Is Xi'an the ancient capital of the Ten Dynasties or the ancient capital of the Thirteen dynasties? Is Luoyang the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties or the ancient capital of the Thirteenth Dynasty?

In Chinese history, 20 regimes are believed to have established the capital in Xi'an. But which of these should be called dynasties, and which of these dynasties should be considered xi'an, is a matter of divergent opinions. This is the difference in people's understanding of the concepts of "dynasty", "capital" and "capital", which leads to disagreements about which dynasties built capitals in a certain place. The current officially adopted term is 13 dynasties. In addition, there are mainly 10 dynasties, 11 dynasties, 12 dynasties, 14 dynasties and 17 dynasties, and there are four different quantitative theories; of which the specific dynasties of the 14 dynasties and the 17 dynasties have two different theories.

In order of quantity, there are mainly the following statements:

* 10 Dynasties - In chronological order:

Western Zhou (363 BC), Qin (15 years after unification), Western Han (210 BC), Former Zhao (11 years), Former Qin (33 years), Later Qin (34 years), Western Wei (22 years), Northern Zhou (25 years), Sui (38 years), Tang (273 years).

* 11 Dynasties – A new dynasty (15 BC) established by Wang Mang on top of the 10 dynasties.

* 12 Dynasties – Add the Western Jin Dynasty (4th year of Emperor Huan) on top of the 11th Dynasty.

* 13 Dynasties – Add the Eastern Han Dynasty (6 years to emperor Xian) on top of the 12 dynasties.

* 14 Dynasties - There are two scenarios:

1. Add the Bactrian Dynasty on top of the 13 dynasties;

2. Add the Wu Zhou (15 years) established by Wu Zetian on the basis of the 13 dynasties.

* 16 Dynasties - On the basis of the 13 dynasties, the First Dynasty regime established by Liu Xuan in the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Chimei regime established by Fan Chong, and the Daqi regime established by Huang Chao.

* 17 Dynasties – divided into two cases:

1. On the basis of the first scenario of the 14 dynasties, add The Great Shun founded by Wu Zhou, Da Qi and Li Zicheng.

2. On the basis of the 13 dynasties, add the Gengshi regime, the Chimei regime, and the Daqi and Dashun regimes.

Luoyang:

The ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties

Dynasty Name Capital City Location The emperor lived at the time of the establishment of the capital

Eastern Zhou Luoyi Wangcheng (on both sides of the Jian River) Ping Wang to Zhao Wang, a total of 25 kings 771 BC - 256 BC

Eastern Han Dynasty Luoyang Ancient City of Han Wei Emperor Guangwu to Emperor Xian, a total of 12 emperors 25 years - 190 years

Cao Wei Luoyang Ancient City of Han Wei Emperor Wen to Emperor Yuan, a total of 5 emperors 221-265 years

Western Jin Dynasty Luoyang Ancient City of Han Wei Emperor Wu to Emperor Huan, a total of 4 emperors 265-313 years

Northern Wei Luoyang Ancient City of Han Wei Emperor Xiaowen to Emperor Xiaowu Seven Emperors 493-534

Sui Dongdu, Tokyo Sui and Tang Dynasty Ancient City Emperor Jue, Emperor Gong 606-618

Wu Zhou Luoyang Sui Tang Ancient City Wu Zetian

Later Liang Xidu Sui and Tang Dynasty Ancient City Taizu, Emperor Ying, and Emperor Last Emperor 909-913

Later Tang Dynasty Eastern Capital Sui Tang Ancient City Zhuangzong, Mingzong, Emperor Min, And Emperor Last 923-936

Luoyang's dynastic number is recognized as the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties, and in recent years some scholars believe that it is 13 dynasties, or 15 dynasties or even more.

13 dynasties added

Xia Shu (夏斟鄩 偃師二里頭太康), Zhongkang (孔甲), Di Gao (帝皋), Xia Jie (夏鄩) Yanshi Erlitou (太康), Kong Jia (孔甲), Di Gao (帝皋), and Xia Jie (夏桀) 2070 BC – 1600 BC

Shang Xi Bo Yanshi Corpse Township Ditch Shang Tang, Wai Bing, Zhongren, Taijia, etc. 1600 BC - 1046 BC

Western Zhou Luoyi, Chengzhou On both sides of the River Chengwang, Kangwang, Zhaowang, Muwang, etc. 1046 BC - 771 BC

Later Jin Dynasty, Xijing, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Gaozu 936–938 (about 2 years)

However, due to the fact that one of the conclusions of the "Xia-Shang-Zhou Dynasty History" in the international community is not recognized, the "Xia-Shang" two dynasties; the Western Zhou and later Jin also had different opinions, so historians have not yet reached a conclusion.

15 dynasties added

Western Han Luoyang Ancient City of Han wei Gaozu 202 BC - 199 BC

Republic of China Luoyang 1932

These two periods are too short to be generally ignored.

Luoyang was ruled by Henan Province during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and there was a commissioner's office during the Republic of China, and in 1948 it was placed in Luoyang, but it was a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Luoyang District, and in 1956 it was a prefecture-level city (a provincial-level city).

Luoyang is known as the "Ancient Capital of the Nine Dynasties" and the "Ancient Capital of the Thirteenth Dynasty". Among them, the nine of the "ancient capitals of the nine dynasties" refer to the recognized nine dynasties, and some people think that it means many, and 13 of the "ancient capitals of the thirteen dynasties" refer to the number of dynasties that built the capital.