In 316 AD, Liu Yao, the King of Zhongshan of Han Zhao, attacked Chang'an, and the city was starving, with rice and 2 gold per bucket of gold, and people couldnibalize each other. Sima Yi, the Emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, surrendered. The Western Jin Dynasty died. Liangzhou assassinated Shi Zhang Rail to avoid chaos in Hexi and established the former Liang regime. At that time, Former Zhao Liu Yao and Later Zhao Shile were in contention, and the military revolution was endless and chaotic, while Hexi was relatively stable, and many Central Plains people were living in Hexi, and the history records that "Zhongzhou avoided chaos one after another",[1] "The Yongjia Rebellion, the people of Zhongzhou avoided Hexi, and Zhang Li used it." The descendants inherit each other, and the crown does not fall, so the Liangzhou number is Duoshi. [2] This wave of displaced people once again imported the Confucian civilization of the Central Plains into the Hexi region, resulting in the emergence of many famous scholars in Liangzhou, and Hexi Confucianism showed unprecedented prosperity and played an important role in the sinicization reform of the later Northern Wei.
Mr. Chen Yinke said in the "Narrative" of the "Brief Discussion on the Origin of the Sui and Tang Dynasties": In the Rebellion of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty, the cultural transfer of the Central Plains Wei and Jin dynasty was preserved in a corner of Liangzhou, and the Northern Wei took Liangzhou, while the Hexi culture was imported into Wei, and the canonical system formulated by the Xiaowen and Xuanwu dynasties of Northern Wei was deeply affected by it, so the source of (Northern) Wei and (Northern) Qi also had a vein in Hexi. [3]
Chen Yin talked about the influence of Liangzhou culture on the Sui and Tang dynasties
Since Liangzhou opened up the track, he believed in Buddhism. Dunhuang is connected to the western region, the Taoist customs are handed over to its old style, the village docks belong to each other, and there are many pagoda temples.
Zhang Rail was a native of Wushi County, Anding County (present-day Guyuan, Ningxia).
The development of Buddhism in the former Liang dynasty was most prosperous during the period of the last kingdom, Tianxi. [4] From the "Biography of Zhang Yi, an appendage of the Jin Dynasty and Zhang Rail", it is revealed that "Liu Hong, a Jingzhao man, who was holding zuo Dao, lived on the fifth mountain of Tianti, and the lamp hung in the cave as a light, so as to confuse the people, and more than a thousand people who received the Tao, and everything happened left and right"[5] It is revealed that the Tianti Mountain south of the former Liang capital City of Guzang was then inhabited by the disciples of the Left Dao, and there were many believers, even the cronies around the former Liangguo advocates.
When Zhang Mao was in charge, he built the Lingjun Terrace several times, reflecting Zhang Mao's Taoist consciousness tendencies. By the time of Zhang Jun's reign, the Former Liang regime was stable, the territory was expanded, and especially the control of the western region was effectively strengthened, and He sent Shi Yangxuan to attack the western region, attacking Guizi and Shanshan, and setting up the county of Gaochang. When it was, "the countries of the Western Regions offered sweat and blood horses, fire raccoon cloth, calves, peacocks, giant elephants and more than 200 rare treasures", and the king of Shanshan, Yuan Meng, offered his daughter, and the front of Yanqi and the king of Khotan sent tributes. [6]
Volume 7 of the Chu Sanzang Ji Ji (Chu San Zang Ji Ji) records the translation of Buddhist scriptures during Zhang Tianxi's reign in the late Liang Dynasty, Yun: Xian'an Three Years, Aged in Deca (373),[7] Liangzhou Thorn Shi Zhang Tianxi in the prefecture out of this Shou Leng Yan Jing. At that time, there was a moon branch Upasai Shi Kun holding a beard. Zhi Bo synthesized the sutras, Yu Fang and other Samadhi special good, and their dedication to Mahayana learning also. Out of "Shou Leng Yan", "Su Lai", "Shangjin Guangshou", "Ru Xian Samadhi", when in Liangzhou, the main hall of the prefecture Zhan Luxuan under the set. The translator of the time is Guizi Wang Shizi Shuyan Shan Jin Hu Yin. Yanbo dissolves the group, both inside and outside. The recipients often serve Xihai Zhao, Huishui Ling Ma Yi, and Nei Shi Lai Gongzheng, all three of whom are handsome and moral. When sitting in the sand gate to explain the wisdom and release of the often, the release is carried out. Liangzhou is a self-contained word, the purpose of the word is as it is, not decorated with text, decorated with near customs, close to the tao, and the literary quality is only the ear of the saint. [8]
Former Liang Late advocated that Tianxi hold this translation session in the main hall of Liangzhou, Zhan Luxuan, and the Translation of Buddhist Scriptures by the Yuezhi Monk Zhi Shi Lun and the Guizi Wang Shizi Shuyan, and zhao Yi, Shi Huichang and other pens were recorded. There is a similar record of this in volume 4 of the Kaiyuan Commentary, and Youyun: "From Zhang Rail (谥 is the King of Wu) Yongning Yuannian Xin You (301) to Tianxi Qin Fengqi Grand General, Liangzhou Muxian'an Six-Year Jingzi (376), all through the Eight Lords, seventy-six years." The foreign Upanishads are translated by one person, and the four parts are combined in six volumes, and the three parts are found in one volume and one volume, and the three parts are five volumes. ”[9]
Although the time described here begins in 301 when Zhang Rail was the assassin of Liangzhou, to the death of The Former Liang State in 376 when Zhang Tianxi was in charge, only the four translations of the scriptures by a foreign monk, namely Zhi Shilun's translation of "Shou Leng Yan", "Su Lai", "Shangjin Guangshou", and "Ru Xian San ming", were translated by Zhang Tianxishi. Therefore, it can be concluded that the prosperity of Pre-Liang Buddhism was mainly during the Zhang Tianxi period. Unfortunately, not long ago, Liang perished, so Zhi Sheng, the author of the "Kaiyuan Interpretation of the Teachings", sighed: "The former Liang generation should be more out of the scriptures, and after the encounter, fortunately continue to be compiled and attached." ” [10]
Regarding former Liang Buddhism, attention should also be paid to the bronze statue cast by the former Liang state capital Guzang Dongyuan and the creation of the Mogao Grottoes. "Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn : Former Lianglu V" Yun: "Taihe Four Years,...... It is the age of the Poplar Trees of Guzang North Mountain (Liangzhou Lotus Mountain), the Xiyuan Mulu Deer Horn, and the Dongyuan Copper Buddha Hair. [11] During the Pre-Liang Dynasty, the grottoes inhabited by Confucian scholars and the Zoroastrian activities on Tianti Mountain were only seen in the Qilian Mountains, and the Buddhist grottoes had not yet appeared, but there was already evidence of the casting of Buddha statues in Guzang City. According to the "Monument and Preface to the Buddha Shrine of the Great Zhou Lijun Mogao Grottoes" erected in the first year of the Wuzhou Holy Calendar (689) and its manuscript documents, the Mogao Cavers, in the fourth year of the former Liang Taiqing Dynasty (366 AD), had Shamen Ledao, abstained from practicing purity, persevered in meditation, tasted the Xilinye, stopped this mountain, suddenly saw the golden light, there were a thousand Buddhas, so they built a cave in the air. The second time there is the Dharma Zen master, from the east to this, and then with the side of the cave of the master, more from the construction. From the beginning of Garan, he was indiscriminately coveted by the two monks. [12]
Liangzhou Lotus Mountain
In 376, Former Qin was extinguished. During the pre-Qin period, Buddhism in Hexi was further developed, especially Wuwei Taishou Zhao Zheng was extremely reverent of Buddhism, which promoted the development of Buddhism in Hexi and its exchanges with the Guanzhong region. Volume 13 of the Exodus Collection of Records of the Three Treasures, "The Biography of Tanma Nanti" Yun: "Therefore far away from the quicksand, Huaibao traveled east, and took the twenty years (384) of Jian Jianyuan as for Chang'an. First, the Middle-earth Group Sutra, there is no "Four Containments". Wu Wei, a strong attendant, was too guarding Zhao Zheng, and Zhi Shen Was hidden, so he asked an official to go out with An Gong. At that time, Murong Chong had rebelled, raised an army to attack Jian, and there was a commotion in Guanzhong. Zheng Yu wrote two Sanskrit texts in Chang'an City, which were translated by Fang. Zhu Buddha's recitation, Hui Song's pen received. From summer to spring, the two years have passed. With the second "Ahan", where one hundred volumes. From the flow of the Eastern Xia, to the end of the World, the number of volumes is numerous, but this is wide. [13] Zhao Zheng served as the Taishou of Wuwei and later moved to Secretary Lang. In the same volume of the same book, the "Biography of Sangha Ba Cheng" also yun: "Jian's secretary Lang Zhao Zhengzi literary industry, erudite and talented, that is, Jian Zhilin and Yu Ye." Worship Dafa, taste the foreign teachings of Abhidharma, and recite the Abhidharma, which is a four-fold ritual offering, please translate Sanskrit. Therefore, the common name of the Master of Virtue, Shi Dao'an Ji Monk, translated it. ...... Translated from the nineteenth year of the pseudo-Jianyuan Dynasty (383), from Mengxia to Mid-Autumn. [14] This shows that in the late Qin Dynasty, Zhao Zheng revered Buddhism and was enthusiastic about translating the scriptures, and during his tenure as Wuwei Taishou, he must have promoted Liangzhou Buddhism greatly, and promoted buddhist cultural exchanges between Hexi and Guanzhong. The most important monk who participated in the translation of the sutra, Zhu Fonian, was a Liangzhou native, "Jiashi Xihe, Dongxiao Fang, Huarong Yinyi, Mo Bu Jie", known as the "Sect of Translators". [15]
When Jian Jian launched the Battle of Shuishui, he appointed Zhang Tianxi as the general of Sima Nan of Zhengnan. Who expected Zhang Tianxi to have hatred in his heart and turn against him. Zhang Tianxi's defection directly caused Jian Jian to be destroyed by the Sima family of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Battle of Shuishui. After the war, Zhang Tianxi officially submitted to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Eastern Jin dynasty decreed that Zhang Tianxi be appointed as a regular attendant and a left member, and restored the title of Duke of Xiping County. Soon, he conferred on Zhang Tianxi the title of Golden Purple Guanglu Doctor. [16] In the second year of Yixi (406), Zhang Tianxi died at the age of sixty-one. Emperor Sima Dezong posthumously presented Zhang Tianxi with the title of Grand Master of the Golden Purple Guanglu, and gave him the title of mourner, and was buried with a royal ceremony. [17]
Named after Zhang Tianxi's era name, Taiqing Fengle
After Zhang Tianxi's death, he was buried in Jiankang (present-day Nanjing). So far in the jiangsu province, there are many remnants of Taiqing Fengle. Sixteen Kingdoms period: Guzang in the north and Jiankang in the south. It seems to be worthy of the name~
[1] Book of Jin, vol. 86, Biography of Zhang Rail, vol. 7, p. 2225.
[2] Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 123, Song Ji V, Wendi Yuanjia Sixteenth Year (439) Notes on Husan Province, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, June 1956, vol. 8, p. 3877.
[3] Chen Yinke, "A Brief Treatise on the Origins of the Sui and Tang Dynasties," Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, May 1963, p. 2.
[4] Book of Jin, vol. 86, "The Biography of Zhang Yu, an appendage of Zhang Rail", vol. 7, p. 2230.
[5] Book of Jin, vol. 86, "The Biography of Zhang Yu, an appendage of Zhang Rail", vol. 7, p. 2230.
[6] Wang Su, "The Hook and Sink of the Fire Zoroastrian Teachings in the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties", Chinese Literature and History Series, No. 2, 1985.
[7] According to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Jianwen of the Eastern Jin Dynasty used the Xian'an era name for only two years, and the third year of Xian'an, that is, the first year of Emperor Xiaowu's Ning Kang, that is, 373 AD, the dry branch was decalination.
[8] Shi Sangyou's Collected Works of Chu Sanzang, vol. 7, unspecified author, Afterword to the Shuren Yanjing, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, November 1995, p. 271.
[9] Zhi Sheng, Kaiyuan Commentary, Vol. 4, Taisho Collection, vol. 55, Taipei: New Wenfeng Publishing Co., Ltd., December 2000, p. 519.
[10] Zhi Sheng, Kaiyuan Commentary, vol. 4, Taisho Zang, vol. 55, p. 519.
[11] Cui Hong, "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms," vol. 74, "Former Lianglu V. Zhang Tianxi", photocopy of Wen Yuange's Siku Quanshu, "History Department, Chronicles", Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, May 2003, vol. 463, p. 919.
[12] The stele originally stood on the south side of the front room of Cave 332 of Mogao Caves, and now exists in the Dunhuang Research Institute. P.2551 has its manuscript.
[13] Shōshū Shōshū Sh Volume 9 explains Dao'an's "Preface to the Sutra of Zengyi Ahan": "There are foreign Shamen Tama who are difficult to mention,...... In the past twenty years of Qin Jianyuan's knowledge of Chang'an, foreign villagers are all good, and Wuwei taishou Zhao Wenye asked for orders. The Buddha reads the translation, and the Tan Song pen receives. p. 339.
[14] The Collected Records of the Three Treasures, vol. 13, The Biography of Sangha Vajrayogini, pp. 522-523. Volume 10 of the Afterword to the Sanghacharya Sutra Yun: "On November 30, 20th year of the Great Qin Dynasty, the Gyalpo bhikkhu Sangha Vajrayogini recited this sutra and the Vipassana at the Shiyang Monastery in Chang'an. Fotu Luocha translation, Qin Yan WeiJing, Shamen Shi Dao'an, Chao Xian Zhao Wenye, Study of Reasoning, Every Saving Wonderful End, So To Liu Lian, until February 9, 2011. p. 374.
[15] Shi Huijiao's Biography of a High Monk, vol. 1, "Translation of the Sutras on the Recitation of the Buddha's Recitation of The Jin Dynasty," p. 40.
[16] Book of Jin, vol. 86, Liechuan 56: When Jian da was defeated at Huaifei, Tianxi marched for Sima Nan for Xiang Rong and returned to The Kingdom. The edict said: "Xi Mengming does not replace, and finally shows his merits, and he will not use it in one fell swoop!" It uses Tianxi as a scattered riding attendant and a left member. He also commanded: "The former Tai Wei and Xi Ping Gong Zhang Rail are in the Domain of Virtue, and the hereditary former labor." The strong soldiers indulged in harm, and then they fell into disarray. Scattered riding often serves The Heavenly Tin pulls up the traces of the ascending dynasty, the first ancestor is replaced, and the Duke of Xiping County can be restored to heaven. "Oh worship Golden Purple Guanglu Doctor."
[17] Book of Jin, Vol. 86, Liechuan No. 56: Tianxi has few literary talents and a reputation far and near. and returned to the dynasty, and was very blessed. The courtiers destroyed their kingdoms and destroyed them. When King Daozi tasted what came out of his western soil, Tianxi responded: "Mulberries are sweet and sweet, owls are rusty, cheese is nourishing, and people have no jealousy." "The posterior god is faint, and although he is in a position, he is no longer met by his teeth. In Long Anzhong, he would audit shizi yuanxian to use things, often extending it, thinking that it was a joke. With his family poor, Bai Lujiang is too defensive, and this official is the same. When Huan Xuan wanted to recruit Si yuan, he used Tianxi as a lieutenant to protect the Qiang and assassinate the history of Liangzhou. He was sixty-one years old. Posthumously awarded Dr. Jin Ziguang lu.