For Earth observers, the sun will really be "extinguished."
However, it is temporary.
Even for the same volume of water as the Sun, the mass is as high as 1/1.408 of the Sun. (Solar density 1.408X10³ kg/m3, water density 10³ kg/m3)
The mass of the Sun is 1.9891X10^30 kg, and it can be known that the mass of this water is at least 1.4127X10^30 kg.
This water is heated and eventually becomes a plasma of thousands of degrees, absorbing up to 2.5X10^38J
Some people have been angry about the density of 10 ³ of water here, and I will explain it here:
It is true that water will have density changes under low pressure and high pressure, but the change is only 20%, and the maximum density is slightly higher than 10³, and the lowest density is 0.8 times 10³, which is determined by the molecular spacing and ordering of the aqueous-liquid phase, and the higher molecular density will solidify.
For pure water balloons with a mass of 10^30, the innermost pressure is as high as 100 million atmospheres (10,000 GPa). The water at room temperature, as early as 1 Gpa, will be converted into ice VI. (the lower the temperature, the faster the transition), more than 2 Gpa, transformed into ice VII., reaching 1000 GPa, converted into ice XI. (only a few Gpa are needed at low and ultra-low temperatures). Up to 10,000 GPa, the molecular bonds rupture and plasma, and the temperature is also extremely high at this time, enough for nuclear fusion. This does not take into account the gravitational pull of the sun, considering the gravitational force of the sun (the gravitational acceleration of the sun's surface is 28 times that of the Earth), the pressure can reach 280,000 GPa.
Therefore, under conventional gravity, a water balloon as large as the sun cannot reasonably exist.
Then, this volume of water balloon, must be an ideal water balloon, it can be maintained as a whole into the liquid phase state. The original meaning of the actual subject is itself inclined to the ideal water balloon. It's just that the ideal water balloon needs to consider all the force situations at the moment of being "released".
The energy absorbed by water plasma, the calculation process is as follows, do not like to watch the calculus process can skip:
Depending on the temperature of the water (0 °C ~ 100 °C), the energy required for water vaporization is about 3.193X10^36J ~3.786X10^36J It is known that water vapor is heated to about 2000 °C and will decompose into hydrogen and oxygen.
During the heating process, the water vapor specific heat capacity is reduced, heated to a critical point, at least the energy required is about: 3X10 ^36J 1 mole water vapor decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen, absorbing 241.8kJ heat.
It can be seen that all water vapor disintegrates into hydrogen and oxygen, and the required energy is about: 1.3433X10^37J
It is conservatively estimated that these oxygen and hydrogen are heated to an ionization critical point (close to the solar surface temperature of 6000 ° C) and the required energy is about: 2X10^37J
Oxygen ionization of two electrons and hydrogen requires an energy of about 2X10^38J
Total: This water takes about 2.5X10^38J of energy from heating to becoming a plasma state.
The total radiant energy released by the Sun per second is known to be: 4x10^26J
Then, under the solar primary radiation intensity, the time for plasmaizing these waters is: 6.25X10^11s, 19818.
But this water adds at least 70 percent of the sun's mass, and with that much mass, the sun's core pressure and temperature increase, and the intensity and volume of nuclear fusion increase accordingly.
As can be seen in the figure, solar fusion occurs in the core, with a temperature of up to 15 million K and a barometric pressure of up to 300 billion standard atmospheres (the pressure and pressure outside the core area are not enough to cause nuclear fusion, so nuclear fusion will not occur outside the sun at this time).
The newly added weight of 70% forces the location of the radiation zone to squeeze inward, and a large number of radiated areas are converted into core areas, which will greatly increase the volume of the core area.
Sirius is known to be about 2 times the mass of the Sun, but the nuclear radiation capacity is 25 times that of the Sun, and it is known that with a 70% increase in mass, the Sun can increase the radiation intensity by at least 10 times.
Then, the time for water plasmaization will be shortened to about 2000 (for water wrapped in the sun, when it exceeds a certain limit, the more water mass is added, the stronger the core radiation, and the time for water plasma will be shortened).
In the beginning, when the water was all wrapped around the sun, almost all the solar radiation was absorbed by the water.
For the earthlings at this time, the sun was really extinguished. (Visible light decays in water, and for water hundreds of thousands of kilometers thick, Earthlings are completely invisible to the sun.) ）
This dark period lasted for more than 20 years, and the disappearance of the sun was the end of the world for thousands of lives.
Most of the animals and plants have gone extinct in the darkness of these 20 years, and human beings have survived the nuclear industry.
In the course of 20 years, the water layer that is in contact with the sun inside is directly plasma-like, decomposing into hydrogen and oxygen at the outer point, and vaporizing the water on the outside. With a highly sensitive astronomical telescope, it is possible to see the process of gradual "boiling" of the water ball.
Before boiling, a large amount of water is enough to "water" the sun's troposphere, and even "pour" part of the radiation zone (the radiation in the core area increases exponentially). Although the sun is primarily gaseous, this water does not fall too deep into the sun's interior, because the density of the sun's interior is higher than the density of water.
In the process of water gasification, the sun at this time will roughly appear: the core area, the radiation layer, the water layer, and the atmosphere.
Under the action of high temperatures, the water layer will gradually vaporize. However, due to the acceleration of gravity up to dozens of G, even if the water vapor is completely vaporized, the compactness is also very high.
After 20 years, until the water wrapped around the sun is fully vaporized, a large amount of visible light radiates out of the sun, and the sun gradually brightens.
At this time, human beings can once again rejuvenate the earth through the stored seeds.
However, at this time, people no longer see the yellow light of the original sun, but blue light.
This is because, at this time, the mass of the Sun is 1.7 times that of the original mass, more than 1.5 times. (Less than 0.5 times is red light, between 0.5 and 1.5 times is yellow light, and greater than 1.5 times is blue light)
Due to the high pressure in the core area of fusion, the temperature rises sharply, the carbon and nitrogen oxygen cycle is intensified, and the core area is convected due to excessive temperature difference.
High radiation pressures prop up the star even more, expanding in volume to at least 4 times the current volume of the Sun. Since the external temperature is relatively uniform, the external material is no longer convected (the external hydrogen element is no longer consumed, and the oxygen plasma sinks).
As nuclear fusion becomes more intense, the sun's lifespan will be shortened by 3 billion to 4 billion years, eventually leaving less than 1 billion years. (The more water you add, the more your fusion index doubles and the shorter your lifespan will be.) ）
Subsequently, the radiation capacity of the sun continues to increase every year, and within hundreds of years, the radiation intensity can reach the size of the sun.
Around 2000, after hydrogen and oxygen were fully plasmatized, the sun's radiation intensity had doubled to more than 10 times its former radiation capacity.
So is the Earth's radiation increased by a factor of 10?
In fact, it is not, after the sun's mass increases, the gravitational potential energy changes. (As the mass of the Sun increases and the Earth is attracted, the kinetic energy + potential energy of the perihelion = the kinetic energy + potential energy of the far point.) ）
If the Earth's orbit is approximately circumference, the distance to the perihelion is about 6.23X10^7km (41.7% of the Earth's original radius), which is not enough to be engulfed by the Sun. Of course, if the increased volume of water reaches more than 10 times the mass of the Sun, the Earth will hit the Sun.)
Due to the increase in perihelion radiation area, the location of perihelion can be obtained by the relationship between the area being squared in length, and the solar radiation received by the Earth has surged by 4.76 times.
Compared to the old Sun, the radiation at Perihelion on Earth increased by 47.6 times.
At perihelion, even if there is an effect of the atmosphere on the reflection and absorption of radiation, the daytime temperature can still rise to more than 1000 °C.
The water evaporates, the atmosphere quickly disappears, and the Earth's temperature can continue to rise to thousands of degrees higher.
The Earth's surface melts to become a lava planet.
However, the chaos caused by the change of the sun's gravity forms a chaotic effect, and the planet's trajectory will change unpredictably, and the Earth is likely to collide with other planets. Although life will all go extinct, Earth is lucky enough to be knocked into a new habitable zone and evolve into a new terrestrial planet.
Before all this happens, if humans have the ability to leave, there is only a short time to escape. When the sun heats up, it can rise by an average of 1 °C per year, and the faster the temperature rises, the more suitable for human life may only be a few decades. In such a short period of time, it is almost impossible for human beings to recover from the previous 20 years of darkness.
Unless this "event" happens when humans can actually travel interstellar.
More than 1 billion years later, whether human beings are extinct or not, the sun's core collapses, radiating a large amount of energy, and the external hydrogen element is fully nuclear fusion, evolving into a red giant.
Helium flashed, the Earth was swallowed up, and millions of years later, the red giant star burned up and collapsed into a white dwarf.
However, the volume mentioned by the subject is larger than the sun, and does not say an upper limit.
If the total mass of the new Sun exceeds 8 times that of the Old Sun, after the Sun collapses in its later years, the remaining mass will exceed the Chandrasekhar limit (1.44 Solar masses), which will collapse into a neutron star after a supernova explosion.
If the remaining mass exceeds 3 times that of the Sun, it collapses into a black hole.
In short, adding water is just adding "fuel" to the sun, and the fusion of the sun's core will be more intense and radiate more energy.
But because the large amount of energy radiated is absorbed by water in large quantities, humans will "see" the sun being temporarily extinguished. Then the sun brightened again, irreversibly heading toward the end of the world.