The shadow of the Hokuyo Women's Medical Office.
In the previous article "Baby-rearing Shantang", I mentioned some situations of the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau, but it is very simple and has been mentioned in one stroke. Today, we focus on combing through the past and present lives of the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau. At the same time, I know and understand a great woman - the extraordinary life of Jin Yunmei, the first female student in China, a medical scientist, educator, nutritionist, and founder of Beiyang Women's Medical Hall. In 1900, the city of Tianjin, which experienced the war of the "Gengzi National Change", was full of broken walls and ruins, rubble everywhere, and the people did not have a good life. On August 15, 1902, Yuan Shikai took over the jurisdiction of Tianjin from the du tong yamen and began to reorganize the government and implement the new policy. He successively promulgated the "Thirteen Articles of the Charter for the Development of the New Market in Hebei" and the "Thirteen Articles of the New Chapter on the Development of the New Market in Hebei" and the "Thirteen Articles of the New Chapter on the Development of the New Market in Hebei". Subsequently, a series of decrees were promulgated one after another, establishing a police force, reorganizing the Beiyang Silver Dollar Bureau, setting up a health management agency, and establishing the General Administration of Crafts... The content of the reform involves military system, urban management, industry and commerce, education, and medical care. "Tianjin Tongzhi Health Chronicle" contains: Guangxu twenty-eight years (1902) Yuan Shikai founded the military medical hall, with the purpose of training military doctors, students after graduation sent to the army as medical officers. At the same time, beiyang official hospital and beiyang women's hospital (bureau) were also opened. The Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau was established by Yuan Shikai to promote Western-style delivery and improve the level of medical care for women and children. This is also the first government-run Western-style gynecological hospital in Tianjin's history, which is under the management of the Beiyang Medical Hall established by Li Hongzhang in that year. In the early days of its establishment, the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau did not have its own diagnosis and treatment place, and rented a single-door courtyard to receive treatment. The location was on the north side of the Governor's Palace at that time, and on the south side of the Li Gong Ancestral Hall. The hospital is staffed by two female doctors, Xu and Dai. At the beginning of the opening of the clinic, Beiyang Women's Hospital was not accepted by most people, and the women under the Tianjin Shifeng went to ask for a midwife and went to the Chinese medicine shop when they got sick. As a result, the rate of stillbirth and women's disease remains high. Later, some people who worked in government and foreign firms generally accepted it and became the first beneficiaries of Western-style birth delivery. Because the hospital is public, there is a charitable component in it, and only the registration fee is charged to the patients, and the outpatient fee and some drug fees are waived. Seeing the practical benefits, the talents who came to the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau gradually increased.
The location of the female medical bureau indicated on the map in the early years.
With the increasing number of people and cars and horses coming to the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau, the places originally rented could no longer meet the needs. In 1906, Yuan Shikai raised 40,000 taels of silver to rebuild the Changlu Nursery Hall at a site on the xinkai River (as described above). The nursery, which was originally located on Shuige Street, was vacant. In 1907, Yuan Shikai heard that Jin Yunmei (also known as Yamei, born in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, to a presbyterian clergyman family, graduated from the Women's Medical University affiliated to the New York Medical College in the United States, and was the first female student in China. Her father, Kim Dinh-won, had a close friendship with Dr. Mackati, a Northern Presbyterian missionary in the United States who had come to China in 1844. Jin Yunmei's parents died of infectious diseases at an early age, and she was adopted as an adopted daughter by Dr. and Mrs. Mak Katti. He then returned to the United States with the Macgardians. In the fall of 1882, Jin Yunmei entered the Women's Medical University affiliated with the New York Medical College. On May 29, 1885, Jin Yunmei graduated with first class honors from the Women's Medical College affiliated to the New York Medical College with a medical degree. After graduation, Jin Yunmei worked in several hospitals in the United States. In June 1887, at the age of 23, Jin Yunmei was appointed by the American Revival Society as a medical missionary to China. But the local missionaries did not support a young woman to treat the sick and save people, and in the face of public opinion obstruction and social incomprehension, Jin Yunmei was determined to create a hospital herself. In the second year of their return to Japan, Kim Yun Mei and Mai Jiadi unfortunately contracted malaria, so the three of them went to Kobe, Japan in March 1889 to recuperate. During the day, Jin Yunmei did not stop her duties as a doctor. In Kobe, Kim founded a women's and children's clinic and opened a medical room in her own home. In 1905, Jin Yunmei returned to China again. He practiced medicine in Chengdu, Shanghai and other places) and hired him as the president of the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau. At that time, the women's medical bureau had been operating for six years, and the hospital wards were very tight, and there was an urgent need for professional midwives and nurses. At that time, there was no official nurse midwifery school in Tianjin, and the western hospitals in Tianjin were temporarily recruiting nurses in the society to respond to the emergency, these people had not received formal health training and professional education before admission, and most of them studied while doing apprenticeships, which was difficult to achieve professional standards. So Jin Yunmei decided to start a nursing school on her own. After Yuan Shikai learned of this, he ordered Tianjin Customs to allocate 20,000 taels of silver and entrusted Zhang Zhenfang, the envoy of Changlu Salt Transport, to support her in establishing the Beiyang Public Women's Medical Bureau attached to the Beiyang (Changlu) Women's Medical Hall, and she served as the head of the church and the chief teacher.
Jin Yunmei graduation photo.
In 1908, Zhang Zhenfang asked Wu Jun, a member of the Salt Industry Committee, to accompany President Jin Yunmei to investigate the old nursery house located on Shuige Street outside the east gate of the old city. After careful investigation and measurement by Jin Yunmei, she believed that it was feasible to relocate the Women's Medical Bureau to this place, and gave Zhang Zhenfang, the envoy of Changlu Salt Transport, a courtesy letter, saying that "in accordance with the Constitution", the Changlu Women's Medical Hall and the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau were all moved to the nursery hall on Shuige Street. On August 10, 1908, the Beiyang Women's Medical Hall was officially opened, which was originally called "Tianjin Public Women's Medical Bureau Attached to the Women's Medical Hall". Jin Yunmei hired Wei Shuzhen, a British female doctor who is familiar with Chinese, as an intern teacher, and Hired Zhong Maofang, China's first female nursing student, as a nursing teacher. At the beginning, the school planned to recruit 40 students, but in fact, 30 students were admitted, and there were two departments of obstetrics and nursing, and the study was two years. Students do hygiene and primary care work while attending school. The course content mainly includes obstetrics, nursing and general pharmacology, hygiene, pox and other disciplines. During her presidency of the Beiyang Women's Medical Hall, Jin Yunmei introduced advanced Western nursing techniques and concepts to guide teaching, advocated women's liberation, and participated in social services. Most of the first graduates stayed in the Women's Medical Bureau. The following year, she presided over the Tianjin Medical School, personally teaching and teaching what she had learned in her life. At the age of 30, she married the Portuguese musician da Silva and gave birth to a boy two years later, but the exotic marriage lasted only 10 years. The only son followed his father, Da Silva, and died in World War I shortly after he became an adult. After moving to the new site, the area of the women's medical bureau has been expanded several times, and there are two hospitals in the front and back, the front hospital as the outpatient department, the back courtyard as the inpatient department, 60 or 70 rooms, and more than 40 beds. New operating rooms, laboratories, pharmacies, etc. were built. At the same time, Jin Yunmei recruited famous Chinese and foreign doctors and introduced and purchased a number of advanced Western medical instruments and equipment, so that the Beiyang Women's Medical Bureau could develop rapidly and become a famous obstetrics and gynecology hospital in China.
Today's Shui Ge Avenue.
Later, the hospital business increased year by year, and admirers flocked to it. The number of outpatient visits per day reached nearly 200 people, and the cost soared. Although the Women's Medical Bureau has a monthly subsidy of 700 yuan of official silver, it still relies on donations from all walks of life to maintain it. From 1912 to 1913, hospitals and academies were in difficulty in funding, and Tianjin Customs often delayed or reduced them. Jin Yunmei barely maintained the operation of the hospital by relying on social donations and self-salary cuts. By 1914, the hospital could not be sustained. In 1915, Jin Yunmei resigned and went to the United States. Later, the hospital and school were taken over by Tianjin modern educators Yan Fansun, Li Qinxiang and others, Wang Shiyuan (who served as an envoy to ChangluYan) and Zhang Boling successively served as the chairman of the first and second boards of directors of the school, and the school was changed from a public office to a joint government and business. The school was renamed tianjin women's medical bureau attached to the nurse midwifery school. In 1920, Jin Yunmei returned to China and settled in Beijing, mainly engaged in education and charity activities. Later, Jin Yunmei was old and sick and was admitted to Union Hospital many times. In 1934, he died in Beijing at the age of 70. Before her death, she donated her real estate, savings, books, etc. to Yenching University and Tianjin Muzhai School. This woman with a bumpy life, with her superb medical skills and selfless love, created an extraordinary legend of ordinary women in that era. In 1935, the Women's Medical Bureau re-established its charter and changed its name to Tianjin Women's Hospital, with Zhang Boling as the chairman at the time. After the founding of New China, the hospital was changed to Tianjin Municipal Maternal and Child Health Hospital, becoming the earliest maternal and child health care institution in the city. In December 1970, the health center was renamed Tianjin Shuige Hospital. In 2004, the old city was renovated, and the Water Pavilion Hospital was demolished to Tiantuo Hospital. In 2011, Shuige Hospital was rebuilt on Beicheng Street. After several changes, Beiyang Women's Medical Hall was merged into Tianjin Nursing School in 1949 and became Tianjin Medical College in 2002.
Now it has moved to Shui Ge Hospital at 1256 Beicheng Street.