"The Biography of the Painter" ~ Part 161
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > Guo Xi was a well-known calligrapher and painter in the Yuan Dynasty, but to whom did he sell calligraphy and paintings? All kinds of bitterness! </h1>
Text/Lu Xiuhui
Guo Ji (1280-1335), also spelled Tianxi, also spelled Youzhi, alias Beishan, was a native of Kaisha (present-day Gaoqiao Township, Dantu County, Jiangsu Province).
Guo Ji's father, Guo Jingxing, was a native of Zhenjiang. According to the "Zhishun Zhen Jiang Zhi", Guo Jingxing was a student of Song Xianchun's five-year township trial to make up for Gongtai. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Jingxing had a certain influence. Hanlin Wang Shuo and Editor Li Qian went south to Jiangnan, selected Ru Lin Caijun, and the sheriff recommended Guo Jingxing, who resigned on the grounds that his family had a high hall and needed to be personally served. Later, The Great Si Nong Yan Gong Nan and the Punishment Zhao Wenchang were also recommended to the province, and were appointed as the chief of Huaihai Academy, the professor of Confucianism in Changxing Prefecture on The Huzhou Road, and the judge of Huangyan Prefecture on taizhou road. Filial piety by nature, when his mother died more than ninety years ago, Guo Jingxing was also seventy years old. Guo Jingxing's calligraphy has the intention of the Song Dynasty, and the extreme degree of law is intended to be jin and tang.
Guo Xue was born as a scholar, and successively served as a scholar, a college chief, an inspector, and a professor, and ended up as a provincial official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It is not easy to learn officials, talk about qualifications, and promotion is slow, and each position needs to be done for three years to be promoted. And only the position of professor is a jiupin official, and the professor is descended, and all of them are provided by rice. And the rice is often delayed and underpaid for various reasons.
After the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, the people were divided into four ethnic groups: Mongols, Semu, Han Chinese, and Nan people, and the Nan people were at the lower end of the ethnic group and had the lowest political status. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yanyou re-examination, there was no examination for forty years, and the path of Jiangnan shiren to the career path was blocked. He could only be promoted or conscripted as an official, or played the role of an official at all levels of government in Jiangnan. How to make a living for themselves has become a problem that Jiangnan shi people must face. Although the Yuan Dynasty did not last long, from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Shun Emperor's northern retreat, it was only ninety years, and there was no examination for forty years, which ruined the rice bowl of this industry and ruined the hope of Shilin.
During Guo's lifetime, especially in the later period of his life, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty had firmly controlled the political power and ushered in a period of relative stability. During this period, the intellectuals in Jiangnan gradually adapted to the rule of the Mongols from rebellion. More and more students began to devote themselves to books, poetry, and painting. Forty years of examinations have made the world's sons lose their goals. Guo's talent and learning could only be expressed in calligraphy and painting. Miao Quansun wrote in an orderly manner in the "Diary of Yunshan", saying that Guo Shushu imitated Zhao Songxue and the painter Gao Fangshan.
During this period, art flourished, and teaching, farming, business, calligraphy and seal engraving, and practicing medicine became the means for scholars to make a living. A hundred industries are difficult, let alone students? The first line of Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou and Suzhou has been destroyed, and it is even more difficult to move.
The YuanDian Zhang contains: taking the examination of confucian officials in the old age, there is a chance to be promoted, and there is also a chance to enter the career; the confucians can get a scholarship, similar to the scholarship; the Confucians can be exempted from partial enlistment. According to Cheng Jufu's performance of Chen Wushi in the nineteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), the status of Jiangnan Shizi was very low. Cheng Jufu Chen Five Things: First, to take the Jiangnan Shi nationality; second, the choice of the north and south; third, to establish the examination calendar; fourth, to put the corrupt nationality; fifth, to provide Jiangnan officials and officials. The Jiangnan officials did not provide any of them, let alone anything else.
Guo Xi left behind a "Diary of Yunshan", which is a true portrayal of his life from August to October of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1308), recorded in Zhenjiang and Hangzhou. In particular, the life scenes such as the characters, scenic spots, monks' temples, streets, markets, gardens and other life scenes in Zhenjiang at that time are recorded, which is a very rare and precious local historical material. Use this diary to talk about the life of the scholars under the rule of the Yuan.
It is quite difficult for the soldiers to survive, and there are soldiers who fish for a living. By November 25 of the first year of the Great Era, Guo Ji wrote: "Wu Geng, (Zhao) Wenqing about to fish, give Gengchen a day is not enough" resigned. Zhao Wenqing has done a direct study of ChangxingZhou School, at this time has left his job, can only fishing for the industry, otherwise, how to survive?
There are pharmacies for scholars. Guo Ji's "Diary of Yunshan" records that Liu Xiangfu, Yao Zihe, and Zhenjiang Shiren Lang, all of whom opened pharmacies to make a living. Guo Xi recorded on November 15 of the first year of the Zhi Dynasty: "After Passing Liu Xiangfu's medicine store, cutting sheep and selling wine, still asking Zhao Wenqing to drink together."
Guo Ji in the diary of March 29 of the second year of his second year, "Tong (Fan) Renqing went to his garden to collect. "Planting mulberry silkworms is the traditional means of livelihood in Jiangnan, in fact, it is the depression of the hundred industries, and the silk weaving industry, as a high-end consumer goods, is no longer the era of "ten thousand horses at sunrise and clothes under the world" in the Northern Song Dynasty.
On June 14, 2002, Guo Yu lived in zhan yunqing house in Xinghua County, "Liu Juchuan was newly ripe, the taste was quite pure, and he came early with a pot and drank several lines with Zhan Public." Although Guo Xi did not say whether self-brewing was bought and sold or used by himself, the scholars had adapted to not reading as a profession, but surviving with craftsmanship. Shilin is in a daze.
Guo Xi wrote in his diary on September 19, 2002: "Go to Lin Gengfu paper shop for tea. Lin Gengfu was also Guo Ji's Shilin friend; Guo Hao wrote in his diary on September 27, 2012: "At the head of the Chen Shu Shop in Qianqiu Bridge, there are several kinds of books sold by Beike. ”
Of course, there are also officials who make a living in the government. Among the Han courtiers in the "History of the Yuan", there are few who have ever been a scholar or official, except after Yan you fuke.
Guo Ji recorded on November 25 of the first year of the Great Era: "Lu (grass window), Yuan (Zhengfu) Erzhang, keep Zhu Mo for karma, small things and means thick. "Keeping Zhu Mo for business", referring to the officials, is also barely living, and sometimes drinks the northwest wind.
The Guo family owned land, and leased land was the main source of income for Guo And his family. Guo Xi paid great attention to agriculture in his diary, and wrote on August 28 of the first year: "When the rains stopped, the late rice and beans were saved. "Years are sad, years are sad, every year is sad, Guo Xi still has to go to the Golden Temple to collect rent at the end of the year, how to collect the rent of nianguan? Heavy snow fell in the sky, and the snow blocked the road ahead, blocking Guo Xi's way home for dozens of miles, and he returned to Zhenjiang Chinese New Year's Eve night.
It is not easy to take the official's money, and it is perfectly normal to owe money and drag rice. The xueguan's salary is paid by the income of the school field, and the income is neither stable nor guaranteed. Guo Xi owed Mi Sishi two years ago when he was studying as a scholar in Changxing Prefecture, and two years later, he forced him to personally ask for Feng Lu. Although Mi wanted to return, it caused a contradiction between the state scholar and the Changxing Prefecture Zhizhou, and a fierce quarrel occurred within the state school.
Having said all this, just to ask a question, who sells calligraphy and paintings to, and who wants them? Guo Ji was a well-known calligrapher and painter in the Yuan Dynasty, sitting in Zhenjiang, what did he receive?
On the ninth day of the first month of November in the first leap year, Guo Ji wrote: "Pan Jifu sent tea and asked for a book with twelve pieces of paper. On September 30 of the second year of the second year, Guo Xi wrote: "Wang Er and Wang Qi, the sons of Prince Qi' governor, also, with a big sign of pine wood, asked for a book to honor the governor's tomb, and brought wine to the table, when Zhao Xinfu visited each other and drank together." "Chinese has been painting for a long time, and it is not easy for calligraphers and painters to paint, so what is the urgency of calligraphers and painters now?"
Guo Qi's image is good, no need to package, he is tall, long beard, fluttering, has a great immortal style, known as Guo Hair, typical artist characteristics. Guo Xi adhered to the family learning, was good at debate, was proficient in Mongolian, and was a minister in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. His "Plum Blossom" poem Cloud:
Tensen cut Akagi Kasumi,
The first flower of west lake is embellished.
YanYe seems to be indifferent,
The wind is still oblique.
Ken fights with the peach and plum for spring color,
Gan and Matsumi accompany the years.
Recognize the apricot and discern the peach I do not know,
Poor exile.
Guo Xi's plum blossom poems, there is not a single plum word in the whole text, but there is a plum everywhere, the plum in his poems, the character is noble, gorgeous and lovely, Ling Feng Douxue, he portrays the plum blossoms in the poems into three points, Guo Jie's poetic skills are different, very deep.
Guo Xi lived in Jingkou, which is now Zhenjiang, so his works often belong to Jingkou. He is good at debating, he often paints after drinking, and he is very happy, even if he is scribbled, he is regarded as a treasure by the world. His calligraphy, Zhao Mengfu, resembled gods and gods, and once wrote the Songxue Collection for Zhao. Zhao Mengfu was overjoyed after reading it, and wrote a poem behind this work, praising it greatly.
Guo Xi has survived in the "Snow Bamboo Picture Scroll", which depicts heavy snow flying, thousands of miles, in the snowy field, the bamboo bushes are under the pressure of snow, and have been tilted to one side. Although the work is written about snow bamboo, Guo Xi's magnificent composition is different. With a little powder as the snow in the air, the background brushstrokes are full of changes, as if there is a dangerous mountain mood. Guo Xi renders the emptiness and remoteness of the background with a broad brush. Snow is written in blank space, ink pen is written in bamboo, and ochre is mixed to make the ink color full of variation and layering. The highs and lows of the hillside are rendered in stick figures. The whole snow bamboo is very vivid. The whole picture adopts a horizontal composition, the field of view is wide, the sky is lush, there are no characters, there are no huts, banqiao, trails, it is purely a deep natural scene, so secluded. The whole snow bamboo and mountain stones are in harmony with nature, giving birth to a feeling of fresh cold. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty inscribed a poem after the painting "Guo Xue bamboo map":
The north wind blows cold rocks,
Knee six scissors jade flying debris.
Weichuan Qi'ao layer ice,
Look at the Lang Yue quite high festival alone.
Years of poverty without changing the color of the warehouse,
Pink sticky green mistakes are amazing.
Withered branches protruding from dense leaves,
The snow freezes without breaking.
Provincial Lang Miao pen is good at painting Zen,
Shi Xin Su Qing is a master.
Guo Gonggong is good at painting, and calligraphy is studied by Zhao Mengfu. He also taught Gao Yanjing and obtained his penmanship. He grew up in Xiao Kai, and once wrote the "Cedar Zhai Collection" for Zhao Mengfu, and Zhao Mengfu made a trek, and greatly praised Guo Qi, saying that he was prepared for it. He was the kindest with the Wuxi painter Ni Zhan, and the two had close contacts and the longest fellowship. Mi Fu once settled in Jingkou (the old name of Zhenjiang), so the people of Jingkou worshiped Mi Fu. Guo's painting method imitates mi fu, but he can often come up with new ideas and become a well-known calligrapher and painter in the Yuan Dynasty. He likes to drink, and often after he is drunk, he writes and pens, and he is excited to come to God, and the ink is dripping, which is treasured by the world.
He is the author of the "Collection of Retreating Thoughts", which was compiled by his son Guo Qiqiu and ordered by Yu Xilu.
Lu Xiuhui has a poem "Ancient Wind • Zanguo Qi", which reads:
Scholar and Man Hundred Karma Tour,
Ru gave birth to a fishing boat.
Calligraphy and painting into a lowly business,
Hungry and drunk tea.
When can I dream well,
Early winter mature autumn.
Happy door to young and old,
Stay for a full meal.