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November 16, 2021
Talk about the past and the present
Xia Di Kong Jia (1745--1737 BC) was a 9-year reign. The 16th emperor of the Xia Dynasty. The son of Emperor Xia. His nephew died of illness after succeeding to the throne and was succeeded by him. During Kong Jia's reign, he wantonly committed adultery and was a tyrannical and unscrupulous monarch. As a result, the tribal leaders defected one after another, and the xia dynasty declined even more, gradually collapsing. So Chinese? Zhou Yuxia said: "Kong Jia was chaotic and fell in the fourth century." "He indulged in song and dance, and he believed in ghosts and gods. Kong Jia was obedient in temperament, and his father did not surrender to fear that he would not govern the country well, so he did not pass the throne to him, and Nei Zen gave him the throne, and after his death, he passed on the position of Zi Li and died, and then he was succeeded by Kong Jia. After reigning for 9 years, he died of illness and was buried in Mount Sankun. "Chronicle": Juxi River, died in nine years. The Chronicle of the Present Bamboo Book reigned for nine years.
II. Kong Jia chaos" story
1. Historical background
From ancient times to the present, the story of Kongjia's chaotic government is always the talk of people after tea and dinner. Kong Jia is a Xia Dynasty person, loves to play, believes in ghosts and gods, and spends his days idle. His father did not see that he was difficult to become a great instrument, and he did not care about the throne, and he did not govern the country well, so he handed over the throne to Zi Jia, and after his death, he passed the throne to Zi Jia, and after Zi Li's death, he passed the throne to Kong Jia, so Kong Jia ascended the throne, and the story of Kong Jia's chaotic government began.
Kong Jia was a monarch during the Xia Dynasty. Kong Jia's chaotic government caused the Xia Dynasty's national strength to weaken continuously, and it began to gradually decline. So what is the background of Kong Jia's chaotic government?
Hole shell image
Kong Jia was supposed to be the sixth king, but in fact he was the eighth king. This was because his father Bu Xia was worried that Kong Jia would not be able to govern the Xia Dynasty well, so bu sheng elected the next generation of monarchs through Zen Rang. The Zen monarch Died after 21 years on the throne, and according to the hereditary system at that time, the throne passed to Mu's son, Gong Jia succeeded to the throne. However, both Zhen and Liao were mediocre monarchs with great ambitions and talents, and during their reign, the Xia Dynasty's national strength was mediocre, and they also encountered a major drought that occurred once in a hundred years, and the harvest of crops was not good, and the people cried bitterly. At that time, people generally believed that heaven could dominate everything, and when they saw this tragic scene, they all thought that it was Providence, because they did not elect Kong Jia as king according to the hereditary system, so they put Kong Jia on the throne, which was the background of Kong Jia's chaotic government.
2. Legends in history
(1) Kong Jia good dragon
The story of Liu Lei Yulong is recorded in the ancient book "Zuo Biao", and the content of the story is roughly as follows: After the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, during the reign of Kong Jia, Kong Jia did good things to ghost gods, and often played with the concept of ghost gods to deceive the people. Legend has it that heaven once gave Kongjia river dragon two and two Han dragons, one male and one female, and since Kongjia could not feed, he looked everywhere for people who could feed dragons.
Kong Jia good dragon
At that time, there was a man named Liu Lei, in order to please Kong Jia, he automatically went to Kong Jia to feed the four dragons for him, and Kong Jia was very happy about this, not only rewarded Liu Lei, but also gave Liu Lei the title of Royal Dragon Clan. Liu Lei was very dedicated in the process of raising the four dragons donated by the Heavenly Emperor for Kong Jia, but the animal dragon was very difficult under the conditions at that time, and a little carelessness could cause problems, and any of the four dragons feeding to death was a big thing to lose his head, Liu Lei was very clear about this, and he worked hard to sleep and forget to eat, but unfortunate things still happened.
One morning, when Liu tired and got up to feed the dragons, he found that one of the female dragons was dead, so how to explain it to King Kongjia? Liu Lei, who had worked hard, finally came up with a way, why not make the dead dragon into wild meat and offer it to King Kong Jia? How can this be good? Maybe you'll get a bunch of rewards! So Liu Lei made a meat soup from the dead dragon and offered it to Kong Jia.
Kong Jia felt that the taste was special after eating it, and he was happy that he had even rewarded Liu Lei with a large amount of jewelry and treasures, and the matter of the dead dragon was temporarily concealed. However, not long after, Kong Jia wanted to watch the dragon's performance, and Liu Long only let two dragons play at a time in order to fool through the pass, leaving one dragon to rotate, so he coped with it for a while. Not long after, Kong Jia suddenly asked four male and female dragons to perform together, and Liu Tired saw that the situation was not good, and he had to go for the best strategy. He fled with his family to lushan county in Henan Province, where he lived in seclusion, and his descendants multiplied and became the earliest branch of the Liu surname in Henan.
(2). Superstitious ghosts and gods - pray for blessings and rain
Before Kong Jia succeeded to the throne, there was a serious drought in the Xia Dynasty, the people were not happy, after Kong Jia took the throne, he held a rain-seeking ceremony, and a few days later, heavy rain fell from the sky, which made him quite prestigious among the people. All this made Kong Jia, who was already convinced of the ghost god, think that there was a heavenly god protecting him, and from then on, Kong Jia believed in the ghost god. Soon after, Kong Jia heard that others mistakenly regarded the two large crocodiles as dragons, and after his god was eaten by himself, Kong Jia, who believed in ghosts and gods, thought that he had done something sorry for God and would lose the protection of God, so his temper began to become grumpy, and he was indifferent to the affairs of the imperial court, and he worshiped ghost gods all day and did not do his job.
Three. The influence of Kong Jia's chaotic government
The Xia Dynasty was affected by Kong Jia's chaotic government, the momentum gradually weakened, the government became chaotic, the leaders of various tribes were disappointed and angry at Kong Jia's murderous atrocities, killing people and becoming demons, many princes lost confidence in the future of the Xia Dynasty, the princes often attacked each other, and even many tribal leaders defected. Natural disasters often occurred throughout the Xia Dynasty, the people's lives were difficult, Kong Jia, who was addicted to play and wine, had no intention of taking care of these things, the country's strength and prosperity no longer existed, and the Xia Dynasty's national power was on the verge of collapse. The greatest harm to the Xia Dynasty caused by the influence of Kong Jia's chaotic government was to cause the princely states to centrifugal tendencies towards the Xia Dynasty, and later the Shang State took advantage of the chaos of the Xia State to lead troops to attack the Xia Dynasty, and the Collapsed Xia Dynasty could not resist, and the Shang State successfully invaded the capital of the Xia Dynasty, and the Xia Dynasty officially perished. Kong Jia was therefore known as a generation of emperors.
Four. Incumbent political achievements
1. Army establishment
During the reign of King Kongjia of Xia, there are few historical records of the military system, but limited literature and archaeological materials can show that it was the beginning of China's slave society. The Xia Dynasty was born out of the tribal alliance of the clan society, and the Xia Hou clan, which held state power, was only the most powerful of many tribes, and was in the position of "co-king" under the ten heavens. In line with its co-government system, the Xia Hou clan established a national army based on slaves and nobles as the backbone and the "masses" (civilians). During the war, the King of Xia, according to his needs, either recruited the "masses" of the ruling area, or at the same time recruited the tribes of different surnames outside the directly ruled area to fight, and implemented the system of combining soldiers and farmers in civilian warfare and soldiers. The formation of the Xia Dynasty convoy is unknown.
During the Period of King Kongjia of Xia, the weapons and equipment of the Xia Dynasty army were mainly long weapons such as long-range bows and spears. The most common weapons that have been found are arrows. There are many types of stone and bone hammers, there are willow leaf shapes, flat circles, and more skeletons are made of three edges, flat three edges, four edges or round body three edges, most of them are more refined, sharp edges, there are short collars, in order to insert the arrow shaft, a few without collar flat triangles or swallowtail shapes, but also more grinding out of the side blades. Due to the increase in demand, sharp and easier mussels have also been found, and with the development of bronze smelting, the expensive long-range weapons of skeletons have also begun to be made of copper.
During the reign of King Kongjia of Xia, the Xia Dynasty fought on foot, with apprentices (infantry) as the main class of troops. In the Erlitou cultural layer of the Yanshi Gray Mouth Site, 2 pieces of stone ge were found, which were flattened, sharp, ridged, and worn at the back of the aid. At the Site of Yanshi Erlitou, a copper ge was excavated, with a length of 32. 5 cm, length 20. 8cm width 3. 8-4． 8 cm, inner width 3. 9~5 cm. There is no appendix in the direct aid curve, and the ridge rises in the middle of the aid, and the aid surface is smeared obliquely from the ridge to the blade, and then bulges and thickens near the blade, forming a ditch. The blade and the edge are sharper, the aid is slightly wider than the inside, and the junction between the aid and the inside is at a right angle. There is wear inside, and there are secret marks between the wearers. The inner and rear ends are cast with raised moirés, which is very well made. The Shang Shu Gan Oath has a record that "the left does not attack the left, so it does not honor the order', the right does not attack the right, the Ru does not honor the order, it is not the horse's righteousness, and the Ru does not honor the order", indicating that the chariot has been used for combat, and the members of the chariot have a distinction between left, right, and imperial. The King of Xia had mandatory military discipline and reward and punishment regulations for combatants, "Rewarding the ancestors with their lives, Killing them with their lives, and giving them to the army to kill Ru" (Ganzeng). According to what we can see today, some of the copper hammers of the Xia Dynasty are similar to stone, bone, and mussels, such as the flat leaf shape and cross-section trapezoidal shape at the Site of Yanshi Erlitou, and the three-sided pointed gordon is also a new type of weapon.
During the Zujia period, the army directly under the Xia King consisted of two parts, namely the Guard-style Standing Armed Forces and the Civilian Army. The small number of standing armies was evolved from the armed forces of military chiefs in the heroic era, with the children of nobles as the core, and after the establishment of the state, it also absorbed male and female slaves who were close to the king to expand and strengthen this part of the force.
"Left Transmission? According to the record of Xia Gong Shaokang's restoration of the country with "Arita Yicheng and Zhongyi Brigade", some scholars believe that the "brigade" is a large organizational unit for military personnel. Some scholars believe that the Xia Dynasty army was organized according to the production and life of clan tribes, and was organized in decimal form. King Xia was the Supreme Commander. In the Battle of Gan, which had the Qi clan destroyed xia qi, the "people of the six affairs", also known as the "six secretaries", were the leaders of six slave owners and nobles with different divisions of labor, who governed the civil society in peacetime and served as operational commanders in wartime. Rely on "shou bang". There are many theories about the start and end times, but the popular theory is about the 22nd century BC or the 21st century BC to the 17th or 16th century BC. In this era, the state has been formed, and the army has been born. Accordingly, a system of carriages, which reflected the will of the slave class, emerged.
2. Social system
In Kongjia-era China, slaves were mainly converted from captives obtained in plunder wars between clans and tribes, and some of them were slaves of poor members of clan communes. In the Xia Dynasty, there were many names for slaves, and those engaged in agricultural production were called "min", "Li min", "many people", "many people"; those engaged in animal husbandry were called "herding" or "subordinate"; slaves in the slave owners' families were called "subjects" (males) and "concubines" (females). Slave owners were mostly converted from clan nobles and tribal chiefs at the end of patrilineal clan society. Society as a whole is divided into three classes: the slave-owning class, the slave class, and the commoner class.
In the eyes of slave owners, slaves were merely "talking tools." Slaves were driven into the fields in droves by slave owners to farm, graze, and perform all kinds of heavy manual labor. Slave owners could arbitrarily imprison slaves and inflict heavy sentences and kills.
They seized a great deal of wealth in exchange, expanded their power in the war, and eventually transformed into a slave-owning class that possessed all the means of production and the producers themselves, becoming the rulers of society, a class to which the "common people" in the ancient texts refers. They indulged in drinking, hunting, and singing and dancing all day long, regardless of whether the slaves were alive or dead.
The royal family divided the princes, in addition to maintaining the surnames from which they were born, they also established a new clan with the feudal state, and the doctor took Yi as the clan. Among the nobles at all levels, their clan relations were established according to the difference in surnames. Since the slave state organization was continuously developed on the basis of the patriarchal patriarchal family, this clan relationship, although it followed the legacy of the old clan organization, was actually based on the patriarchal patriarchy as the core, and the hierarchical status of the nobility at all levels was determined according to the relationship between their ranks and clan affinity. Therefore, after the formation of the state, aristocratic organizations at all levels still have to maintain the old blood ties and strictly distinguish between surnames.
Five. Kong Jia - Death of the Emperor
The "History of Xia Benji" and the "Biography of Liexian" contain legends that "Kong Jia liked to raise dragons, so he got two dragons, one female and one male, and then found a broken settlement named Liu Lei, gave him the name of "Royal Dragon Clan", and asked him to raise these two dragons." Liu Lei did not understand the method of raising dragons, and it was not long before the female dragon died. He simply cooked the dead dragon and gave it to Kong Jia to eat. After Kong Jia ate it, he praised it a lot. Afterwards, Kong Jia saw that there was no female dragon, and the male dragon also looked sick, and he was furious. Liu Lei was frightened and fled. Kong Jia was helpless and found a dragon breeding master named Shi Men.
Shi Men raised the male dragon to a high spirit and radiant spirit, and Kong Jia was very happy. However, Shi Men was honest in nature, and often criticized Kong Jia for not knowing how to pretend to understand dragons, which made Kong Jia angry and ashamed, and finally ordered someone to kill him, and the body was buried in the wilderness outside the city.
Soon, heavy rain fell from the sky and a strong wind blew, Kong Jia originally believed in gods and ghosts, and this time it was even more determined that the ghosts of the division were doing the work, so they had to get on the carriage and rush to the outskirts to pray. When the wind and rain stopped, the mountains and forests outside the city burned again. After the prayer, Kong Jia boarded the car back to the city, walked to the halfway point, and died in the car.