Brief summary of events: In the late 18th century and early 19th century, a large-scale anti-French war broke out in Europe.
There have been four wars of the Allied Forces in history, of which the first war was fought against France and Austria, and the Battle of Rivoli was part of the First War of Resistance.
The supreme commander of France was still Napoleon, and the First Allied War ended in the victory of France and the defeat of Austria.
In 1795, seeing no hope of overthrowing the French revolutionary regime, Prussia and Dutch Spain successively withdrew from the anti-French alliance and signed a peace treaty with France.
In October of the same year, France occupied Belgium. By 1796, France's fierce rivals on the European continent were mainly Austria, which was still strong.
The French government decided to fight back against Austria. In order to defeat this powerful enemy, the French army was actively preparing, planning to attack from the northern front to defeat the Austrian occupation of Vienna and force the Austrian army to withdraw from the war.
At this time, Napoleon again proposed to the Governorate to march into Italy. Later, Napoleon served as commander of the Italian Legion, led an army to attack Italy, and began his great plan
Napoleon was an ambitionist who wanted to build a united empire and bring all the countries of Europe under his rule.
1. The French Republic
The French Revolution was over, and France was sitting in the wreckage of the past, finding itself disgraced and discredited, fighting all the European nations. Austria was naturally the leader, and then Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and even Portugal and Tuscany (a large region in central Italy) were forced to join Austria.
Driven not by their personal feelings in Austria, but out of a wake-up call to the security of their country, they realized that this revolutionary movement was a moral and political plague
It is spreading wildly on the territory of France, and this plague must be eradicated, or all the countries of Europe will be in a state of anarchy.
The measures taken during the French Revolution were very extreme, which aroused the antipathy of England, and the foreign expansion of Revolutionary France threatened the system of equal strength of the whole of Europe.
The extreme measures adopted by the French Revolution were unacceptable to the British, who did not want a reign of terror like the Jacobins, and whose disorderly and destructive actions turned the British general public from sympathy to hatred.
Therefore, Britain was very opposed to the French Revolution. At the beginning of the French Revolution, the French army won wars with foreign countries and expanded its territory, which directly made Britain feel threatened, so Britain could not sit still any longer.
The British were very slippery, they were very reluctant to confront the French directly, they wanted to use Austria, Russia, Prussia and other European countries that were also hostile to the French Revolution to restrain France.
At this time, France had difficulty recruiting troops to fight against the Allied Forces, which embarrassed the Revolutionary Government and eventually weakened the rights of the Revolutionary Government, and if the European countries acted in unison, the life of the new Republic would be very short, but Austria was jealous of Prussia, and Prussia was worried about austria's alliance with Britain.
The Russian Empress Catherine was busy calculating Poland, and the ghostly Leaders of the Allied Powers fought against France in a very loose and ineffective way.
II. Napoleon Bonaparte
In the Paris Riots of 5 October 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte, a young officer who had just emerged at the Battle of Toulon, was recruited to quell the rebellion. The young officer used his cannon to play an accurate historical note in the streets of Paris at the right time.
Law and order were established. The power group immediately agreed to fight Austria while marching from the Rhine to Vienna. Napoleon Bonaparte had a genius who saw the path to power.
The word "freedom" vibrated in the air. He wanted to take France, but he had to follow the path of political freedom and liberate the oppressed people.
He found the chains on the heads of the French people more embarrassing and inhuman than Italy, which was held by austria with an iron fist. Austria, on the other hand, was the head of the Allied forces against France.
He had no money or supplies, only an army unclothed, and he heeded his own inspiration and boldly planned to make the invaded country pay for the war. Pointing to the Italian cities, he said to the soldiers, "This is the reward for you." It is rich and rich, but you must conquer it! ”
Like Caesar, he knew how to speak to his followers in succinct words and arouse their previously rare enthusiasm, and how to defeat the enemy in new and unexpected ways that rendered all military science and experience useless.
He was like a sudden tornado sweeping across the Lombard Plains. The battles in Lodi, Arcolari, and Wally were won.
It took Napoleon ten months to become the master of Italy. On October 17, 1797, the Treaty of CampoFormio was signed, and northern Italy was divided into four republics, with the capitals of Milan, Genoa, Bologna and Rome.
As a tacit acquiescence to the redistribution of Italian territory, Austria took back Venice. After independence in the fourteenth century, Venice, the queen of the Adriatic Sea, was once again chained!
Third, break the shackles of Italy
Napoleon was not satisfied with this, his purpose was to let Paris bring the jewels that once made Italy dazzling,
The chains of the Italian people were broken by him, but they were demanded to immediately hand over gold, silver, treasure, horse supplies, and more
There was their fine art collection, and in a private letter to a member of the power group, Napoleon wrote: I will send you some twenty paintings by the masters. Includes works by Correggio and Michelangelo.
He later added in the letter: "With the addition of what was sent from Rome, we will have all the beautiful things in Italy, and a small number of objects from Turin and Naples." ”
Pius VI did not protest, he handed over millions of francs, ancient bronzes, expensive pictures and precious manuscripts.
Austria was defeated in fourteen battles, and all her Italian possessions were given to the Cisarpini Republic! The Republic of Helvedy was established in Switzerland and another republic was established in the Netherlands under French protection.
in other words
What Napoleon accomplished in Italy was exactly what he later wanted to accomplish in Germany. He had broken the lingering traces of the medieval spirit and prepared the soil for survival for the New Order.
4. Conquerors
The Rhine became the border of France, so Belgium was incorporated into France, and Napoleon not only captured Italy, but France itself was also included in his pocket.
The excited rights group began to discuss the invasion of Britain, but Napoleon knew that the time was not yet ripe, so he wanted to weaken Britain by threatening part of The British territory in Asia, and Napoleon sent troops to Egypt in 1798.
Although Nelson destroyed his fleet, he maintained the arrogance of the conquerors.
No king, no military leader, could bring so many glorious achievements to France, and Napoleon, like a magician with a wand, lifted France out of the dust of humiliation with a wave of his hand and stood in the center of the European continent. When the young officer left Egypt, the power groups, the legislature, and the people were all embroiled in the dispute, and the situation in France was in chaos that no one could suppress.
Discontent pervaded France, and people asked why the diminutive, dark man who could maintain discipline was sent to the Nile and the pyramids, expecting Napoleon to return to maintain order in France.
After receiving a report from Josephine in Paris, Napoleon was keenly aware that his opportunity had arrived, and after handing over his troops to Kleber, he returned on his own.
He knew what he was going to do, and he knew he could weed out the power group through the support of the army, through political campaigns, and his skilled tactics on the battlefield, and Napoleon became France's first adviser.
Fifth, the only host in France
The pendulum of history returns once again to the hands of a powerful enforcer, and the power is once again concentrated, from this moment on, until it becomes a prisoner of England,
Napoleon Bonaparte will be the sole master of France. Napoleon had a permanent impact on civilization, during which two events left their lasting traces: the creation of the genius masterpiece French Code, which sold Louisiana to the United States. Spain ceded this vast land to France in 1763.
Napoleon realized that he could not control the land now, and in order to avoid attack, he sold the land to the United States in 1803 to avoid falling into British hands.
A conspiracy against Napoleon was uncovered, and Napoleon suspected that it was related to the Bourbon family, so that mercy and justice were missing, and the son of Prince Conde, Duke Dangan, was killed, in order to deter those who plotted to bring him down.
All this warned the conspirators that the fate of death awaited them, and it was this event that forged Napoleon's heart as hard as steel.
Only a few days after the tragedy, Wansena proposed to award the title of hereditary emperor of France to the first adviser, the monarch of the new era did not crown the pope, although this tradition has continued for more than 800 years, under his proposal, the pope came to crown Napoleon,
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon took on the crown of France, what a dramatic ending!
From the French Revolution of 1789, the people's pursuit of freedom and democracy overthrew the king, and in order to get rid of despotic rule, France was once in a river of blood, but at this time, France was once again ruled by despotism, and it was more despotic than Louis XIV.
epilogue
Throughout the European war, Napoleon quickly carried out his own great plan, he judged the situation, step by step to the peak of power, it is undeniable that Napoleon was an excellent general, his cool head and rich military experience, in countless wars led the French army to victory, he made the whole of France proud. But Napoleon's ambitions did not stop there; he wanted not only to conquer, but to destroy, not one nation, but all nations. From the moment he took the Crown of France, he was destined to fight against the whole of United Europe.
bibliography:
History of France
The Biography of Napoleon
History of France