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Except for a few cave dwellers, yangshao cultural residents generally live in elaborate houses. So far, more than 500 Yangshao cultural housing sites have been excavated, the more important ones are 46 banpo, about 120 Jiangzhai, 32 Beishouling, 12 Fulinbao, 15 Lijiagou, 23 Wayaogou, 7 Xiameng Village, 9 Beiqiu, and about 240 Dadiwan. The houses of Yangshao culture can be divided into circular semi-crypt type, circular ground type, square semi-crypt type, square ground type, square ground multi-room type.
Circular semi-crypts are concentrated in Banpo, Jiangzhai and Wayaogou. The building plan is nearly circular, generally the area is small, and the diameter is mostly 5-6 meters. The foundation of the house is recessed into the ground, the pit wall has a column hole, there are also a number of column holes in the room, there are low walls on both sides of the door, there are rectangular or scoop-shaped stove pits or shallow round stove surfaces in the center of the room, and some stove pits have clay pots for storing fire seeds at the back. The living surfaces and walls are grilled by fire, hard and flat, and a few are not baked. For example, banpo No. 3 housing site, the foundation of the house is round, the diameter is 5 meters, the recess is nearly 1 meter underground, the door is slightly west to the south, and there are partition walls on both sides of the door, which is more than 1 meter long. In the center of the room there is a scoop-shaped stove about 1 meter long, and six pillar holes are arranged in front of and behind the stove. The lower layer of the living surface is covered with branches, and the surface is coated with 8 cm thick grass and mud surface, and it is baked.
Circular ground-type residential sites are also concentrated in Banpo and Jiangzhai. This site is roughly the same layout as the circular semi-crypt type, except that it is built directly from the ground. For example, the site of Banpo No. 22 is a perfect circle, with a diameter of 4.6 meters, a flat wall, and a wall thickness of 0.25-1.3 meters. The door is south, there are partition walls on both sides of the door, the north end of the partition wall is slightly folded inward, there is a rectangular stove pit in the middle of the room, there are four column holes around it, and there are dwarf partition walls between the two pillar holes at the back of the stove pit, and the living surface is 5 cm thick grass and soil.
The square semi-crypt site is square or rectangular, and can be divided into large, medium and small three types, the largest is about 160 square meters, and the small one is only about 10 square meters. The large house site is generally square, the foundation of the house is recessed into the ground, there are narrow slope or step doorways, there are thresholds between the doorway and the living room, there are different numbers of column holes in the room, there are stove pits in the center, and some stove pits also see tinder tanks. The living surface and pit wall are mostly roasted and burned, which is solid and flat. This small and medium-sized square rounded corner semi-crypt type is the most common housing site in the Yangshao culture in the western Henan region of Guanzhong. For example, the site of Banpo No. 41 is 4.4 meters long from east to west, 3.2 meters wide from north to south, the foundation is recessed into the ground by 0.4 meters, the door is south, the doorway is 2.3 meters long, it is slope-shaped, there is a gate, and there is a partition wall inside the door. In the pillar cave of the same type of temple bottom ditch Site 301, stone blocks acting as pillar foundations have also been found. At the site of House 16 in Dahe Village, the walls above the ground are made of red-burnt earth blocks. There are more than 50 evenly arranged column holes around the foundation of No. 14 room in Dahe Village, there is a square burning earth platform in the center of the room, and the living surface has been repaired many times, laying up to 10 floors, which is composed of ginger stone powder, yellow sand and a small amount of clay, paved, smashed, polished, and roasted by fire. This method of laying living surfaces with ginger stone is also found in similar housing sites in North Shouling.
The large house foundations found in Banpo, Quanhu Village and Jiangzhai are all square and semi-crypt buildings. The site of Banpo No. 1 has been destroyed, and the estimated area is 160 square meters. The foundation of the house is recessed into the ground by 0.5 meters, the pit wall is about 1 meter thick, there are column holes in the walls, and the column holes in the corners are relatively dense. There should have been 4 Optimus pillars in the room, and the foot of the column was surrounded by mud circles to form a column base. A covered clay pot was found under the living surface, which was intentionally buried during the construction of the house. The large houses in Jiangzhai generally have an area of more than 80 square meters. There are wide doorways, indoor facing doors with fire pits, and wide platforms on both sides of the fire pit that rise above the ground. In such large houses, it is rare to see those common living utensils and daily pottery in small and medium-sized houses.
The square ground type site plan is square or rectangular, and is built from the ground. This kind of house is more found in Henan and is the main architectural form of Dahe Village culture in central Henan. According to the area, it can be divided into large, medium and small types. Luoyang Wangwan No. 11 site, the wall base is built for digging grooves, filled with red burnt earth fragments, and there are pillar holes inside and outside the foundation. The wall foundation of Site 15 is paved with large flat gravel, and the wall is built directly on it, with wooden columns inside the wall, grass and mud on the outside, a large platform inside, and a small partition wall at the outer end of the platform. The living surface is constructed of two different materials, one is braised soil mixed with grass mud, which is the surface, and the other is made of calcareous triad, which is hard and smooth. The living surface of the square ground-type building in Dahe Village is also mostly paved with layers of fine sand, clay and material ginger stone powder, and the living surface is quite elaborate.
During the Miaodigou culture period, there were already a small number of square ensuite sites. The No. 1 site of the Tongchuan Lijiagou site, with an area of about 50 square meters, has a small suite of about 5 square meters in the house, and the suite also has a wider doorway. Typical square ground multi-room housing sites are more common in the Dahe Village culture and Xiawanggang culture in Henan, and are also found in Qin'an Dadiwan. Three groups of 12 connecting buildings were found at the site of Dahe Village, with well-preserved foundations and walls up to 1 meter high. The structure and construction process of the three contiguous buildings are generally the same. Taking a group of housing sites No. 1-4 as an example, the four room foundations are all rectangular from north to south, and they are connected side by side from east to west. No. 1 and No. 2 were built at the same time, and the two rooms had a common wall, No. 3 used the East Wall of No. 1 to connect, and No. 4 used the East Wall of No. 3 to connect. The westernmost gate 2 is south, and gates 1, 3 and 4 are all north. The no. 1 in the middle has the largest area, with a stove, more than 20 pieces of pottery, a small suite inside, and an earthen terrace in the suite. There are three earthen platforms in the 2nd building, on which daily utensils and grain are placed. There is also a square earthen platform in the 3rd building. No. 4 has the smallest area, only about 2 square meters. The three groups of contiguous buildings were generally constructed in the following way: first laying the foundations, laying sandy grass soil about 10 cm thick, excavating wall base grooves, and digging cellar holes in the south. Then plant wooden pillars along the base or base trough, fill the columns with reed bundles, tie the horizontal wood, and apply grass soil about 10-15 cm thick on the inner and outer sides. After the walls are built, the living surface is processed, several layers of sandy ground are laid, and the last layer of white ash coarse sand is applied to the wall or the indoor earthen platform, and then it is baked for a long time by fire, which is red or blue-gray, hard and smooth. A large number of pottery and daily objects have been excavated from the three groups of company buildings.
A longhouse base site was found at the site of Xiawanggang in Huaichuan, facing north and south, up to 85 meters long, 6.3-8 meters deep, and 49 houses. The main rooms in the longhouse all have an entrance hall, which constitutes 17 unit suites, most of which are single-room suites, a few are double-room suites, and some are also built with thresholds, and the doors are southeast. There are also 3 side rooms without an entrance hall, which are single-room apartments with the door to the southwest. In these three types of rooms, except for the entrance hall, traces of paved bamboo mats were found, the living surface was flat and solid, and the grass mixed mud walls were smooth and flat, indicating that they were all living rooms. 1/3 of the suites have a stove, some one room and one stove, some one room and two stoves, and one room and six stoves. The two-room suite measures 15.35-38.85 square meters, the single room suite is 13.58-22.02 square meters and the single room is 18.78 square meters. At the west end of the longhouse, there is also a dry-railed granary with an area of less than 5 square meters.
Qin'an Dadiwan site found a large religious building such as a hall, of which the site of No. 901 is a multi-room primitive hall building composed of the front hall, the back room and the east and west two boxes, and the original total construction area should be more than 300 square meters. The front hall is 16 meters wide, 8 meters deep and covers an area of 130 square meters. The main entrance is to the south, there are side doors to the left and right, and there are two doors to the box room from east to west. There is a stove at the front gate, with a residual height of 0.5 meters and a diameter of about 2.5 meters. The front hall has two top beams and columns at the rear, with a diameter of 90 cm. There are 8 columns on the north and south walls, with a diameter of nearly 50 centimeters, and all have stone pillar foundations. The floor, wall, column and stove of the front hall are coated with ginger lime paste, and after the ground is laid with grass mud and burned the soil blocks, a concrete layer of nearly 20 cm thick is made of small stones, sand particles and mortar. There are some non-daily pottery with special shapes on the ground inside the temple. There is also a floor of about 130 square meters outside the hall, and 12 column holes arranged neatly were found. The building is large in scale, orderly in layout, complex and reasonable in structure, exquisite in construction methods, and sophisticated in craftsmanship, it is not an ordinary living room, it may be a public building for religious ceremonies. According to the analysis of signs such as a large amount of burning soil and charcoal ash in the room, this large building was destroyed by a sudden fire. Similar buildings have been found at the Fufeng Case Plate Site, and building No. 3, which also belongs to the late Yangshao period, is also a square large house site composed of the main room and the front porch, with an area of 165.2 square meters. It is located at the highest point in the center of the site, facing north and south, and is condescending. Many ceramic figures have been unearthed in the ash pits around it, indicating that this large building was once the center of religious activity.
(In recent years, many pentagonal large housing sites have been found in various places, which will be added later)
In terms of the characteristics of the times, the early residential buildings in Yangshao were mainly single rooms, and the flat shapes were square and circular. This difference in the flat shape of residential buildings is also clearly expressed in the characteristics of the region. The housing sites in Beishouling are almost all square, Banpo and Jiangzhai are all square, and the housing sites in western Henan are generally circular. That is to say, the early housing site of Yangshao culture, the Guanzhong area of the distribution center has square and round, while its eastern part is a circular architectural tradition, and the western part is a square architectural tradition. In the Miaodigou culture period, the architectural tradition of square residences dominated, which was a more advanced construction technique. By the cultural period of XiwangCun, most of the residential sites had adopted the flat-ground construction method, and the semi-cave dwelling sites were rarely seen. In some cultures closely related to Yangshao culture, a certain number of large-scale residential sites with multiple consecutive constructions have appeared, indicating that there has been considerable development in building technology.
The residential architectural form of Yangshao culture has a development sequence consisting of cave dwelling - semi-cave dwelling - ground single room building - ground multi-room building.