Jinan is named after its location south of Jishui. Jishui, the ancients called it "Four Du" together with the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Huai River, which has long been formed in prehistory, until the Western Han Dynasty has been unimpeded, and a considerable part of its river channel flows through ancient Qidi, which is another river with a greater influence after the alignment of the Yellow River. During the Western Han Dynasty, it flowed from the north of Donggao County in Henan and the west of Qishui County in Henan from the Yellow River, and roughly flowed east through Xingyang, Henan, after the diversion, and after GuangwuCheng (in present-day Xingyang County), the basic flow direction was northeast, through Heze and Dayozawa (Juyeze), and then through dongping territory through present-day Pingyin, Dong'a, changqing, through present-day Jinan's Luokou, northeast of present-day Licheng near the western part of Zhangqiu, and then south of The county (present-day east of Jiyang County), north of Liangzo County (present-day Zouping County), and south of Linji County (southeast of present-day Gaoqing County). It was to the south of the ancient city of Le'an County (northeast of present-day Boxing County), west of Guoli County (present-day east of Boxing County), and northeast into the sea.
After the water was diverted from the Yellow River, it soon reached Xingze, where the sediment was precipitated in large quantities, and then continued to flow forward through Heze and Dayozawa (Juyeze) when the sediment was precipitated twice, so that the Water of Ji was relatively clear through Dongping, so that in the Warring States period there was a "Qingji Turbid River" saying, Qingji means that the Water of The Yellow River is turbid.
Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jishui was an important tributary of the Yellow River, but in the area of present-day Luxi and southwest Luxi, it was too flat and people had to change due to the changes of the Yellow River, but in the foothills and plains of the western part of present-day Zhangqiu near the southern hills, it was unique. South of the mountain, there is a river flowing under it, providing convenient living conditions, so the earliest Jinan City was born here.
Photo: Li Feng
The formation of Jinan City should also be attributed to the natural selection of people in the primitive era. In 1928, Mr. Liang Siyong and Wu Jinding found the remains of a patriarchal society in Wuhuali, west of Gujinan City, because it was the earliest discovery of the remnants of the patriarchal society in our country, so they named the Longshan culture after the local village name, and since then, the Longshan culture has become synonymous with the cultural relics of this historical stage. In the process of excavating archaeological remains, archaeologists identified two ancient cities, one is the ancient city of Tan Guo, and the other is the Dongping LingCheng of Wuhua Lixu in the east of the ancient city of Tan Guo, and the Dongping Ling City is the ancient city of Jinan.
In ancient times, there must be two conditions for the construction of the city, one is the natural condition, and the other is the cultural environment. Natural conditions are mainly composed of three aspects: climate, soil and water resources. Excavations at the Yongsan cultural site from 1930 to 1931 revealed a charcoalized bamboo knot and the remains of a large number of warm-loving animals. In connection with other archaeological sites, Mr. Zhu Kezhen concluded that the average temperature in January in winter during the Xia and Shang periods in the Longshan Cultural Site was 3-5 °C higher than it is now, and the average annual temperature was about 2 °C higher than it is now. According to historical records, the land of Qilu in the early Western Zhou Dynasty may be relatively cold, so there are records such as "more than ten days of cold rain and snow, deep and deep" and "the rivers are frozen". But from the Spring and Autumn to the Two Han Dynasties, the weather became warmer. At that time, the literature recorded that there was Shenchi in the southwest of Qilinzi City, and Shenchi had a dense bamboo forest, and the crops in the land of Qilu could also be ripen twice a year. And suitable for living in the swamp land elk in the country of Qi is also a herd, it can be seen that the climate at that time was relatively warm and humid, the soil between Jishui and the Yellow River is a black upper soil containing more humus, which is fertile soil, suitable for people to live and live here; now there is a river between the east of Longshan Village and the ancient city of Tanguo, which is called Longshan River by locals, according to the "Water Through the Water Of The water" and the Baigudui Village Temple Stele in Erlixu in the south of the village and the inscription on the reconstruction of the Xuejiaqiao bridge in Yonggu Bridge in Longshan Town, the Longshan River was originally named Wuyuan Water. Wuyuan is the transliteration of goose and duck, so the most original name is goose and duck water. Wuyuan water originates from the White Valley Pile, the ancient era of the White Valley Pile ditches, springs gushing out, gushing pearl grains, grass and trees on both sides of the river, quite quiet. The water of the White Valley Pile originates from Jishan Mountain, and the spring water of The Chicken Mountain flows underground until the White Valley Pile rises on the ground. In ancient times, the river that originated in Jishan was also related to Lushui in addition to Wuyuan water. Before the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wuyuan water passed through the east of Tancheng, the west of Dongpingling City, the Guanlu water passed through the west of Tancheng and then the two waters converged into Jishui, which shows that before the Northern Wei Dynasty, the canals between Tancheng and Pinglingcheng were long but not swampy, which was the best place chosen by the ancient people who took natural food as the main means.
Tan Guo and Dongping Ling City are both ancient cities with rich cultural backgrounds. Tan Guo is the homeland of Shang, the surname of the son, after the zhou extinguished the Shang, the Tan kingdom still existed. In 753 BC, Duke Wei Zhuang married Zhuang Jiang, the daughter of the Prince of Qi, and soon Duke Wei of Tan guo married zhuang Jiang's sister, so in the early Spring and Autumn period, Tan Guojun and the State of Qi were related, which was the time of the Duke of Qi. Duke Xiang of Qi drunkenly killed Duke Huan of Lu and secretly communicated with his wife, the brothers of Duke Xiang of Qi, fearing that they would harm themselves, fled to other countries, and Gongzi fled to Luwei under Guan Zhong and Summoning Kuo's assistance, and Gong Yu Xiaobai had died in tan, and Tan guo did not give him courtesy, so he fled to Juguo with the assistance of Bao Shuya. After Duke Xiang of Qi died in the civil unrest in Qi, his son Xiao Bai returned to China to become a monarch, for the Duke of Qi Huan. When Duke Huan of Qi ascended the throne, all the princes of various countries came to congratulate him, but Tan Guo did not come to congratulate him, which angered the Duke of Qi Huan, and in order to avenge the courtesy of the State of Tan, he sent troops to the State of Tan. Tan Guo is a small country, and it is definitely not an opponent of Qi Guo. Archaeologist Mr. Dong Zuobin found three tombs when excavating in this place, the first tomb broke the foundation of the city and buried, the second tomb has four pairs of human bones, three adults, a child, one of the adults is a woman without a coffin, apparently buried in a panic, the third tomb has two people, one has a copper arrow in the middle of the spine, the copper rust stains the vertebrae green, it seems to be the war dead. It can be seen from this that when Qi Huan attacked Tan, he must have also encountered resistance from the people of Tan, but due to the small strength of tan guoguo, he was still defeated, and the tan state king fled to his ally Juguo. As for the reason why Duke Huan of Qi rebelled against the State of Tan, I am afraid that it was mainly because of the support of the State of Tan for duke Xiang of Qi. Mr. Dong Zuobin once saw the "Record of the New Xiangcheng Village Guansheng Emperor Junmiao" written by Li Gong in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong's Guandi Temple, and the "Temple Record" said: "Xiangcheng Village is located in the east of the river in Longshan Town, and goes to the southwest corner of Pingling City, Sanlixu, and then there is Tufu, which is called ChengziYa, and the old village named Shancheng is geometric. The remaining fields are surrounded by wild fields. Qianlong Pengwu, Yu Gongzhi took the soil, mistakenly and the ancient tomb, the truth of the Mingzhi, is the tomb of the sui Kai Emperor QiZhou Thorn Tang Gonggong, the zhi contains 'three for the history of thorns, shanqin, there is Huizheng, buried in the south of Xiangcheng, north of the chasm', the chasm does not know its old site, and Xiangcheng is the name of this village, no doubt also. "There is no shortage of examples of ancient zigzags that have been exchanged with rhymes. Mr. Dong Zuobin concluded that The mountain city was named after the Xiangcheng transliteration. Since this is the case, we can't help but think of the relationship between Xiangcheng and Qi Xianggong, probably because Tan Guo has a different relationship with Qi Xianggong, so he does not accept the fleeing Gongzi Xiaobai, nor does he congratulate Gongzi Xiaobai on becoming the monarch. After Duke Huan of Qi destroyed the State of Tan, in order to show his magnanimity, he did not include the territory of the State of Tan into the State of Qi, and probably found a puppet to rule the State of Tan, so when Meng Yujun of the State of Chu returned from the State of Qi to Xuecheng during the Warring States period, he also met Tan Zi, but from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States period when he was called Tan Zi, his status had been reduced a lot.
For the records of DongpingLing City before the Warring States period, there are few historical materials. Fu Chen's "Records of Three Qi" says that Dongpingling was the capital of Emperor Yin Yi, and Yu Qin's "Qi Cheng" retorted: "Qi to Tang Eight Migrations, from Tang to Pan Geng Five Migrations, and there is no Du Qi, Emperor Yi is the father of Wu Yi's son, Yi Yi." Emperor Yi of Wu yi lived in Chaoge and died in the song, so why is there such a place? Yu Qinzhi's statement is true for the formal capital, but there are two circumstances that cannot be denied. First, Yin Shang was in the nomadic period, although agriculture has developed greatly after Pan Geng, but it cannot be said that it is out of the nomadic habits, for the convenience of hunting, it is not impossible to set up a stronghold in the land of Dongpingling, where water and grass are luxuriant and elk are rampant, which is similar to the accompanying capital of later generations. Second, King Wen of Zhou and Emperor Yi were contemporaries, King Wen was a generation of tyrants, who had begun to expand eastward from Shaanxi, and Emperor Yi was an inactive monarch who moved east for fear of the threat of Zhou, and it was not unreasonable to build a capital in Dongping Ling as a preparation for retreat. It was precisely because Dongpingling was never the official capital of the Shang that it was not valued by the Western Zhou, and it was not destroyed by war. This lack of destruction and lack of attention brought convenience to the use of the new dynasty. Therefore, when the Western Han Dynasty was founded, in 186 BC, Gao Hou made his brother Lü Tai the Marquis of Li the Prince of Lü, and Jinan Commandery was the Prince of Lü, and DongpingLing was the seat of governance. Six years later, in 180 BC, Lü Hou fell ill and died, Chen Ping and Zhou Bo killed Zhu Lü, and Lü Tai's fengyi was deposed. After Emperor Wen ascended the throne, in the 16th year BC (164 BC), Liu Peiguang, the son of King Hui of Qi, was made the king of Jinan, with its capital at Dongpingling and Licheng County, which belonged to the State of Jinan. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han, the contradictions between the kingdom and the imperial court became more and more acute, and Emperor Jing adopted chao's wrong suggestions and implemented a policy of cutting down the domain, and some outlaw kings opposed this, which led to a rebellion in the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu led by Liu Hao, the King of Wu, and Liu Peiguang, the king of Jinan, was also among the rebels. Emperor Jingdi of Han sent his lieutenant Zhou Yafu and led his troops to fight back against the rebels, and finally defeated the rebels in three months, and Liu Peiguang, the king of Jinan, was executed and buried in the dangerous mountain of Shengjing Town, and the deposed state of Jinan was subordinate to the han central government. Because it has always been in the stage of peace, Jinan's handicraft industry and iron smelting industry have developed, and there are engineers and iron officials in Dongpingling, which is one of the eight major engineers and forty-four iron officials in the country. Jinan's iron smelting level is high, and the Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Zhang has three swords, one of which is the "Jinan Vertebral Cheng" sword, which shows the development of Jinan's economy, so the population increase is very large. The Book of Han and the Chronicle of Burial in the Land says: "In the former Han Dynasty, There were 140,761 households, 642,884 mouths, and 14 counties. "It's a medium-sized county.
Photography: Shao Kai
Jinan is located in the west of Linzi and Qingzhou, and is a transportation hub that runs through the east, west, south and north. Until the Han Dynasty, Linzi was still the largest commercial center in the East, and Qidi was rich in fish, salt, lacquer, cloth, cloth, especially textiles, the most exquisite. With the development of the economy, the fish, salt, silk and linen fabrics, iron and steel products of the Shandong Peninsula were concentrated and evacuated in Jinan, and the status of Jinan became more and more important, so in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jinan's status gradually improved, becoming an important place for the emperor to be divided, and the emperor often patronized here. In April of the fifteenth year of Jianwu (29 AD), Emperor Guangwu made his crown prince Liu Kang the Duke of Jinan, and in October of the seventeenth year of Jianwu (41 AD), Liu Kangjin was made the King of Jinan, and Jinan County was restored to the State of Jinan, with the capital still being Dongpingling. At that time, the state of Jinan had jurisdiction over ten counties. Liu Kang was greatly valued by the emperor, so in the thirtieth year of Jianwu (54 AD), Emperor Guangwu personally came to Jinan to inspect, saw jinan's economic prosperity, and added six counties such as Zhu'a and Zhangqiu in Pingyuan County to the State of Jinan. In the second year of Yuan He (85 AD), when Emperor Zhang of Han was touring Mount Taishan, he also inspected Jinan. In June of the first year of the reign of Emperor Yongjian of Han shun (126 AD), Liu Xian (son of Liu Que, the former King of Jinan) was made the King of Jinan. In May of the first year (153) of the first year of the Reign of Emperor Huan of Han, Liu Guangxi, the King of Jinan, was childless and the state was removed. In the third year of the Reign of Emperor Xiping of Han (174 AD), Liu Kang, the son of Liu Li the Prince of Hejian, was made the King of Jinan, a liu kang who shared the same name as Liu Kang during the reign of Emperor Guangwu, but was not alone. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Turban Rebellion swept through the land of Qilu, Cao Cao was credited with suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion, and Yu Guanghe was appointed as the Xiangguo of Jinan in the sixth year (184), Cao Cao took Jinan as an important base to defeat the Yellow Turban Army in Qingzhou, he collected 300,000 people, selected elite so-called "Qingzhou Soldiers", Qingzhou Soldiers were Cao Cao's starting troops. In the twelfth year of The Han Dynasty (207 AD), Cao Cao's eastern expedition against Wuhuan, the peasant rebel army in Jinan rose again, and in October, the "Yellow Turban Army" once attacked Jinan and killed Liu Yu, the king of Jinan. Later, Jinan was abolished and changed to Jinan County, and the county administration was still in Dongpingling, which belonged to Qingzhou, and Licheng County still belonged to Jinan County.
When the Eastern Han Ling Emperor enfeoffed Liu Kang, a large-scale peasant revolt was brewing, and the city walls of Jinan were overhauled. But the strong walls not only could not stop the angry rebels, but were instead plundered by the rebels. Jinan was slaughtered, may be very tragic, there are two evidences: First, the local people still circulate such a custom, saying that pingling city is full of ghosts and foxes, and if the big girl who marries goes to the city, she will be secretly calculated by the fox fairy, so even if the team that marries so far is a short road in the city, they are hiding from the city and walking outside the city, which is a distorted reflection of killing too many people. Second, since this slaughter of the city, Pingling City has been in a slump. During the Jin Dynasty, only counties were set up here, and the administration of Jinan Province was moved to Licheng. There are generally two reasons for the migration of cities, one is man-made reasons, in China, mainly after the slaughter of the city, migration to neighboring places, which is a reason for Jinan's migration from Dongping Tombs to Lixia. The second is the change of geographical environment. There was originally a river in the west of Dongpingling City, and with the interruption of the Jishui, probably the river in the west of the city was also cut off, and the lack of water sources also brought inconvenience to the people of Dongpingling. The change of Jishui has reduced the water level under the calendar, and the original swamp area is decreasing, which has brought convenience to the survival and development of the calendar, which is also one of the reasons why Jinan moved from DongpingLing to Lixia. So far, the groundwater level of Dongpingling City is very deep, and there are several villages around Nanwa, Beiwa and Dongwa, and the depression is a puddle, indicating that the water level is still suitable at the time of the prosperity of Dongpingling.
Photography: Also like The Flowing Water Vivian
As the capital of Jinan, Dongping Mausoleum has once been brilliant. A group of celebrities also appeared. The Fusheng family, which became famous for its scriptures, is a famous family in Jinan, and Zhang Sheng and Ouyang Sheng of Jinan also made great contributions to the transmission of the Book of Shang. Jinan Licheng Zhonggong people finally sent an army to South Vietnam to make an immortal contribution, Wang Mang's ancestors also lived in Dongpingling for a long time, so far there are many wang surnames in the villages around Dongpingling, and there are Tianjiazhuang in the west of the city, probably Wang Mang is the descendant of the Royal Family of Qi Guotian, and some of the Wang surnames that now live around Pingling may be indigenous residents since the Warring States.
After the destruction of dongpingling, it also existed as a county for a period of history, and during the early Tang Dynasty, the governor of Qi Prefecture, Qi Wangyou, held the city of Zhou and raised troops to rebel, and Li Junqiu and his brother Li Xing both guarded the county seat. When Emperor Taizong heard about it, he gave him a commendation, promoted him to a guerrilla general, and renamed the county Quanjie County. It can be seen that before this, Dongpingling County still existed, and since Dongpingling County has not been placed anymore. The name Dongping Tomb as a local political office no longer appears, and with the passage of historical times, its history has also been forgotten by people.
Author: Dang Hongxing
Source: Jinan Ancient City Historic District