepare for the conquest of Dong Zhuo. 5,000 people, that is, 5,000 mouths, to eat and drink, Cao Cao's tomb robbery activities, after which began.
Cao Cao
● He Jin Profile:
He Jin (何進), in the sixth year of Zhongping (189), did not accept the advice of Chen Lin and Cao Cao, secretly formed a warlord Dong Zhuo, and joined forces with Yuan Shao to plot against Xianchen. After the matter was revealed, he was killed by Zhang Rang and others, and his descendants were the Nanyang He clan of the Wei and Jin Gaomen clan.
Like modern tomb robbers, Cao Cao's purpose of tomb robbery is very simple, that is, to steal the gold and silver buried in the tomb for military expenses. In order to ensure the efficiency of tomb robbery, Cao Cao specially set up a tomb robbery organization composed of dozens of people, led by "General FaQiu Zhonglang", "Lieutenant Touching Gold" responsible for specific implementation, as well as special business personnel, where the troops fight, they will steal wherever they fight, and which tomb will steal more funerary goods. The tomb became Cao Cao's cash machine, which was taken as he went.
However, Cao Cao's tomb robbery is principled, not to steal the imperial tomb, to steal the royal tomb, not to mention the royal tomb is not worse than the imperial tomb, some even have more than enough. The point is that the goal of the imperial tomb is too big, the emperor must be the king of a country, in the eyes of the people has a supreme position, the thief of the imperial tomb is not an enemy of the people of the world, great disrespect, and taboo, so he does not dare. Xiang Yu did not steal the Qin Tombs, but as a result, he was attacked by the people of the world led by Liu Bang, and the fate of Wujiang himself fell, and the lesson of blood was learned.
In Cao Cao's tomb robbery career, the most colorful stroke was the tomb of Liu Wu, the prince of Han Liang in Luoyang. But the adjacent Empress Li Houling of Liu Wu did not start, Li Houling was much larger than her husband's mausoleum, somehow. Did you have a kind heart, or did you carelessly lose Jingzhou?
The mausoleum of Liu Wu, the Filial Prince of Han Liang
Cao Cao attached great importance to the theft of Liu Wu's tomb, and also came to the scene and sat in command. The historian Sun Sheng of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said in the "Spring and Autumn of the Wei Dynasty" that "King Xiao of Liang, the mother and brother of the former emperor, the tomb of Zunxian, the songbai Sangzi, and the Yuyi Gongsu, while the cao led the school officials to personally excavate, break the coffin, and plunder the golden treasure." The Holy Pilgrimage wept and the people were saddened. He also sent General Qiu Zhonglang and Lieutenant Touching Jin, and the huī (隳) was sudden, and no skeleton was revealed. ”
This text is actually derived from Chen Lin's famous essay "Yuzhou for Yuan Shao", which also reveals the original truth of Cao Cao's tomb robbery. Here we have to thank the "Seventh Son of Jian'an" Chen Lin, if it were not for him, Cao Cao's tomb robbery would not be known to the world.
Chen Lin
The text says that Cao Cao's tomb robbery is both fierce and accurate and clean and thorough, not only extremely destructive, but also humiliating, "the huī (huī) suddenly, no skeleton is not exposed", which means that after he stole the tomb, he did not backfill the soil, so that the bones of the tomb owner were exposed in broad daylight, which is not a tyrannical wilderness.
Chen Lin criticized Cao Cao's tomb robbery in order to ruin his reputation. Robbing the tomb is to dig up the graves of people's ancestors, whether ancient or modern, it is shameful, when Xiang Yu stole the tomb of the King of Qin, he was caught by his opponent Liu Bang, not only destroying the imperial industry, but also causing a family to be destroyed. Cao Cao neither admitted nor denied his own grave robbery, such a disgraceful thing, he could not and did not dare to admit it.
As we all know, what are thieves most afraid of? The most feared of being stolen.
Therefore, after Cao Cao's death, in order to prevent others from digging up his own mausoleum "broken coffin corpse" and sending his mound, he set up a ecstasy array - "72 Doubtful Tombs" and buried it secretly, thinking "Fa my mound, no door!" I make you wonder where I am? ”
Since ancient times, no one knows where Cao Cao is buried, and Cao Cao's tomb has also become a mystery for eternity in the long river of history.
Modern archaeologists say that the legendary Cao Cao 72 tombs are actually the tombs of Eastern Wei and Northern Qi nobles along the Zhanghe River, and the 72 tombs are purely imaginary. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty's "Youdi Jisheng", it is said that "after Cao Cao's death, he was afraid that people would send his hills, but set up a suspicious tomb seventy-two"; in the "Crane Forest Yulu" written by Luo Dajing in the same period, it is said that "there are seventy-two tombs on the Zhanghe River, and it is said that Cao Cao's tomb is also clouded." ”
So, why did Cao Cao perform a thin burial? Is it to have the world in mind, to be diligent and thrifty, or to be afraid of being humiliated by someone who breaks the coffin and corpse? I think there should be everything. He also deliberately told the world in the "Final Order", that is, in the will, that there are "no gold and jade treasures hidden in the mausoleum". With the excavation of Cao Cao's tomb, his words are really not three hundred and two silver in this place, and there is indeed no yellow and white goods in the tomb. But despite this, Cao Cao's tomb was still stolen, making people feel like qiu, and the tomb robbers didn't believe it, a grand King of Wei, one person under ten thousand people, how could he be so critical of himself?
Tomb robbery is perhaps the biggest stain on Cao Cao's life. In fact, he didn't have to.
But Cao Cao spoke, "I don't have any silver, how can I fight?" As the saying goes, the gun is a golden ten thousand! It's all about military spending! Thinking of the world.com. ”
As a military expert, didn't Cao Cao understand the principle that "there are no guns and no cannons, and the enemy will build them for us"? Grain, grass, weapons, and war horses can all be taken from the enemy, so why do we have to dig up the graves of people and leave a lifetime of infamy for this?
Cao Cao robbed the tomb, it was really unavoidable, listen to me and slowly decompose.
In the village of Xigaoxiao on the plains of northern Henan, Cao Cao's Gaoling tomb sits west to east (this was jixiang at that time), a huge tomb road of 40 meters long, reflecting the dignity of royal power. The back room of the tomb is the place where The Weiwu Emperor Cao Cao rested, and Cao Cao once lived here for nearly 1800 years. The back room has two ear chambers, and two once plump and feminine women are buried, but now they have long since disappeared and turned into dust.
Cao Cao built his mausoleum near Yecheng, and the Tongquetai that still stands today bears witness to Cao Cao's dream and footprint of establishing hegemony in the north.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > have the instrument of the Son of Heaven</h1>
In 216, Cao Cao was made king of Wei. Subsequently, he also issued an edict to Cao Cao to set up the Tianzi Banner (the emperor's banner) and ride the public opinion, cao Cao actually already enjoyed the courtesy of the emperor, which was the highest honor in his life, and also marked cao Cao's supreme position at that time.
Emperor Xian of Han
In ancient times, it specifically referred to the car in which the Son of Heaven and the princes rode.
For the stone tablets excavated from Cao Cao's Gaoling Tombs, archaeologists have conducted a meticulous study and found that the stone tablets that say "often used by King Wu of Wei" appear in pairs and have the same name, which may be related to Cao Cao's funeral rites, which in turn enjoy imperial specifications. Archaeologists believe that these stone tablets may be related to the halogen thin, the honor guard is four, six, eight pairs of pairs of more imposing, pompous, otherwise the seven pieces and eight fall like a rush, not a system, there is a loss of royal prestige.
Halogen is an important ritual that reflects the status, status, and rank of the sons of heaven and princes. This kind of paired "pair of cars" is the car that transports the emperor's coffin.
● Halogen:
Cai Yong's "Dictatorship" records: "The son of heaven is out, the car is driven in the first place, which is called the halogen book." Han Yingshao's "Han Guanyi" explains: "The Son of Heaven's driving order is called halogen, and the guards take the armor shield as the precursor, which is called the book, so it is called the halogen book." ”
Through the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb mural "Carriage and Horse Travel Map", you can vaguely see the momentum of the Eastern Han Dynasty's imperial carriage and horse travel, which is spectacular.
Eastern Han Dynasty Tomb Mural "Carriage and Horse Travel Map"
Part of the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb mural "Carriage and Horse Travel Map"
The inscription unearthed from Cao Cao's tomb is a weapon often used by Cao Cao, the king of Wei Wu, during his lifetime, which are four kinds of halberds, spears, knives and cones, forming a set of combinations, performing the basic function of "police and guarding as usual", which belongs to the Tianzi Weiyi.
The police stomp refers to the ancient emperor's entry and exit, guarding the guard on the way he passes, clearing the road and stopping the trip, which is called "police stomp".
When the true appearance of Cao Cao's tomb appeared in people's field of vision, a Cao Cao, who had both a historical image and a literary image, showed his true side.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > excavated artifacts</h1>
Cao Cao's tomb unearthed the largest number of iron tools, and the number of fragments reached more than 4700 pieces, the vast majority of which were military equipment such as armor, as well as production and living tools, reflecting the high popularity of iron tools at that time.
Iron armor
Iron smelting in the Han Dynasty in China has become more mature. The Eastern Han Dynasty iron smelting portrait stone vividly depicts the scene of smelting iron, wrought iron and blowing wind, the blast sac is lined with four booms, constantly pushing and pulling when used, the improvement of the blast technology has greatly increased the output of iron smelting, when the water drain has been used to provide power, which is the earliest use of blast technology in China and the world's earliest iron smelting signs.
At that time, China ruled by Cao Cao was also the most developed period of iron smelting in the Han Dynasty. With the continuous discovery of the iron smelting site of Guxing (xíng) in Zhengzhou and the iron smelting site of Gongyi Iron Shenggou, it shows the scale of iron smelting and the advanced technology of iron smelting at that time.
Iron smelting
● Hundred splitting knives
Zhengzhou ancient Xing smelting iron site, there is a huge vertical furnace, most of the excavated iron products cast with the inscription "Heyi", should be the first smelting and casting workshop in Henan County, just like the current Shougang, Angang same status. Iron products obtained by using pig iron as raw materials and repeated heating and forging are called hundred steelmaking, which is called Damascus steel abroad. Historical records record that Cao Cao used 100 steel to make 5 treasure swords before his death, called the Hundred Splitting Knives. There are iron knives unearthed from Cao Cao's tomb, which scholars believe may be the hundred splitting knives that Cao Cao loved during his lifetime.
A total of more than 900 pieces (sets) of cultural relics have been unearthed from Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb, allowing people today to touch the era in which Cao Cao lived, a frozen history. Archaeologists interpret the true face of the Eastern Han Dynasty according to this.
Hundred knives
● Wine glasses and the Han Dynasty winemaking industry
The pottery cooking utensils excavated from Cao Cao's tomb include stoves, beans (lamps), pots, bowls, etc., and excavated pottery and clay pots, pottery plates, pottery square plates, etc. The excavated pottery cups (pottery ear cups) are numerous and have different shapes, which belong to drinking vessels. Lacquerware was popular in the Han Dynasty, and Cao Cao practiced thin burial, replacing lacquerware with pottery. Most Han Dynasty tombs unearthed lacquer ear cups and lacquered square plates for holding ear cups, similar to trays that now serve bowls or dishes. Through these exquisite lacquerware, it can be imagined that the scene of Cao Cao borrowing wine and chanting poetry is still in front of you.
Clay pots
Pottery beans
Ceramic colander
The drinks of the Han Dynasty were mainly wine, which was called "Tianzi Meilu" by people at the time.
With the development of agriculture, Han Dynasty liquor stores were found in the corners of rural cities. At that time, the wine, one type was grain wine, the other was fruit wine and water wine,
Water & Sake:
Water wine, that is, fermented wine, with 黍 (shǔ), millet (jì), wheat, rice, etc. as raw materials and wine koji directly fermented by saccharification and wine, and the juice and the juice are eaten at the same time, that is, what the ancients called "mash". Mash láo, a wine mixed with juice, i.e. turbid wine.
Mountain people or ethnic minorities brew this wine, such as Anhui Anhui Southern Guangde Mountain Farm, the family will make wine, brewed with rice and koji, also bleached with white rice grains, the degree can reach 65 degrees, thick as milk, good to drink. People in southern Anhui will also burn charcoal, sit around the charcoal stove in winter, eat wild game barbecue in the mountains, drink strong original rice wine, intermittent fireside night talk, warm and mellow, making me unforgettable! "Originally, the green lantern did not return to the guest, but because of the turbid wine, I love red dust." The starry sky does not ask the passers-by, and the years do not pay off. ”
Grain wine is made by fermenting starchy grains such as barley, sorghum, corn and so on and then distilled. China's eight famous wines, such as Maotai, are all grain wines.
The main method of winemaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty is koji brewing.
The Book of Han and the Biography of Pingdang says: "The Book of Shang ordered Tan to give the king a cattle and ten stones of wine." Yan Shigu's ancient note: "Rice one bucket gets wine and one bucket is the upper respect, one bucket of rice gets one bucket of wine is the middle honor, and one bucket of corn gets one bucket of wine and one bucket is the lower respect." ”
This means that rice winemaking is the best, for "shangzun sake", and the others are secondary.
Han Dynasty lacquer ear wine glasses
● The earliest porcelain in China
The Han Dynasty was an important turning point in the history of Chinese ceramics, and the celadon jars excavated from Cao Cao's tomb were coated with a thin and transparent glaze, which formed a glass glaze layer after firing at high temperatures, with the characteristics of white porcelain. This ceramic is also the earliest true porcelain in China.
Celadon jar excavated from Cao Cao's tomb
Celadon jar excavated from Cao Cao's tomb (Southern Yue kiln)
● Tofu
The tomb of Cao Wei in Xizhu Village unearthed a stone plaque engraved with "soybean bucket", and Cao Cao Gaoling unearthed a stone plaque engraved with "two liters of soybeans", which shows that the cultivation of soybeans at that time was very common. Soybeans, scientific name soybeans, originated in China and can be used to make tofu. In the Tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty, No. 1 Dahuting, Mixian County, Henan Province, archaeologists found a portrait stone describing the tofu workshop, which completely depicted the main process of making tofu such as soaking beans, grinding beans, filtering pulp, point brine, squeezing water, etc. At that time, tofu has become a staple food on the table, which is universally loved by people, prevalent and passed down to this day.
Cao Cao unified the north during the severe social turmoil at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, allowing production to be restored and the people to recuperate. The cultural relics excavated from Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb clearly reflect the characteristics of the times and Cao Cao's concept of ruling the world.
bean curd
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Ximen Leopard Shrine</h1>
Not far from the ruins of the ancient City of Ye, on a terrace in the Northern Henan Plain, is the ruins of the Ximen Leopard Ancestral Hall in the Warring States period, which was once the place where the soul of Cao Cao, the king of Wei Wu, was haunted. Ximen Leopard governed the Zhanghe River to benefit the people, and posterity built the Ximen Leopard Ancestral Hall to commemorate his exploits.
Through the poetic laws left by Cao Cao, it can be seen that he also has the ideal of benefiting one party and the long-cherished desire to unify the world. Cao Cao revered his ancestor Ximen Leopard, so in his will in his later years, he asked to be buried on a high post close to the Ximen Leopard Ancestral Hall, dipped in immortal qi, living in a "barren land", buried deep on the flat ground, "no seal, no tree".
Ximen Leopard Shrine
● Ximen Leopard Profile:
Ximen Leopard (date of birth and death unknown) was a native of the State of Wei during the Warring States period (in present-day Anyi, Salt Lake District, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province). Wei Wenhou was a famous politician, water conservancy artist, and historical water management celebrity. He has made great achievements. When I first arrived in Yicheng (in the area of present-day Linzhang County, Hebei), I saw that the area was sparsely populated, the fields were barren and depressed, and it was deserted, and there were hundreds of industries to be developed, so I decided to improve the situation. Later, taking advantage of the opportunity of Hebo's wife, he punished the local bully forces. Subsequently, laws were issued, banning witchcraft and educating the broad masses of the people. The families of those who had originally fled also returned home. At the same time, he personally led people to survey the water source, and mobilized the people to dig 12 canals outside the Zhanghe River, so that a large area of land became a good field for drought and flood protection. While developing agricultural production, it also implemented the policy of "educating soldiers in agriculture and hiding grain for the people", which soon made the people of Yicheng rich and strong, and became an important town in the northeast of the State of Wei during the Warring States period.
Yecheng
The thin burial system of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms began with Cao Cao. He first proposed not to seal the tree, to bury it deeply on the spot, and to cancel the ground sealing soil, which gave rise to this thin burial system, which was also a very important turning point in the ancient Chinese mausoleum system.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Cao Cao Cemetery</h1>
Since 2016, after two years of archaeological excavations by archaeologists in Henan Province, the mysterious Cao Cao Gaoling Cemetery has unveiled the mysterious veil. Archaeology shows that there is Shinto on the east side of Cao Cao's tomb. On the east and south sides of the tomb there are large areas of mausoleum ruins, covering an area of more than 1,000 square meters, indicating that there were cemetery buildings on the ground at that time.
Book of Jin. According to the Lizhi, Cao Pi claimed that the empress dowager was in the third year of the Huang Dynasty, and issued an edict requiring that "all the upper halls of Gaoling be destroyed" in order to "follow the ancestors of the emperor's frugal virtue". Archaeology shows that the ground building was systematically demolished, and the foundation stones and pillars were all removed from the pillar holes left by the ground building, and there was almost no construction waste accumulation. At the same time, a base trough was found, which destroyed the original architectural remains of Cao Cao's cemetery, indicating that there were temporary buildings later.
Floor Plan of Gaoling (and Tomb No. 1)
Remains of the original cemetery building
The latest excavation report released by the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology shows that Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb (Tomb No. 2) and Tomb No. 1 were built around a wall, enclosing the two tombs and forming a cemetery.
Some scholars have put forward different opinions, arguing that Cao Cao's mausoleum should be divided into a mausoleum and a sleeping garden, and the area should be large, based on Cao Cao's requirements for prefabricated Shou Mausoleum. Cao Cao demanded in the Final Decree that his ministers and ministers should accompany Shou Ling, whose wide domain was sufficient to make the feet compatible. This means that there must be a large amount of burial space in the cemetery, so that the meritorious people can be used for burial after death.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Tomb No. 1 (abandoned tomb) of Xigao Cave</h1>
In 2016, next to Cao Cao's Gao Mausoleum, archaeologists found a large tomb, Namely Tomb No. 1 of Xigao Cave. Scholars disagree on the age and owner of the tomb. No burial chambers and the remains of the tomb owner have been found in the tomb. Who is the owner of Tomb No. 1 in Xigao Cave? Archaeologists are confused.
In addition, some scholars believe that Tomb No. 1 of Xigao Cave may be an abandoned tomb, and some scholars believe that it may be the crown tomb of Cao Cao's eldest son Cao Ang.
In 197 AD, that is, in the second year of Jian'an, Cao Ang accompanied Cao Cao on a campaign against Zhang Xiu, because of Zhang Xiu's surprise attack, Cao Ang was responsible for saving Cao Cao, and died in battle with the general Dianwei in Wancheng (Nanyang, Henan Province), buried on the spot, and the bones were not returned. This is also in the TV series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Cao Cao was in tears at that time, crying and saying: "Where is the head of Qu Wei!" ”。
Zhang embroidery
Grand Admiral Dianwei
Cao Ang
For Tomb No. 1 of Xigao Cave, which may be Cao Ang's crown tomb, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences put forward a different view, believing that the tomb does not have a burial chamber and is most likely an abandoned tomb. The reason is simple, because even if it is a crown tomb, there must be a burial chamber, funerary goods, a coffin, just like the real tomb, except for the remains of the owner of the tomb, everything else must be available, and the tomb is empty, the bricks do not exist, just an excavated vertical pit.
It may be that the acupuncture point is not correct, and it is not in line with feng shui and has been rebuilt at another site.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > three human bones</h1>
The return of the King of Wu, a mystery that has plagued the world for more than a thousand years, but a new mystery has followed, three remains have been found in Cao Cao's tomb, and through the identification of the excavated skull, the male of which can be identified as Cao Cao, who is about 60 years old, and the other two women, one about 50 years old and one about 20 years old.
Cao Cao Skull-1
Cao Cao skull-2
Cao Cao teeth
Gaoling Underground Palace (Ear Chamber)
Teenage skull
Romance of the Three Kingdoms. WEI Shu. The Biography of The Later Concubines records that Cao Cao and Cao Pi's mother, Bian Shi, were buried together in Gaoling. Archaeologists found that Cao Cao's tomb has traces of secondary burial, and some scholars speculate that it should be the remains left by Cao Cao's wife Bian Shi, and the tomb road above the tomb door has traces of excavation.
The "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" records that the Bian family was buried at about 70 years old, and there is still an error of about 20 years old with the age of skull identification.
The remains of a young woman found in Cao Cao's tomb were identified by bone age as a young girl in her early 20s. Some people think that it is a close ring, and this phenomenon of death is not lacking in ancient times.
Only half of Cao Cao's skull remained, and the bone age examination found that he had severe tooth decay, which may be the cause of his headache.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > cao cao born in the late Han Dynasty</h1>
The ruins of the Han Dynasty village of Sanyangzhuang on the Yellow River Old Road have spanned more than 2,000 years of time, allowing people today to see the scene of the flourishing of wenjing. In this dusty underground village, the courtyard is mostly a two-entry courtyard, and there are lakes and ponds and farmland and trees outside the courtyard, and the households are across the fields, and a real scene of the Han Dynasty rural countryside jumps in front of you.
The Han Dynasty in Chinese history, which lasted for 29 emperors and enjoyed 407 years of the country, was a dynasty that attracted the attention of the world at that time, and also created and laid the unified pattern of the Chinese nation and the peak of civilization. Since the Han Dynasty, the Huaxia people have gradually been known as the Han nationality. It can be said that modern Chinese culture is basically stereotyped during the Qin and Han dynasties, such as Han, Chinese characters, Hanfu and so on.
Cao Cao lived in a turbulent era when the glorious dynasty fell to a low trough, so as a politician, military figure, and writer, Cao Cao's poetry was generous and tragic, full of historical remembrance and yearning, all of which were deeply marked by the times.
After cao cao, who was born in distress, ruled the north, the society gradually became stable, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the worried people advocate thin burial</h1>
Compared with the imperial tombs of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao's gaoling tombs were not sealed or trees, and the strict practice of thin burials was closely related to the social reality of the time - the perennial war exhausted the people's wealth, and the people's lives were in dire straits. There are 12 pottery dings unearthed from Cao Cao's tomb, which belong to the emperor's courtesy according to the Han Dynasty ritual system, from metal big ding to pottery small ding, from the wind of thick burial to thin burial, which also reflects the progress of society.
After the death of Tianzi in the Qin and Han dynasties, 12 bronze dings were used to represent the identity, and Cao Cao's tomb just unearthed 12 Tao Ding, whose identity was much higher than that of the princes and had the prestige of the Son of Heaven.
Tao Ding 12
Tao Ding
Stone Wall and Stone Gui
Gui and Bi are jade ceremonial vessels used by ancient emperors and princes for appointment, sacrifice, and funeral. Stone walls and stone gui were unearthed from Cao Cao's tomb, which are important symbols of the identity of the tomb owner. Cao Cao, who advocated thin burial, replaced jade with stone tools. The combination of Guibi has been an identity marker since the late Warring States period of the Qin Dynasty.
In 220 AD, that is, in the 25th year of Jian'an, Cao Cao felt unwell, put the clothes of the four seasons that were ready to be sent to the end in four clothing boxes, and made a last word": If there is no violation, it is ready at any time, and the gold pearl jade copper and iron things must not be sent.
Cao Cao was dying
"Inscription to send the final dress"
Cao Cao once wrote the "Ban on Fresh Ornaments", asking his family to promote frugality, to the effect that I did not like to decorate ornate and conspicuous utensils, such as suitcases, using bamboo as raw materials and sewing them with coarse cloth, which reflected Cao Cao's principle of frugality. He always put the worries of the country and the people first, and put the reunification of the country in the first place.
The Northern Henan Plain, where Cao Cao's Gaoling is located, is still the land of 1800 years ago, and the past has been more than a thousand years, and Cao Cao also relies on this flat and fertile wilderness, which has been multiplied by generations of people, and has rolled up the magnificent and colorful Han and Wei long winds in the long scroll of history.
In this turbulent era, Cao Cao was at a critical moment in history, the charge was in front of the pleasure and then the end, so that the turbulent society gradually moved towards stability, for which Cao Cao made great contributions, creating a situation (prototype) in which the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu were established.
In the past, wei Wu waved his whip, and there was a posthumous chapter on the east side of jieshi.
In fact, Cao Cao was destined to come back, because he had never stepped out of the field of history.
(2) Wei Wu Chunqiu
In 2010, next to the ancient capital of Yecheng, on the bank of the Zhanghe River, Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb appeared in the world, and a question that had been circulating for a thousand years suddenly came to an end. Through the smoke clouds of history, a more real Cao Cao appeared in front of the world.
Cao Cao lived 1800 years ago in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the world was in strife, Cao Cao defeated the warlords and unified the north, and the dramatic Three Kingdoms era in Chinese history began.
Cao Cao, who was a fierce hero and a warrior, a politician, and a writer, had the mighty majesty of the Golden Iron Horse, and also had the love of his children who were entangled and compassionate. The Sun Moon And Haijiang River were once the imagery of his poetry, and the Guanshan Desert was once the scenery on the edge of his clothes.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > battle of Guandu</h1>
The mighty Yellow River, at the foot of Mount Hua, at the junction of Yu, Shaanxi and Jin, Tongguan abruptly turns eastward, and the vast plain, the Central Plains, is incorporated into its field of vision. The wheels of war and civilization, together, have left countless marks on this land.
In 200 AD, 5 years after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guandu on the south bank of the Yellow River, a famous decisive battle in Chinese history - the Battle of Guandu is about to begin. At this time, on the stage of history is a legendary figure Cao Cao.
Yuan Shao, an opponent from a wealthy family, once served as a lieutenant in Luoyang, Kyoto, together with Cao Cao, to defend the Eastern Han regime, quell the Yellow Turban Rebellion, and jointly fight against the Han thief Dong Zhuo. However, this time, the two sides are a life-and-death duel between you and me, and both sides want to rely on the Yellow River as a natural barrier to unify the northern world.
Yuan Shao
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the country existed in name only, and after decades of warlord chaos, the two most powerful military groups appeared in the Yellow River Valley, the Yuan Shao clique and the Cao Cao clique. Yuan Shao occupied the area north of the Yellow River, where the eastern Han Dynasty's most populous states, Such as Jizhou, were distributed, and it was sometimes said that "the world is afraid of its strength". The Cao Cao clique owned places such as Xuzhou south of the Yellow River. Yuan Shao led his army to the nest, and the soldiers pointed directly at Cao Cao's base area, Xu Du, which is today Xuchang, Henan, intending to conquer the Central Plains in one battle.
Two major military blocs
The two sides had a huge disparity in strength, with Yuan Shao having 100,000 soldiers and horses, while Cao Cao had only 30,000 horses.
Yuan Shao was determined to win, and issued a rope to each soldier, ready to capture Cao Cao alive. Faced with the grim situation in which the enemy was strong and we were weak, Cao Cao understood that if Yuan Shao's army crossed the graben along the Yellow River, he would have no danger to defend. In the face of the great enemy, Cao Cao came to Guandu three times on the edge of the water, inspected the terrain, and decided to deploy the main force here to block Yuan Shao from going south.
Guandu, located near the chasm, next to the Beishui, to the east through huaishui and Surabaya, want to attack Xudu, this is a must pass, but also a place of contention.
Cao Cao later described in the "Military Policy Order", "Yuan Benchu, armored wanling, wu da armor 20 collars, benchu horse armor 300, I can not have 10, see its few and do not give, I am surprisingly broken." ”
As a famous military figure in Chinese history, Cao Cao's so-called "qi" was first reflected in the choice of battlefield. Guandu, located at the confluence of rivers and lakes, is relatively close to Xudu, which is obviously convenient for defense and logistical supplies. At that time, near Guandu, there was also a large swamp Putianze, which became the natural defense line of Cao Cao's army, up to 40 miles from east to west and about 20 miles from north to south, which could effectively prevent the danger of Yuan Shao's army copying two breads.
Also before the Battle of Guandu was launched, Cao Cao preemptively captured Yuan Shao's stronghold of Liyang on the north bank of the Yellow River, and controlled four strategic defensive points along the Yellow River, including Yanjin and Baima, one of which was defended by only 700 men led by the fierce general Chen Yu (yù). At the beginning of the Battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang led 10,000 horses to surround Cao Cao's Yellow River defense line, and Cao Cao's army on white horses, who wanted to relieve the siege of Baima, first crossed the Yellow River Yanjin Ferry and pretended to attack Yuan Shao's rear.
When the Battle of Guandu reached a stalemate, Cao Cao, who made good use of the odd soldiers, found an opportunity to reverse the overall strategic situation - a surprise attack on Wuchao. Wuchao is Yuan Shao's military grain hoarding place, related to the survival of Yuan Shao's 100,000 troops, Cao Cao personally led a large army to attack Wuchao at night, when the sky is light, Cao Jun arrived at Wuchao, immediately set fire to the granary of Yuan Shao's army, so that Yuan Shao's army could not attack itself.
Siege of The White Horse
Surprise attack on the Crow's Nest
Burn the black nest
The history book "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" records that Yuan Shao did not even have time to wear armor, and only led 800 cavalry to flee back to Hebei, and more than 70,000 yuan troops were annihilated by Cao Cao.
The Battle of Guandu is a famous example in Chinese history of winning more with less, and historians evaluate that the Battle of Guandu was a turning point in China's history at that time, and northern China has since moved from division to unification.
After 1800, Cao Cao reappeared in the world, fighting and fighting in the chaotic world of the late Han Dynasty, and had long since returned to tranquility.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > how Cao Cao rose to prominence in a troubled world</h1>
The Battle of Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao's hegemony in the north, owning the vast land of the Yellow River Valley, and began to look at the world. Then, how did Cao Cao rise up in the chaotic situation at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty?
On the banks of the Luo River, at the foot of mount Yao, is the site of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was founded in 195. 1800 years ago, tall walls and majestic palaces stretched here, and a total of 14 emperors reigned here.
Ruins of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty
● Beginning to enter the career, strict law and discipline
In 174 AD, the 20-year-old Cao Cao was recommended as a filial piety, which was a major turning point in his life, which not only meant that he stood out for his outstanding talents, but also entered the vision of the eastern Han court to select officials, became a reserve cadre, and began his career journey. After Cao Cao came to the capital Luoyang from his hometown, he became an intern Lang official, although he had no real power, but he would do everything he could. Soon, Cao Cao was appointed as a lieutenant in the north of Luoyang, and he had real power in his hands.
Luoyang is the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a place where the powerful gather, the security is not good, it is difficult to manage, and people who spend wine at night often make trouble. As soon as Cao Cao took office, he affirmed the prohibition, solemnly enforced the law, and created more than ten large sticks of five colors, which hung around the yamen, "those who violate the prohibition, all sticks are killed." The emperor's favored eunuch Jian Shuo's uncle Jian Tu violated the prohibition of nocturnal travel, and Cao Cao showed no mercy and executed Jian Tu with a five-colored stick. Therefore, "Kyoshi traced, no one dared to commit crimes."
At this time, the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourishing and declining, has gone through its heyday.
During the reign of Emperor Huan of Han, the population of the country once exceeded 60 million, reaching the peak of the Han Dynasty, but at this time it was full of dangers. At the highest level of the Eastern Han Dynasty, because of the existence of emperor Er, it triggered a fierce competition between eunuchs and foreign relatives for the supreme ruling power, and the chaos of taking turns to govern. In the vast territory of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful clan annexed land, and the social contradictions were very acute. Book of Han. The Chronicle of Food and Goods records, "The rich, the field is strange, and the poor have no place to stand." ”
Eastern Han tombs unearthed a large number of architectural pottery buildings with arsenals and watchtowers, as well as portrait stones and murals depicting landlords' estates, truly reflecting the social reality of the time. At that time, there was a foreign relative named Liang Ji, and the land he occupied reached thousands of miles of fertile fields.
● The first sharp edge appeared to suppress the Yellow Turban Uprising
Like a spark, famine and hunger instantly detonated the crisis of the empire. In 184 AD, the Hebei giant deer people Zhang Jiao launched the Yellow Turban Uprising. It was this peasant uprising at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty that opened Cao Cao's career as a horseman and also demonstrated his military talent. However, Cao Cao, a young man who was a lieutenant in charge of the cavalry, broke the Yellow Turban Army in Yingchuan, which attracted the great attention and praise of the imperial court, and was subsequently appointed as the Minister of Jinan. At the beginning of his term of office, he dismissed 8 county orders for corpse vegetarian meals in a row. This experience of Cao Cao's early years not only reflects the cruelty of war, but also gives him a real insight into social reality, and also shows his extraordinary leadership and management skills.
Through the poem "Duguan Mountain" written by him at that time, people can still feel the pulse and pursuit of his inner emotions today. In his poem, Cao Cao recalls the ancient sages, reflecting his concern and importance to people's livelihood.
Between heaven and earth, people are precious.
Establish a monarch and a herdsman, and follow the rules for it.
Ruts and horses, four poles of longitude and latitude.
Dethroned and prosperous.
Yu Shuoxiansheng, President of the State Domain.
The Five Lords of Feudalism, the Prison of Ida,
There is a book of burnt dan, and there is no universal forgiveness.
Gao Tao Fu Hou, what dereliction of duty.
After the birth of the world, reform the law.
Laborers are kings, and service empowers them.
Shun lacquer food utensils, the Ten Kingdoms of the Pan,
Not as good as Tang Yao, the rafters are not cut.
The world sighs and wants to be vulgar.
Extravagance is great, and frugality is common virtue.
Xu Yu pushed and shoved, and there was no litigation.
Love is still the same, and the alien is a relation.
Just as Cao Cao was doing his best to maintain the Eastern Han regime, an even greater crisis broke out in the turbulent Eastern Han regime.
Because the Eastern Han Dynasty regime was at the end of its rope, the official arena was corrupt and politically dark. Although the imperial court made him a senior adviser (senior adviser), this official was not what Cao Cao wanted, plus he was born geng and refused to slip away, and in one breath, he smeared oil on the soles of his feet, saying that he was sick and went home to hunt. Grandpa is not playing with you anymore.
In 188 (the fifth year of Zhongping), Cao Cao was used again. A year before the death of The Han Ling Emperor Liu Hong, the Eastern Han dynasty was even more turbulent, and eunuchs controlled the imperial government, buying and selling officials at clear prices. In order to consolidate power, the imperial court set up the "Eight Lieutenants of xiyuan", and Cao Cao was appointed as a lieutenant of the military academy and re-entered the political arena.
Liu Hong, Emperor of Han Ling
The Eighth Lieutenant of Xiyuan was a military organization established by emperor Ling of Han in August 188 (the fifth year of Zhongping) in August 188 (the fifth year of Zhongping) in Luoyang West Garden, Kyoto, in order to weaken the military power of the foreign general He Jin. Book of the Later Han Dynasty, vol. VIII, "Records of the Emperor Xiaoling": "In August of the fifth year of Zhongping, the eighth lieutenant of the First West Garden". All the lieutenants were under the command of Jian Shuo. Xiao Huangmen (jiǎn) was in charge of the various armies and was directly under the command of the Han Ling Emperor, and even He Jin was under his orders.
The establishment of the Eighth Lieutenant of West Park:
Supreme General - Emperor Xiaoling Liu Hong,
Lieutenant colonel - Xiao Huangmen Jian Shuo, (eunuch)
Lieutenant of the Chinese Military Academy - General Yuan Shao of the Tiger Army,
Lieutenant colonel of the lower military academy - Lieutenant Bao Hong of tun riding,
Lieutenant of the Dian Military Academy - Yilang Cao Cao,
Assistant Left Lieutenant - Zhao Rong,
Assistant Right Lieutenant - Feng Fang,
Lieutenant Left - Counselor Xia Mu,
Right Lieutenant - Chun Yu Qiong.
● Dong Zhuo's Rebellion: Burning Luoyang
In April 189 (the sixth year of Zhongping), the Han Ling Emperor Liu Hong died, and the Chaos in Kyoto was over.
After Liu Hong's death, his brother-in-law He Jin (何進) and his close ministers immediately installed his nephew Liu Zheng on the throne to consolidate his power. However, He Jin's actions posed a great threat to the eunuch group led by Jiǎn Shuo, so he did not stop and prepared to eliminate He Jin, but did not expect the news to be revealed, He Came in and captured the king first, killing Jiǎn Shuo. As soon as Jian Shuo died, his accomplices were horrified and begged He Jin's sister Empress He to save her life. Although Empress He jin was he Jin's sister, she had always favored the eunuchs and stopped He Jin. At this time, He Jin knew that his strength was not enough, so he secretly invited various warlords to enter Luoyang, put pressure on Empress He, and eliminated the eunuchs.
蹇 (jiǎn) Shuo
And Xi Liang Thorn Shi Dong Zhuo was among the invitees. Dong Zhuo was ambitious, and after receiving the invitation, he was overjoyed, feeling that the time had come to seize power, so he immediately led a large army straight to Luoyang. However, on the way to Luoyang, they encountered the escaped young emperor Liu Pig and others, and when they asked, they realized that luoyang city was in chaos at this time, and the eunuchs were not vegetarians, and after learning of He Jin's plot, they attacked first and booby-trapped He Jin. After the warlords entered Luoyang, they killed all the eunuchs and killed Empress He, and Dong Zhuo firmly held the military and political power in his hands.
He Jin
Dong Zhuo garrisoned troops in the barren land of Xiliang, and most of his subordinates were ru mao's blood-drinking and brutal barbarians, and luoyang city at that time simply became a hell on earth. Dong Zhuo is even more of a murderous demon.
Dong Zhuo's brutality caused public anger.
Among them, Cao Cao, who was then a lieutenant in the military academy, recruited troops at Chen Liu (陳留, in present-day Kaifeng, Henan), constantly growing his power, and also united with warlords from various places and pushed Yuan Shao as the leader to jointly attack Dong Zhuo. Warlords from all over the world responded one after another, and it did not take long, gathering hundreds of thousands of horses and marching into Luoyang under the leadership of Yuan Shao to attack Dong Zhuo.
Dong Zhuo, who was still indulging in wine in Luoyang City, was horrified when he received the news, and knew that he was powerless to resist, so he forced the people of Luoyang to follow him in a hurry to evacuate, and Dong Zhuo also ordered his men to set fire to Luoyang City, the capital of the Han Dynasty, Luoyang, whose former prosperity was burned by a fire.
Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang
After the Western Liang warlord Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang, he took control of the imperial government, and the Dong Zhuo Rebellion in Chinese history began. Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang and forced Emperor Xian of Han to move west to Chang'an.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records such a folk song as "Thousand Li Cao, He Qingqing." Ten days, shall not be born. The word "Dong" was split into "Thousand Mile Grass" and the word "Zhuo" was split into "Ten Days Bu" to express the hatred of the people of Luoyang for Dong Zhuo at that time.
Cao Cao even described the tragic situation at that time in his poem "Xiè Luxing":
However, Han XxII was not sincere.
Mu monkey and crown belt, know small and strong.
Hesitate to break, because hunting the king.
Bai Hong is the first to suffer.
The thief holds the power of the country and kills the lord and destroys Yukyo.
The emperor's foundation was overthrown, and the Jongmyo temple was burned to death.
Spread the west to migrate, crying and doing.
Jupiro City Guo, the micro child for grief.
After more than 160 years of splendid time, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty is no longer magnificent, leaving only a broken wall and ruins, and Chinese history has once again fallen into the abyss of darkness. Luoyang was burned, and the Han Dynasty, which had been established for more than 400 years, fell apart, showing a chaotic situation that had not been seen in hundreds of years. In the melee of warlord division, how did Cao Cao save himself and then defeat Lin Li's opponents?
In Luoyang, western Henan, where the Yellow River and the Luo River meet, it has given birth to a long-standing Heluo civilization, and 13 dynasties have built capitals here in history. In 196 AD, when Emperor Xian of Han returned to Luoyang from Chang'an, he was awaited by a dilapidated city with no complete buildings. Emperor Xian of Han, who was the Son of Heaven, could only see his subjects indirectly in a fence surrounded by thorns. Officials below Shangshulang personally went out into the wild to dig wild vegetables and melons and potatoes, and people described it as "the people cannibalize each other, and the state is depressed."
At that time, Emperor Xian of Han had almost nothing but the dragon robes he wore.
● Blackmail the Son of Heaven to order the princes
Faced with the situation of the division of the masses, Cao Cao first discovered the value of Emperor Xian of Han and opened the curtain of "holding the son of heaven hostage to order the princes".
The Yellow River hit the ancient city of Xuchang on the plain, people's favorite thing to listen to is the Three Kingdoms drama, for that long period of the Three Kingdoms past, people relished, "listen to the Affairs of the Three Kingdoms, every time you want to go to Xuchang."
In September 196, an event that affected Cao Cao's future fate and changed the history of Xuchang occurred, and in this year, Cao Cao made a surprising move, welcoming the last emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xie, from Luoyang to his base camp Xudu, which is today's Xuchang.
In July of the first year of Jian'an, Emperor Xian of Han arrived in Luoyang, and less than 50 days later, Cao Cao entered Luoyang, took Emperor Xian of Han in his hands, and then received the Lu Shang Shu shi by himself, and on the ninth day of the ninth day of the lieutenant of the Si Li Colonel, he moved the Han Xian Emperor to Xu Du.
In the wheat field of Donggucheng Village in Jian'an District, there is a ruins of a city wall, and the rammed earth layer is clearly visible, and this ancient city is the Xu capital where Cao Cao and Emperor Xian of Han were located. The Yuxiutai that Cao Cao and the Han Emperor sacrificed to the heavens is still standing in the wheat field.
Yu Show
● Cao Cao's Crisis
After Cao Cao moved Emperor Xian of Han to Xu Capital, he was given the title of Chancellor, and by this time, Cao Cao had become the de facto ruler of the Han Dynasty regime. However, Cao Cao, who had the political superiority, in addition to being militarily constrained by the pressure of military cliques such as Yuan Shao and Lü Bu, also had a fatal crisis - the lack of military food.
At that time, the warlords were divided, the disasters of war were raging, the grain fields were barren, the production was withering, and no one was growing food at all. Moreover, the grain of various warlords was also very small, and legend has it that Yuan Shao was in Hebei, and his military food was mulberry, and Yuan Shu ate Pu Win in Jianghuai.
mulberry
The year 196 was a turning point in Cao Cao's military and political career at the age of 42. In Xudu, Cao Cao adopted the advice of the counselor Zao Qi and others and promulgated the "Order on Placing Tun Tian", pointing out that "the art of Fu Ding Guo lies in the strength of the army and enough food, the Qin people to rush the peasants and the world, and xiao Wu to set the western region with tun tian, which is also a good style of this predecessor." Cao Cao relied on the cattle and people's strength of the captured Qingzhou Yellow Turban Army to first carry out Tun Tian near Xu Du, known in history as "Xu Xia Tun Tian". The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that in the first year of the promise of Tuntian, that is, the good harvest of millions of grain harvests, the problem of military food supply that plagued Cao Cao was solved, and the needs of the unification war were also met.
Promise tun tian
This river channel through the Weidu District of Xuchang City was Cao Cao's grain transport river, from which Cao Jun's fleet could be transported all the way to Yingshui and then into the Huai River, and with the forward extension of the grain road, Cao Cao eliminated one opponent who had wanted to annex him.
In 204 AD, Cao Cao opened up the White Ditch again, so that grain ships could sail directly into the hinterland of Jizhou, creating conditions for Cao Cao to march into Hebei. In August of that year, Cao Cao captured The city of Yicheng, and Cao Cao, who had a vast territory in the Yellow River Basin, began to look at the world.
● Recruit the world's talents
From the first rebel during Dong Zhuo's rebellion in 189 AD to the final domination of the north, Cao Cao overcame one crisis after another and changed from weak to strong. What kind of superb strategy did Cao Cao have?
In Xutian Village, northeast of Xuchang City, there is a tall earthen platform, which is the Cao Cao "Shooting Deer Platform" recorded in the history books.
After Cao Cao welcomed Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang, he often hunted and shot deer here with Han Xian. In fact, on Cao Cao's deer shooting platform, between Zhang Bow and arrow, he was already snaring the world's talents.
Xun Yu was good at discovering and recommending talents, and was called "my room" by Cao Cao. When the decisive battle of Guandu had not yet begun, Xun Yu and other strategists analyzed the reasons for Yuan Shao's inevitable defeat, and when the decisive battle reached a stalemate, Xun Yu wrote a letter from Xu Du to Cao Cao, using the example of Liu Bang Xiangyu's confrontation in Xingyang during the Chu-Han dispute, so that Cao Cao patiently waited for the opportunity. Sure enough, a dramatic twist occurred, Yuan Shao had a famous strategist Xu You, who could not be reused, yuan Shao did not listen to him, and had no choice but to leave Yuan Shao's camp and defect to Cao Cao. Cao Cao was particularly happy to hear that "Xu You came to vote", and even before he could wear his shoes, he was greeted out of the door, he knew that Xu You was a very scheming person. Xu You, who counterattacked, offered a plan to sneak into the Wuchao, the granary of Yuan Shao's army. When Yuan Shao lost Wuchao, it eventually led to a crushing defeat at the Battle of Guandu, which in turn caused him to lose his entire north.
A series of causal relationships, the key is that Yuan Shao lost Xu You.
In the frequent wars and fierce competitions, Cao Cao deeply felt that in order to achieve the great cause of reunification, it is necessary to recruit talents in an eclectic manner, and recruiting talents requires ambition. After the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao captured a large number of letters written by his subordinates to Yuan Shaotong, and Cao Cao did not care about the previous suspicions, and burned all the letters with one fire, and did not blame him in the past.
Cao Cao's tolerance for generals stemmed from his thirst for talent. He proposed to "rule the peace and virtue, and have the function of rewarding things", and constantly discover and use talents. Talents from different regions and camps, such as Xun Yu, Guo Jia, Xun You, Chen Lin, Ju Xuan, Chen Qun, and Wang Lang, gathered around Cao Cao. These unscrupulous strategists in green robes played a unique role in the military, politics, and economy, and became Cao Cao's think tank.
● Reform maladministration and support nongsang
On the banks of the Zhanghe River in Linzhang County, Hebei Province, the tall rammed earth platform of the ruins of Yicheng still stands. In 204 AD, four years after Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, he moved the base camp from Xudu to Yicheng, although the military victories were gradual, but faced with harsh social realities, just a few years ago, when Cao Cao garrisoned his hometown peiguo county, he saw that his hometown had lost the scene of his childhood sangma pastoral and the prosperity of the people, Cao Cao wrote a poem "Artemisia Lixing", depicting the social scene at that time due to years of war, the people were displaced, starved, and the corpses were everywhere.
There are righteous soldiers in the Kanto region, and they are fighting for the masses.
In the early days, the heart was in Xianyang.
The combined forces of the army are uneven, and the geese are hesitant and marching.
Snobbery makes people fight, and they fight each other.
The title of Huainan Brother, engraved in the north.
Armor gives birth to lice, and all surnames die.
White bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no chicken chirping for thousands of miles.
The people of life are left behind, and the thoughts are broken.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was well aware of the reasons for the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty, so he paid attention to the people's livelihood and suffering.
In 204, after Cao Cao occupied Yecheng, he immediately waived the one-year rent of Yicheng, and with the participation of many strategists, formulated a series of decrees to eliminate maladministration. Jian'an promulgated the "Order of Heavy Merit" and "Jianxue Order" in 8 years, Jian'an promulgated the "Order on Collecting Land Rent" in 9 years, Jian'an promulgated the "Ban on Bizhou Order" in 10 years, Jian'an promulgated the "Prohibition of Fire Order" in 11 years, and Jian'an promulgated the "Order on Sealing Meritorious Servants" and "Order on Distributing To Generals" in 12 years. The "Order on Heavy Meritorious Service" advocates that "those who do not serve as officials and have no meritorious service will not be rewarded for those who have no warriors"; the "Order for Sealing Meritorious Servants" rewards generals who have made outstanding military achievements; the "Decree on the Establishment of Schools" stipulates that a school should be opened after 500 households have been completed; the "Pension Order" contains clauses for providing for the elderly and the sick and those who have no ability to live for life; among them, the "Order on Collecting Land rent" suppresses mergers and acquisitions, stipulating that "four liters of land rent, two horses of silk and two pounds of silk are only given out of households," and requires officials in various localities to strictly inspect it.
The head tax of the Han Dynasty was a heavy burden, and Cao Cao reformed it by adopting a fixed land rent method to reduce the burden on the people.
● Poet Cao Cao
Jieshi Mountain in Changli County, Hebei Province, is famous all over the world because of Cao Cao's poem "Guancang Hai". In 207 AD, the 53-year-old Cao Cao swept away the three northern counties of Wuhuan, and stopped at the sea on the way back to the division, the vast sea inspired the poet's imagination, and also infected himself with the pride of unifying the world, writing the ancient song "Guancang Sea".
To the east, it is bordered by Jieshi to view the sea.
The water is thick and the mountain islands are standing.
Trees are overgrown and grassy.
The autumn wind is cold, and the flood waves are rising.
The journey of the sun and the moon, if out of it;
The stars are brilliant, if out of it.
Luckily, even Ya, the song is sung in Yongzhi.
In contrast to the harshness of Cao Cao's Iron Horse Glacier is the generous and atmospheric Jian'an literature on the Tongquetai in Yicheng, which has a realistic style, reflects the prosperity of Yicheng Jian'an literature of the times, and creates the first period of cultural prosperity in the true sense of Chinese history. Generosity and sadness became the tone of Jian'an literature.
As a poet, Cao Cao, the cruel smoke cloud of war could not stop his lamentation and praise for life and nature, and wrote poems such as "Bitter Cold Line", "Winter October", "Heshuo Cold" and other poems, depicting the scenes seen in the marching and fighting. The Bitter Cold Walk writes:
Go north to the Taihang Mountains, and it is difficult to be majestic!
The sheep's intestines are bent, and the wheels are destroyed.
The trees are hoddy, and the north wind is mourning.
The bear crouched at me, and the tiger and leopard cried in the middle of the road.
There are few people in the valley, and the snow falls on He Feifei!
Long sighs on the neck, and travels far away.
My heart was so depressed that I wanted to go back to the east.
The water is deep and the bridge is broken, and the middle road is wandering.
Nuisance lost road,Akkaure Shukusu.
The day of travel is far away, and the people and horses are hungry at the same time.
The bag is paid, and the axe is held as a slurry.
Sadly, the poem "Dongshan" makes me mourn.
● Battle of Chibi
In the autumn and winter of 208, a year after Cao Cao pacified the north, he led his army from Jiangling down the Yangtze River to Chibi, where a decisive battle was about to be fought with the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei.
Chibi
On a bright and bright night, Cao Cao wrote the famous "Short Song Line", expressing his thirst for talent.
Qingqing Zizhen, leisurely my heart.
But for the sake of the king, he has been groaning to this day.
This is a poem about the love between men and women, and Cao Cao uses this to express his desire for talent, just like the love between lovers.
However, just when Cao Cao's long-cherished wish to unify the world was about to become a reality, on the water of the Yangtze River, the camp was burned by Sun Liu's combined forces, and the warships were destroyed, and Cao Cao almost died.
The fiasco of Chibi was the biggest mistake Cao Cao had committed in his life, and the excellent situation of Cao Cao's unification of the world had come to an end, and the situation in which Wei, Shu, and Wu were divided into three worlds had taken shape.
The difficulties and twists of the great cause of reunification made Cao Cao feel the importance of talents. In the spring of 210, two years after the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao issued a famous order in Yecheng, "Order for Seeking Talents", followed by three consecutive orders for talents, and the desire for talents ran through Cao Cao's life.
Cao Cao was frugal by nature, and his clothes were not changed for ten years, and he explicitly forbade his family and palace women to wear embroidered clothes.
In 2010, Cao Cao unearthed an iron knife and stone pillow with the words "Comfort Stone" engraved on the stone pillow, which archaeologists believe is a physiotherapy item used by Cao Cao to massage the cervical spine, which may have the effect of treating headaches. Cao Cao spent his life on the battlefield, and his footprints spread throughout most of China, and perhaps these artifacts once accompanied him on his journey to the south and the north.
Comfort stone
● Cao Cao died and the Three Kingdoms began
On the 23rd day of the first month of 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness at the age of 66. The ancient capital of Luoyang became the last station in Cao Cao's life course.
In Fancheng Town, Linying County, Henan Province, 1800 years ago, the Han Emperor Zen let the emperor's zen platform stand in the farmland. In the winter and October of 220 AD, the last emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Xian of Han, ascended to this high platform, drumming and trumpeting in unison, and after the grand ceremony, the throne was ceded to Cao Cao's second son Cao Pi, who was 33 years old, and the Liu Han Dynasty, which had enjoyed more than 400 years, came to an end, and the era of the three kingdoms of Wei Shu and Wu in Chinese history began.
The vicissitudes of the sea, the ebb and flow of the tide, the vicissitudes of the sea that were once in Cao Cao's field of vision are still surging today, and the weather is endless. The world changed, the stars and Han alternated, and Cao Cao, the proud king of Wei Wu, returned to the world.
Heavy rain falls on the swallow,
White waves,
Fishing boats outside Qinhuangdao.
Not a single ocean is seen,
Who do you know?
The past is more than a thousand years,
Wei Wu wielded a whip,
There is a testament to the east of the jieshi.
The autumn wind is now again,
Changed the human world.
（END）