On what basis was the history of ancient India compiled? The answer is: flickering
Original shengminwujiang born without borders today
According to Western experts, there is a long-established "ancient Indian civilization" in human history. It is said that as early as 2000 or 3000 BC, the "Aryans" created a splendid "ancient civilization" in the Indian subcontinent.
What Westerners call "ancient Indian civilization" is an "ancient civilization" born in a vast area from Burma in the east, afghanistan in the west, and to the Himalayas in the north.
If there is such an "ancient Indian" civilization in history, it should be called the "ancient civilization of the Indian subcontinent" today.
Some people in India today, somehow feel so good, insisting that the "ancient Indian civilization" belongs entirely to his family's civilization, and even claims that his family's civilization has influenced China for two thousand years. It's really a little bit mentally abnormal.
This "ancient Indian civilization" was "examined" by the British after occupying the Indian subcontinent, mainly relying on British archaeologists to examine the usual routines of ancient Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and Rome. In other words, the so-called "ancient Indian civilization" was fooled by the British; today, Indians hold chicken feathers as arrows and want to fool others.
For the sake of convenience, I will use the word "India" to refer to "ancient India".
Since it is a research, Chinese knows, the first thing is to find ancient books to read, to read many, many ancient documents.
So, when Western experts examine the "ancient Indian civilization", have they read a lot of ancient documents?
The General History of India (by Sinha and Banaji, translated by Zhang Ruoda, Feng Jinxin, and Wang Wei, The Commercial Press, 1963) when talking about "ancient Indian historical materials", the first title is "The Lack of Historical Documents", and then says (P18):
Al-Burani, a famous Muslim scholar who arrived in India in the 11th century AD, said: "Indians do not pay much attention to the historical order of things; they are careless in recounting the chronology of kings, and when they have to say it, they are confused, they do not know what to say, they always like to tell stories." The following observation of Fritt almost repeats the words of Al-Burani: "It is very questionable whether the ancient Indians had a real sense of history, a clear and critical eye for editing real history." ..... They can write short historical articles, concise and specific, but with certain limits. But they have not left us with such carefully structured and correctly reliable works of history as evidence to prove that they have the ability to deal with historical problems in a general way. ”
In a word: there were no history books in ancient India.
This is a very frustrating thing. Until the 11th century, that is, during the Song Dynasty of China, india had no historians at all, only "storytellers". To make matters worse, Indian storytellers have no concept of time, and when they talk about "kings," they are all upside down and messy.
The "historians" of the West based on this, by patting their heads, and compiled the chronological sequence of indian kings.
According to this standard, China's "Fengshen Yanyi" and "Sui and Tang Yanyi" can be completely regarded as "correct history".
India does not have ancient history books, so how to carry out "research"?
Let's take a look at how the history of India came out.
"Scholars interested in the ancient history of India must therefore gather material from a variety of sources", western experts turn to and "rely mainly on religious documents", General History of India:
In the oldest period, since there were no inscriptions to use, they had to rely mainly on religious documents. Vedic literature provided valuable knowledge for the political, social and economic organization of the Aryans. The religious writings of Buddhists and Jains contain important references to historical figures and historical events. ...... It is clear that, based on the scattered material in the literature, it is still impossible to paint a proper picture of the past.
It turns out that the number one and main "historical material" of ancient Indian history is a religious document!
The history of the country, written mainly on religious documents, seems to Chinese to believe it or not.
Regrettably, even so, it is far from "unable to paint a proper picture of the past".
Western experts had to carry out a dragnet search, and finally found a "historical document" that claimed to be "the most valuable history", that is, folklore such as the so-called "epic", which is the second most important "historical material", the General History of India:
It is well known that the "royal genealogy" (or the table of direct succession to the throne) has been written and preserved since very early times. Many of this type of table may be combined in the "epics" (Ramayana and Mahabharata) and the Book of Past Lives. The traditional themes of the Book of Past Lives are "Saga" (cosmic creation), "Paraty Saga" (the reconstruction of the world after the destruction of cycles), "Van Sa" (the lineage of the immortals), "Manventara" (a combination of different generations in history), and "Vansanul Charita" (dynastic history of ancient emperors). Although the "Epics" and the Book of the Past contain legendary knowledge of ancient times, their present appearance may have been formed after the birth of Christ, and some parts of the Book of the Past are undoubtedly later works. In the process of their development, they naturally combined some materials with no historical value, and the age became confused.
It can be seen that this is something like "cosmic creation" and "immortal lineage", which is even more unreliable than religious literature.
If you can also make up the "history of ancient Indian civilization" by relying on this, then, China's Pangu Kaitian, Houyi Shooting Sun, Chang'e Running Moon, Nezha Noisy Sea, Yugong Moving Mountains, Cowherd Weaver Girl and other stories, which one is not an excellent "historical material"!
Obviously, "ancient India" does not have any reliable historical data.
Thus, Western historians turned to "foreign writings", the third category of "historical materials", the General History of India:
Students studying the history of ancient India must pay close attention to the accounts of foreign writers and travelers ---- Greek, Roman, Chinese, Muslim ----.
Worryingly, Herodotus' most important thing to say about India is that Indian sperm is black. I don't know how to use such a record?
Perhaps the General History of India also finds such a problem, and when talking about the "writings" of Greece and Rome, the author is very interesting to say that the General History of India:
Herodotus, who had never been to India, mentioned the Persian conquest of northwestern India. Our knowledge of Alexander's invasion comes entirely from the accounts left behind by Greek and Roman writers such as Quides Kersches, Theodonas, Aryan, Plutarch, and so on. This important event is never mentioned in Indian literature and inscriptions.
Herodotus never went to India!
Moreover, there is not a trace of what is recorded in the Greek and Roman "writings" in India.
However, the General History of India, speaking of "writings" from China, emphatically states:
Chinese records are indispensable for the reconstruction of the history of the later periods of the Peacock Dynasty in India; without their help we cannot understand the movement of the Cypriots, the Sabbaths, and the Kushans. Chinese travelers, such as Fa Xian and Xuanzang, have left us with valuable records about India. It is impossible to compile a complete history of Buddhism without using Chinese historical materials. The famous Tibetan historian Taronat provided useful knowledge in this regard.
Without Chinese historical materials, "ancient Indian civilization" cannot be written.
Indeed, China's historical materials are vast. Leaving China's "History", "Book of Han", "Book of Later Han" and other twenty-four histories and countless various history books, as well as a large number of travelers' travelogues, not only the main population in Indian history, the origin of the Cypriots, the Sabbaths and the Kushan people, but also the history of India has completely lost its time reference, and everything does not know what year and month!
Because only when China has thousands of years of continuous chronicles, people and events in Indian history, and only by referring to China's chronicles can it be possible to establish a time series.
However, the history of India recorded in Chinese history books is all about people and events after the Han Dynasty. What Jin Faxian, Tang Xuanzang and others recorded, in addition to witnessing the social situation in India at that time, is some ancient legends related to religion. None of this is enough for India to produce a more "ancient civilization" than China.
The fourth category of "historical materials" in the history of India is the "inscription", the General History of India:
Frit said, "... Almost entirely due to the patient study of the inscriptions ... Only then do we have knowledge of the ancient political history of India. And the main basis for our study of all other aspects of India is still the inscription. Leaving aside the inscriptions, it is difficult to be sure of any definite date and identification. It can also be used to revise everything we can learn from legends, documents, money, art, architecture, or other sources. "There are many materials used to record inscriptions: iron, gold, silver, brass, bronze, copper coins, pottery, pottery, bricks, stones, crystals, etc.
Although there are countless bronzes with inscriptions unearthed in China, and there are countless inscriptions, Chinese is very clear that it is okay to use them as a collection of omissions; if anyone says that they should rely on "inscriptions" to revise history, it must be a joke.
However, when Western experts wrote the history of India, they made such a joke in a serious manner: "Leaving aside the inscription, it is difficult to be sure of any definite date and identification."
The fifth category of "historical materials" in the history of India is "money".
We know that Western experts are particularly fond of expanding their territories with "money". Therefore, in the Historical Records of India, money is indispensable. Ancient currencies can be created at any time as necessary.
The sixth category of "historical materials" in Indian history is "monuments", "most of which are dedicated to religious buildings".
It is by relying on the above six types of "historical materials" that Westerners have come up with the "history of ancient Indian civilization" that is sprinkled with foreign flowers and is often thousands of years ago.
Ruins of Mohenzo Darrow
For the "history of ancient Indian civilization", we can't seem to say "believe it or not", because, as early as 1922, Western experts discovered an advanced "urban civilization" between 3250 BC and 2750 BC through "archaeological excavations", "General History of India":
Excavations in Mohenshudaru (Sindh, Larkaran County) and Haraba (West Punjab, Montgomery County) ... As early as 3000 BC, a rich and well-developed culture flourished in the city of Indus River... For the inscriptions inscribed on the seals found in Mohenshudharu and Haraba... It's an urban culture. In Mohenshudaru, archaeologists have discovered the remains of a huge and beautiful city... Bricks were used on the structure of the building ... Among the livestock, we find remnants of humped bulls, cows, buffaloes, mianyang, elephants, camels, boars, goats and roosters. ...... The people of Mohenshudaru knew the use of gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and bronze. It is not yet known to use iron.
Why do Western experts conclude that this "site" is so old that it is as old as 3250 BC? This is the question of the heavens.
The discovery of seal texts in Mohenshu daru and Haraba is even more surprising. The ancient Indians made so many seals, where to use the seals? Is it covered with bay leaves? This is an incredible strange thing.
Bricks are widely used in buildings, so the ancient Indians have popularized the technique of brick burning? Whether it is true or not I don't know, it is recommended to read the works of netizen Viagra. (Click: A Brick Reveals the Lie of Western Archaeological Fraud 01 )
With regard to domestic animals, it is clearly a fabrication that goes against history. According to the writings of Chinese travelers, until the Tang Dynasty, India's livestock industry was still very backward. Indians only raise cattle and horses, and they do not raise camels, mules, donkeys, pigs, and chickens at all.
According to Jin Faxian's Book of the Kingdom of Buddha:
(Zhongtianzhu) There are no pigs or chickens in the country, no raw mouths, and no slaughterers and drunkards in the city. The goods are made of shell teeth, and only the diryu and the hunter sell meat ears.
Tang Huichao's "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms":
Five days of law... It also does not raise camels, mules, donkeys, pigs and other animals... Only love to raise cattle.
As for metals, we only talk about gold and silver. Gold and silver are precious metals, and the greatest value lies in the fact that they can be exchanged. However, according to Jin Fa Xian's Book of the Buddha's Kingdom:
(Zhongtianzhu) cargo is easy to use shell teeth.
Until the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Zhongtianzhu people, who were called the earliest inhabitants of India by the West, still used shell teeth as currency.
And Tang Xuanzang told us that the silver in the western region comes from the silver mountains of Yanqi in Xinjiang, China. The Biography of the Three Tibetan Masters of the Great Ci'en Temple:
Mingfa, and through the Silver Mountain. The mountains are very high and wide, all are silver mines, and the silver money in the west is from the out.
Before the Han Dynasty, it was precise that before the Ōtsuki clan reached Central Asia, the Western Regions generally did not know what gold and silver were. In the Tang Dynasty, gold and silver began to become recognized as a currency, and silver in the western region came mainly from China's Xinjiang region.
Summary: The so-called "ancient Indian civilization" in the West, which has neither any reliable historical documents as a basis nor reliable archaeological results as support, is completely fabricated out of thin air.
In a word: the history of India, that is, the history of flickering.