Chapter 1: An Overview of Psychology

A noun explanation

1 Individual Psychology: The psychological phenomenon possessed by individuals.

2 Psychosocial: Produced in the common living conditions and environment of society, it is a typical manifestation of the psychological characteristics of individuals in this society.

3 Behavior: Is an organism's reaction system, consisting of a series of reactive actions and activities.

4 Consciousness: Composed of human cognition, emotions, desires, etc., it is the internal resource of human beings to actively understand and transform the world.

5 Unconscious: A psychological phenomenon that people are unaware of under normal circumstances and cannot consciously regulate and control.

2. Short Answer

1 Research subjects in psychology

Human psychological phenomena, including individual psychology and social psychology.

2 Briefly describe the psychological process of people

1 Cognitive processes: the process by which a person acquires or applies knowledge; or the process of information processing. It is the most basic psychological process of people, including feeling, perception, memory, thinking, speech, etc.

2 Emotional process: The human brain's attitude experience of whether objective things meet their own material and spiritual needs is a human response to the requirements of objective things.

3 Will process: the mental process of consciously determining goals and consciously dominating and regulating behavior in order to achieve them. This conscious agency is the essential difference between humans and animals.

3 Brief description of personality psychology (personality)

·1 Personality tendency: People's attitude towards objective things and the choice and trend of activity objects are the directionality and basic motivation for people to engage in activities, including needs, motivations, interests, etc.

2 Personality psychological characteristics: The stable and often manifested psychological characteristics formed by people in the psychological process are a unique combination of a variety of psychological characteristics, which concentrate on reflecting a person's psychological outlook, including ability, temperament and personality.

4 Research methods in psychology

Observation method: Under natural conditions, the external activities that express psychological phenomena are systematically and systematically observed, and the method of generating and developing regularity of psychological phenomena is found from them.

Experimental method: A method of observing a certain psychological phenomenon under controlled conditions.

Quiz: A method of measuring a certain psychological quality with a set of pre-standardized questions (scales).

Investigative Method: A method of asking a person under investigation about a certain issue and allowing them to freely express their attitudes or opinions.

Case Law: Conduct in-depth observation and research on a person in order to discover the causes that affect a certain behavior and psychological phenomenon.

Correlation method: A research method that quantifies different psychological phenomena and finds their correlation relationships.

5 Briefly describe the basic tasks of psychology

Explore the laws of the occurrence, development and change of psychological phenomena.

It mainly studies the occurrence and development of psychological processes, psychological structures, psychological brain mechanisms, psychology and environment, and psychological phenomena.

6 Research areas of psychology

General Psychology, Physiological Psychology, Developmental, Social, Educational, Medical, Industrial, Military Psychology.

3 Essay questions

1 Schools of psychology, representative figures and their main ideas

1 Constructivism: Fonte, Tiechinner; direct experience (consciousness); experimental introspection;

Viewpoint: Advocate the study of human consciousness, analyze the content and composition of consciousness, and explain the psychology of the whole person from the construction of conscious experience.

2 Functionalism: James, Dewey, Angel; function (the role and function of consciousness); objective observation, experimental introspection;

Viewpoint: Advocate the study of adaptive mental activities, oppose the division of consciousness into elements, advocate that consciousness is a continuous whole (stream of consciousness), emphasize the adaptive function of psychology, oppose psychology as a pure science, attach importance to the practical application of psychology, and advocate expanding the scope of psychological research to animal psychology, child psychology, educational psychology, perverted psychology, difference psychology, etc.

·3 Behaviorism: Watson, Skinner, Bandura; behavior; experimental method;

Viewpoint: Oppose research consciousness, advocate research behavior, oppose introspection, advocate experimental law, oppose genetic determinism, and emphasize the role of the environment.

4 Gestalt: Wertheimer, Koehler, Kaufka; conscious, cognitive phenomena; experimental method;

Opinion: Opposing the division of consciousness into elements, emphasizing that the whole exists before the part and restricts the nature and meaning of the part, and that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.

5 Psychoanalysis: Freud, Jung, Adler; unconscious, subconscious; hypnotherapy, interpretation of dreams, free association, life history;

Opinion: All individual and social behavior of human beings is rooted in a certain desire or motive in the depths of the mind, especially the sexual impulse.

6 Humanism: Maslow, Rogers; personality; holistic analysis, case studies;

Viewpoint: Human nature is inherently good, human nature is autonomous, growing continuously, emphasizing people-oriented, paying attention to human values. Theory is needed.

7 Cognitive psychology: Piaget, Simon; information processing; reaction time, oral reporting, computer simulation;

View: Pay attention to the human brain, learning is active, selectively obtain stimuli and process; the human brain is compared to a computer, and cognitive processes include the reception, storage and application of information.