The experience and construction of Chinese Jiangnan literature by ancient Korean literati

"Jiangnan" is a specific human geography concept that has been continuously derived and formed in the history of our country. Of course, the "Jiangnan" mentioned here is Jiangnan in the narrow sense, which is the "small Jiangnan" corresponding to "Great Jiangnan" or "Pan Jiangnan". It specifically refers to the southern bank area of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, that is, the "Eight Provinces" such as "Ninghangjia Lake in Susongchang Town" with Wuyue culture and Jinling culture as the core.

　　Throughout the ages, the poetic Gangnam has always been a geographical space that the literati of the Korean Peninsula are fascinated by. Through various artistic expressions such as literature, painting, calligraphy, music, sculpture and architecture, they made a wonderful "cultural package" of Damei Gangnam, and drew a "Gangnam Appreciation Map" spanning more than 1500 years of historical time and space from the monks of the Three Kingdoms period of the Korean Peninsula to The beginning of the 20th century to Kim Taek-young.

　　From seeking the Dharma to going into exile

　　Experience is originally a life course that is personally experienced and understood in the field. The Gangnam experience of the ancient Korean literati has both this direct experience that gives many practices and experience accumulation, as well as an indirect experience of unreality due to the limitations or effects of subjective and objective factors. It mainly includes the following forms of various types of experiences.

　　1. Seeking the law and patrolling type. Buddhism was one of the focal points in the ancient cultural exchanges between China and North Korea. From the beginning of Liang Chen in the Southern Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, it was not uncommon for famous monks on the Korean Peninsula, represented by monks, Juede, Xuanguang, Mingguan, Yuanguang, Zhenguan and Yitian, to cross to China on official or merchant ships, and to seek teachers and worship Buddhas and seek sutras and propagate the Dharma in the Jiangnan region. Korean academic circles call him a "dharma monk" or "studying abroad monk".

　　2. Study abroad type, also known as "shooting strategy eunuch type". Li Guijing said in "The Dialectic of the Eastern Ginseng Chinese List" that the participation of students on the Korean Peninsula in China's imperial examinations began during the Changqing period of Emperor Muzong of Tang and continued until the hongwu emperor in the early Ming Dynasty. Li Yuyuan's "Notes from the Forest" details 33 names and surnames. Among them, there were three jinshi who were both officials in China and closely related to Jiangnan, Choi Ji-won of Silla, Kang Jian of Goryeo, and Jin Tao.

　　3. Courtesy travel type. The Goryeo courtiers Li Qixian and Kwon Han Gong assisted Wang Zhang, the King of Zhongxuan, from the capital of Yuan dadu and traveled through the Jiangnan region to Putuo Mountain to burn incense. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, Zuo Cheng Xiang Bei'er Timid Buhua (Korean called "BeiGe Bu Hua") was very reverent of Lian Ti Xin, so he recommended that He Yuan Shun Emperor, lian Ti Xin as the Yuan Dynasty Yi Zheng Si Cheng as the envoy to hangzhou road. BeiGe Cheng Xiang also tried to invite Zheng Zhi, who was in the Capital of the Yuan Dynasty, to travel to Hangzhou, for which Li Yu specially wrote "SendIng Zheng Zhongfu to Hangzhou To Visit the Five Songs of The Gurudwara".

　　4. Envoy type. It was an important product of clan relations and tributary systems in East Asian feudal societies. The envoys or routes of Jiangnan on the Korean Peninsula are mainly concentrated in the five historical stages of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasty, the Middle and Late Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Early Ming Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was the formative period of diplomatic diplomacy on the Korean Peninsula toward Jiangnan, while the Southern Dynasty was a period of development. The Two Song Dynasties were the mature period of envoy diplomacy and the writing of envoy literature by using the Mingzhou Port of the "East Asian Maritime Silk Road", while the early Ming Dynasty was the peak period, the golden period involving the largest number of characters and works. In addition, there is also the "extraneous version" of envoy diplomacy, that is, the imprisoned exile type represented by Jin Jiurong, but this type is the most prominent in the hongwu emperor period.

　　5. Drifting sea landing type, or "drifting on shore type". Rafting was a normalized phenomenon that occurred between the three kingdoms of China, Korea and Japan in ancient times. Taking the Joseon Dynasty as an example, the deeds of Cui Pu, who drifted to Taizhou, Zhejiang, Lu Zhi, who drifted to Zhangzhou, Fujian, Li Bangyi, who drifted to Penghu, Taiwan, and Cui Doucan, who drifted to Zhoushan, Zhejiang, are the most legendary. After passing through the Jiangnan region, they used the canal or land to go north, and finally returned to China smoothly. Cui Pu's "Drifting Sea Record", Lu Bao's "Jinxi Diary", Li Bangyi's "Drifting Sea Song" and Cui Doucan's "Record of Riding the Chak" are the four famous "Korean Chinese Crusoe" on the Korean Peninsula.

　　6. Sleepwalk Jiangnan type, also known as "sleepwalk Jiangnan type". Like Su Shi and Lü Zuqian's "Lying Journey", it belongs to the typical indirect experience. Mei Xinlin and Yu Zhanghua once said that "swimming" itself has the transcendent significance of god and material travel, and there is also a theory of contemplation in philosophy, and "swimming" can also extend to unrealistic spiritual travel such as eye travel, divine travel, lying down, sleepwalking, etc. Ancient Korean literati used their rich imagination to travel to the jiangnan land of our country, which can be described as a wonderful song of scenery, and the lyrical words were sincere and credible. "A black veil is untidy, drunk and sleepy flower dock dream Jiangnan." Zheng Zhichang's poems vividly express the infinite yearning and longing of the ancient Korean literati group for China's Jiangnan.

　　7. Exile and national worries. In 1905, after the signing of the Treaty of Otomi, Kanazawa was forced into exile in Nantong, Jiangsu Province. He once visited the late Qing Dynasty Shuo Ru Yu Fan, who lived in Suzhou, who gladly wrote the "Preface to the Collection of Shao Hao Tang" for him. "Full of ships and bright moons with false dreams, lying down to the first state in Jiangnan" ("Late By Small Steamship to Suzhou") is a poem that the author chanted when he departed from Shanghai to Suzhou. Jin Zerong has also left a deep footprint in Jiangnan cities such as Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, and Hangzhou.

　　From scope definition to literary meaning

　　The writing of ancient Korean literati's Jiangnan experience literature began in the middle of the 9th century AD by Choi Ji-won and continued until the beginning of the 20th century, with a long history of more than 1,000 years. Choi's literary writing activities in Jiangnan and his dazzling achievements also played a good exemplary role for the ancient Korean literati.

　　The style of ancient Korean literati's Jiangnan experience literature writing in Jiangnan was mainly poetry, prose (including diaries), biographies and novels, which profoundly expressed the extremely rich ideological connotations of engaging in great sincerity to the worship of civilization, from patriotic feelings to cultural self-confidence, from an security state to peaceful coexistence, from long-term peace and stability to a rich country and the benefit of the people, from natural chants to historical songs, from homesickness to life perception. Through creative literary imagination and conscious awareness with a sense of responsibility of the times, they have visualized, idealized and even politicized the literary shaping of Jiangnan in China, and achieved a high degree of sublimation in the aesthetic and spiritual sense with cultural identity as the core.

　　Ancient Korean literati all had a strong foundation in sinology, and the similarity of cultures and interests between China and North Korea made it possible for multi-level exchanges between cultural celebrities of the two countries in the form of "Jiangnan Pen Talk" as the main form, and finally produced a strong emotional resonance with literature, culture, scholarship and even Confucianism as the ontology. From the emperor to the Shangshu, from the Zhuangyuan to the Tanhua, from the famous Confucian to the monk, all of them brought great impetus to the ancient Korean literati's Jiangnan experience of literary writing.

　　Reciprocating the ten thousand miles of the road, the humanities Jiangnan ten thousand books. It can be said that the eclectic Jiangnan culture and context have greatly improved and stimulated the poetic aesthetics and creative inspiration of the ancient Korean literati. Buddhist literature, Jixing literature, envoy literature and drifting literature represented by Yi Tian, Li Qixian, Quan Jin, and Cui Pu have sprung up in large numbers, and representative anthologies such as "Guiyuan Pen Cultivation Collection" and "Shao Hao Tang Collection" have also come into being. Therefore, there is Li Qixian's incomparable agitation in Jiangnan's "Lanzhou Huangfa Baiyun Lou, remotely referring to the first state in Jiangnan" ("Zhouzhong and Yizhai Quan Zaixiang"), and jin Jiurong's "character Che Shu Tang Han Song, Yiguan Li Le Xia Yin Zhou" ("Shangwang Cheng Xiang") in Nanjing. Subsequently, Xu Fu and Zhao Jingxie also issued enthusiastic praises on the Korean Peninsula for "The Ten Continents of The Birth of the East, the Book of The Chronicle of Xu Xiake" ("Preface to the Records of the Riding Chakra") and "Zhongzhou Guiyuan Reciting Cui Xian, Qianzai Re-transmission of Shao Shu Compilation" ("Bang Jin Cangjiang").

　　The ancient Korean literati's experience and literary writing were like a "feast" of Gangnam culture, which brought a strong spiritual impact to the ancient Korean literati group who regarded themselves as "Sunjong Shou Urn" (Heo Jun). In particular, from the 16th century to the 18th century, the Korean Peninsula set off a "national" "Gangnam fever", which vigorously promoted the innovation and vigorous development of culture and art on the Korean Peninsula. Its innovation is mainly reflected in: First, enrich the story theme of the novel and expand the concept of time and space of the novel. For example, most of the historical novels, family door novels, romance novels, and other novels represented by "The Biography of Cui Zhi" and "The Journey of the Golden Mountain Temple" have Jiangnan as the central stage; second, they have created a prosperous situation of harmonic poems, sub-rhyme poems, and imitation poetry with "Jiangnan Spring" as the title; third, they deliberately imitate the series of landscape paintings represented by the Ming Dynasty Suzhou painter Du Jilong, and open up the prologue, painting style, and artistic beauty of the Korean Peninsula's "Jiangnan Spring Map" and "West Lake Map".

　　The Chinese Jiangnan experiential literature of the ancient Korean literati is an important part of the ancient literary system of the Korean Peninsula and an extension and development of the foreign literature of the Korean Peninsula. It echoes the huge jixing literature "Yan Xinglu" that presents the northern culture of our country, further enriching and expanding the artistic treasure house of ancient literature on the Korean Peninsula. The Chinese Jiangnan experiential literature of the ancient Korean literati is also one of the organic components of the comprehensive and diversified investigation of the "Chinese Xingji" (Zhang Bowei) literature in East Asia. It can provide useful supplements and theoretical basis for the study of Silk Road culture and East Asian cross-border literature, the maritime Silk Road and East Asian marine literature, and even the construction of "Oriental Literature and Oriental Literature Discipline System under the Perspective of Silk Road Culture" (Li Yuejin). Ancient Korean literati carried out various forms of literary writing activities in the Jiangnan region of China, and corresponding to the drums of local cultural celebrities in Jiangnan, they jointly embroidered a colorful "Jiangnan Literary Landscape Map". The literary writing of Chinese and Korean literati in Jiangnan, like Zhang Hu, Xu Hun and Cui Zhiyuan's "Runzhou Cihe Temple Poem", has injected fresher "blood" into many natural and cultural landscapes in Jiangnan, giving it literary significance across national borders.

　　(This paper is a phased result of the Humanities and Social Science Research Planning Fund of the Ministry of Education" project "Research on the Creation of Chinese Jiangnan Experiential Literature by Korean Cultural Celebrities: From Guyun Cui Zhiyuan to Cangjiang Jinzerong" (20YJA752018))

　　(Author Affilications:School of Foreign Chinese, Nanjing Normal University)

Source: China Social Science Network - China Social Science Daily Author: Yu Chengyun

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