What kind of people are celebrities? Those who live their last names as adjectives, nouns, or even verbs are real celebrities.
Written by | Zexian Cao (Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Deviate from the Celestial Pather Overturn! Notes[1]
- Ermitt
Abstract Ermitt, a highly admired mathematical giant, has left an indelible footprint in all fields of mathematics. Ermitt became a first-class mathematician after graduating from high school, but after several twists and turns, he graduated from the university after several twists and turns, and after 13 years of being elected to the French Academy of Sciences, he was still a university assistant to change his homework, and his research results were well-known 27 years before he became a professor. He was one of the few people who lived his surname as an adjective, and there were many mathematical concepts that could be added after hermitian, and everyone who studied mathematics and physics knew a little bit about it. He was a good teacher, and one of his students was Poincaré, an all-round scholar who shook the ancient and modern times.
In the case of the famous people in the mathematical and physical works that I could notice at the time, ermits alone were among the best. What kind of person is this?
Figure 1. Charles Hermite (1822-1901)
Born in 1822 (Figure 1), Ermitt was the sixth of seven children and had a severe disability in his right foot. At the age of 7, Ermit's family moved from the Lorraine region to the French city of Nancy. Ermitt was arguably the best secondary school, first to Collège de Nancy, then to Collège Henri IV in Paris, where he graduated from Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1840-1841, the school where Galois had studied 15 years earlier, and the famous mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan (1814–1894) was taught the mathematics of Ermitt. Note that in French Lycée is a secondary school, Collège can be a secondary school, École (school) can be a university, and a secondary school teacher can also be called a professor (the so-called teacher of puzzles). It is said that like his senior Galois, Ermitt liked to read the works of Euler, Gauss, and Lagrange. For a person who wants to become a true scholar, it is important to meet the university people early, it is very important to read the classics, it is actually the only way.
After spending a full year preparing for the exam, in 1842 Ermitt was admitted to the prestigious l'école polytechnique (éécole polytechnique) in Paris. It is a school of a military nature and is world-famous for its mathematical education. However, Under an order imposed by the French educational authorities in New Year 1843: "Infirm health is not allowed to enter the Faculty of Engineering", Ermitt was refused admission. Later, despite the deliberations of his parents, he was approved to enroll again in February 1843, but ermit did not return to school by the beginning of the school year, and later withdrew from school in New Year 1844. It is said that after five years of self-study (after spending five years working privately towards his degree), Ermitt finally passed the baccalauréat ès lettres exam on July 1, 1847, and the baccalauréat ès sciences mathématiques on the 12th of july He finally obtained a diploma in mathematics on 9 May 1848 (licence ès sciences mathématiques). After graduation, Ermitt was hired by the Paris ététiteur et examinateur d'admission as a teaching assistant and entrance examination provigator for homework.
Ermitt published first-rate mathematical achievements such as "the unsolvable proof of five algebraic equations" in 1842, and in 1856 was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences (Académie des Sciences). However, it was not until 1869 that he was hired as a professor of mathematics by his alma mater and the University of Paris, when his mathematical research was already overwhelming. He retired from his alma mater in 1876, but worked at the University of Paris until his death, during which time he was a part-time lecturer at the École des Beauloges in Paris from 1862 to 1873. On his 70th birthday, Ermitt was awarded the rank of Senior Officer of the French Legion of Honor.
It's hard to talk specifically about Ermitt's mathematical achievements because he has so many mathematical achievements. A brief list of some of the mathematical concepts that bear his name is enough to shock people. Mathematical concepts named after Hermite include, but are not limited to, the following:
Cubic Hermite spline (class three-spline)
Gauss–Hermite quadrature (quadratic)
Hermite distribution
Hermite–Lindemann theorem (theorem on transcendental numbers)
Hermite constant
The Hermite–Hadamard inequality (inequality of convex functions and their integrals)
Hermite interpolation (interpolation)
Hermite normal form (matrix form)
Hermite numbers (integers associated with Ermit polynomials)
Hermite polynomials (polynomials)
Hermite reciprocity (on the reciprocal inverse law of binomial invariants)
Hermite ring (ring)
Hermite's cotangent identity
Hermite's identity (identity for fractional parts of integer multiples of real numbers)
Hermite's problem
Hermite's theorem (only a finite number of domains has a discriminant less than a given value)
Einstein–Hermitian vector bundle (vector bundle)
Hermitian adjoint (companion operator)
Hermitian connection
Hermitian form (special six linear form)
Hermitian function
Hermitian manifold/structure
Hermitian matrix (matrix)
Hermitian operator
Hermitian symmetric space
Hermitian transpose (transpose)
Hermitian variety (cluster, generalization of quadratic)
As I said at the beginning, for physics enthusiasts, Hermitian operator (operator), Hermitian matrix (matrix), Hermitian transpose (transpose), Hermitian adjoint operator (accompanying operator) Hermite polynomials (polynomial), Hermitian function (function) These concepts are generally familiar to everyone. The Ermi operator, that is, the self-adjoint operator, corresponds to the matrix represented as the Ermi matrix, that is, the matrix of the transpose complex conjugate equal to itself; the eigenvalue of the Ermi matrix is a real number, and the corresponding eigenvector as a set of complete orthogonal bases constitutes a vector space. This is the key element of elementary quantum mechanics.
Ermitt's fame was the 1842 proof of the insoluble solution of the unsolvable equation of the unary pentatonic algebraic equation. But because of the contrast between the work of Abel and Galois, Ermitt's achievement, although it was made before going to college, did not bring him much academic reputation. However, the great thing about Ermit is that he can break and stand. Proving that fifth-order equations are algebraic unsolvable is one type of work, and finding other possible solution expressions for them is another kind of work. In 1858 , Ermitt gave the elliptic function solution to the five-time algebraic equation , as detailed in the humble book " At the Foot of the Clouds " .
People who can prove that e is a transcendental number will naturally aim at π is a proof of transcendental number. However, the proof of such problems is too exhausting. In my humble opinion, if the proof process does not bring new mathematics, such a proof is just a game. In a letter to a friend, Ermitt wrote: "I don't want to prove the transcendence of π. If someone else is in this business, there is no one more happy about their success than I would. But, believe me, my friend, this will definitely bother them. (Je ne me hasarderai point à la recherche d'une démonstration de la transcendence du nombre π. Que d'autres tentent l'entreprise, nul ne sera plus heureux que moi de leur succès, mais croyez-m'en, mon cher ami, il ne laissera pas que de leur en coûter quelques efforts.)” In 1882, the German Ferdinand von Lindemann (1852-1939) succeeded in proving the transcendence of π.
Ermitt was born with a right foot disability, which made his parents very worried about him. It is said that as a child, Ermit was cheerful and loved. In 1842, he entered the Paris Engineering School, but during this time he established a deep personal relationship with the French mathematicians Joseph Bertrand (1822-1900), Joseph Liouville (1809-1882), and the German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi (1804-1851), and frequently exchanged academic ideas. He worked as an assistant teacher and assistant entrance examiner at the École école d'état de Paris from 1848 to 1869, during which time he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1856, which shows that his achievements were recognized by the French mathematical community of the same period. Perhaps fate determines the mood, ermitt is always humble in his writing, and he is willingness to fight for colleagues whose merit he discerns. Ermitt did earn the respect of younger mathematicians because he focused on teaching mathematics and was good at discovering and motivating backwards. It is said that his teaching is not aimed at strict details, but towards exciting admiration for things simple and beautiful. Ermitt's lecture notes had a wide influence on the spread of mathematics, and among his students was Henri Poincaré (1854-1912), an all-rounder who was shocked by the ancient and modern times, and one of the students was proud, and it is estimated that only Sommerfeld was comparable to him in this regard. Another famous student of Ermitt was Thomas Stieltjes (1856-1894), which we encounter when we learn points. There seems to be no consensus on the Chinese translation of this Dutch surname.
Ermitt's research is so extensive that his thinking seems to others to be completely illogical. According to Poincaré, "There is nothing more in contrast to the fact that Ermit is a logician." The method existed in Ermitt's mind in a mysterious way. I think that's right. If there is a trace of the so-called method of doing science, it is either that the researcher really does not, or the object of study is a worthless pseudo-problem or a mediocre problem.
At this point, I suddenly wanted to talk about what a celebrity is. Who is a celebrity? From the perspective of the evolution of human names, roughly speaking, there are several situations. The first is to make his name include a description of a certain phenomenon, such as Jiang Shang in "Jiang Taigong Fishing - Wisher Hooked", Hua Tuo in Hua Tuo's rebirth, Dong Shi and Xi Shi in Dong Shi Xiao, and Etienne de Silhouette in the word silhouette. The second is that people who live their surnames as adjectives, such as isaac Newton (Newton), Charles Hermite, Bernhard Riemann (Riemann) surnames of newtonian, hermitian, riemannian is a common adjective in mathematical and physical literature. The third is the people who live their surnames into nouns, such as the Laplacian (Laplace), the Hamiltonian (Laplace), the Lagrangian (Lagrantian), and the Hamiltonian (Hamiltonian), which is mathematical, The basic concepts of physics, it is not surprising that these concepts will enter the primary school textbook in the future. The fourth category is people who live their surnames as verbs, such as S.S. Chern. The chern surname is found as a noun in the Chern number , which refers to a class of topological indicators , and the work of calculating the chen number of a geometric system is expressed as follows: Chern it up.
What happened to Ermitt in his life may be particularly difficult for us to accept. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1856 and was a mathematician of all the world, but continued to teach assistant at the École d'école école d'école de Paris for 13 years. Interestingly, however, Ermit himself seems to be at ease. In fact, people's schools are not the kind of hens that can't beat eggs. Check out the list of teachers and graduates of the Paris Engineering School, where such a prominent figure as Ermitt has grabbed a lot. Moreover, their German-French society emphasizes one yard to one code, and a person who has won a Nobel Prize for an achievement or has been elected to an institution or a member or fellow (member of a school, society or institution, a fellow) must be given the title of professor and squire. A person who has made discoveries in mathematics and physics does not necessarily need a complete educational experience, may not be a qualified professor, and may not have the ability and interest to guide others in research. Winner-take-all is the tradition of the Mountain King and a defiance of the profession.
bibliography
1.Charles Hermite,Considérations sur la résolution algébrique de l'équation du 5e degré,Nouvelles annales de mathématiques : journal des candidats aux écoles polytechnique et normale, Série 1, Tome 1329-336 (1842).
2. Emile Picard (ed.), Œuvres deCharles Hermite, Gauthier-Villars, vol. I(1905); vol.II (1908); vol. III(1912).
exegesis
[1] He who strays from the paths traced by providence crashes. —Hadamard cited Hermite