Original Liu Jun, Chen Hong, etc. Earthquake Three Point Pass today
This article is selected from the "City and Disaster Reduction" No. 5, 2021, the original title: "Emergency Mission • 2021" earthquake relief exercise assessment work to see and think, authors: Liu Jun, Chen Hong, Song Lijun, Ning Baokun, Wu Chaohai, Li Yongqiang, Gao Na, Yang Huaining.
About the Author
Liu Jun, senior engineer of China Earthquake Emergency Search and Rescue Center, is also a member of the Earthquake Emergency Professional Committee and a member of the Earthquake Disaster Chain Committee of the Chinese Seismological Society. Mainly engaged in the research of refined assessment of earthquake disasters, rapid acquisition and emergency response of disasters, disaster risk assessment, etc., he has presided over more than 20 sub-projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Key Research and Development Program, published more than 30 papers, published 1 monograph, and 10 software copyrights.
Overview of the exercise
On the morning of May 14, 2021, the Office of the State Council Earthquake Relief Headquarters, the Ministry of Emergency Management, and the People's Government of Sichuan Province jointly held the "Emergency Mission 2021" earthquake relief exercise, which was the first large-scale real-scale test exercise held by the Ministry of Emergency Management in the three years since its establishment (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Drill scene
The exercise set up the main exercise site in Yucheng District, Ya'an City, Sichuan Province, and set up sub-drill sites in six cities (prefectures) including Chengdu, Panzhihua, Leshan, Aba, Ganzi, and Liangshan to simulate actual combat command, delivery of real troops, on-the-spot development, and actual disposal, examine the effectiveness of the overall use of national and local emergency resources, further improve the emergency plan system, run into the command and coordination mechanism, enhance the ability to rescue and rescue, and enhance the public's awareness of disaster prevention and reduction. State Councilor Wang Yong came to the scene to observe and deliver a speech, and Secretary Huang Ming participated in the exercise. The exercise mobilized a total of more than 6,100 emergency forces, including the national comprehensive fire rescue team, the army, safety production, engineering, medical treatment, electric power, communications, public security and other professional rescue forces and social rescue forces; 15 aircraft of various types, as well as some railway and highway transportation resources, command vehicles and rescue equipment and equipment. The Joint Command Center of the Central Military Commission and the Joint Command Center of the Western Theater launched an emergency response simultaneously with the State Council and the Sichuan Provincial Earthquake Relief Command, adopted the method of dispatching on-site command organs to lead some real troops, organized the rescue forces of the People's Liberation Army and the Armed Police Force to participate in the exercise in the whole process and all elements, and the sharp knife and fist forces such as the national comprehensive fire rescue team were organized into responses, modularized, and multi-channel long-range maneuvers; the army's assault forces, professional forces in the industry field, and social emergency forces were jointly dispatched and jointly dispatched; and the "three breaks" (power outages, circuit breaks, and social emergency forces) (power outages, circuit breaks, and social emergency forces) were organized into responses. Disconnection) under extreme conditions, the construction of an integrated emergency communication system between space and space. The exercise focused on the four links of emergency response, force delivery, rescue and rescue and organization of retreat, a total of 26 actual combat exercise subjects were set up, and a total of 28 rescue teams (including social volunteer rescue forces) across the country carried out high-rise residential fires and elevator sudden stops, multiple vehicle collisions after the earthquake, toxic substance leakage, gasoline tank area leakage and explosion, landslide personnel were buried, landslides formed a dammed lake, subway derailment personnel were trapped and other urgent, difficult and dangerous secondary disasters, with the most unfavorable environmental cases. Comprehensively test the special ability, tactics, and equipment of emergency rescue teams to deal with various types of earthquake secondary disasters, and strive to make up for shortcomings in actual combat experience, equipment application, coordination and linkage, and tactical measures. The exercise covered the rescue tasks of various disaster scenarios in the occurrence of major earthquakes and catastrophes, especially in the emergency handling of major earthquakes and catastrophes, and tested the operation of headquarters at all levels, communication support, coordination and linkage mechanisms of various departments, and team capabilities.
What the exercise was evaluated
The exercise set up a special assessment team of 120 people, starting from the beginning of March 2021 to compile evaluation standards, rushed to the main exercise site and each sub-drill site in Ya'an on April 21, and carried out a full follow-up evaluation such as discussion and exchange, data review, and on-site observation and inspection with various participating teams and emergency management departments at all levels. I participated in the whole process of training, preparation and implementation of the evaluation team, and the summary record of what I saw, felt and thought is as follows.
Capacity-building for emergency rescue
Revision of earthquake emergency response plans at all levels
In the first 20 years of the 21st century, Sichuan has experienced many destructive earthquakes such as Wenchuan 8.0, Lushan 7.0, Jiuzhaigou 7.0, Kangding 6.3 and Changning 6.0. After the 2013 Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, Sichuan, the Party Central Committee and the State Council established the principle of earthquake relief as a territorial and state-supported emergency response model. Since the establishment of the Ministry of Emergency Management in 2018, Sichuan Province has carefully sorted out the response to major earthquake disasters, timely revised the provincial earthquake emergency plan, and formed an emergency workflow of "one map" and "one table". Before the revision and release of the national earthquake emergency plan, Sichuan Province took the lead in revising and issuing a new earthquake emergency plan, adjusting the organizational structure and member units and lead units according to the reform of most of the ministerial system, and refining the emergency response workflow. In accordance with the principle of "basic correspondence between the upper and lower levels", we will further rationalize the command mechanism for earthquake relief and disaster relief, and build a work system that is connected from top to bottom and connected in an orderly manner, vertically to the end and horizontally to the side.
Construction of grass-roots emergency response plans and processes
On the basis of summarizing the lessons learned from the handling of earthquakes such as Lushan 7.0 earthquakes and flash floods, Ya'an City has formulated the "Emergency Rescue Action Plan for Larger and Above Earthquakes", which is based on the earthquake earthquake situation and disaster scenarios, highlights the needs and difficulties of emergency rescue under extreme conditions, as well as the regional characteristics of important projects, traffic conditions, and hidden danger point distribution, and formulates targeted rescue and rescue action plans. The goal is to refine the rescue steps and build an efficient linkage mechanism, including 20 sub-programs of earthquake monitoring and early warning, disaster information acquisition and consultation, emergency rescue, medical treatment, mass resettlement, major geological disaster rescue, dammed lake rescue, fire rescue, reservoir discharge and risk removal, hazardous discharge and risk elimination, mine elimination and elimination, transportation guarantee, communication guarantee, power guarantee, water supply guarantee, refined oil guarantee, health elimination and epidemic prevention, social security and security, information release and public opinion guidance, and foreign-related affairs management. After the occurrence of the catastrophe, all industries and departments carried out advance disposal and self-rescue and mutual rescue, and the Ya'an Earthquake Relief Headquarters dispatched the municipal fire rescue detachment and various professional emergency rescue teams in a timely manner as needed, organized social rescue forces, coordinated military forces such as the People's Liberation Army, armed police, and militia, and connected to ensure that external reinforcements participated in rescue and rescue. In addition, combined with the "Ya'an Earthquake Emergency Response Plan" and the actual situation of Ya'an City, the "Emergency Handling Work of Earthquake Disasters in Ya'an City" was compiled and issued, which further standardized the emergency handling of earthquake disasters in the city, highlighted the coordinated linkage work process of various departments and units in the key links of emergency disposal after the earthquake and the connection between the upper and lower levels, and the districts, counties, township streets, etc. also formulated the earthquake emergency rescue action plan, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 General diagram of the emergency response process of the Ya'an earthquake disaster event
The construction of the contingent of territorial disaster reporters
Organized by the Ministry of Emergency Management, Sichuan Province took the lead in setting an example, carrying out the construction of the disaster situation rapid report team in Ya'an City, and created the "Baoxing Model" and promoting it nationwide. Ya'an has built a network of hundreds of disaster reporters covering townships and towns (including key mountain villages), equipped with satellite phones to ensure rapid reporting of territorial information under the conditions of "three breaks"; more than 70 "light cavalry" teams (two fire communicators + motorcycles or mule riders) for disaster reconnaissance have been formed, and daily management systems and funding guarantee channels have been formulated. The purpose is to target the rapid breakthrough under the "three breaks" conditions in the mountainous areas, the fire communicators carry individual satellite equipment (7.5 kg, spare batteries, electric small two), carried by local volunteer riders, go straight to the target area to reconnoiter the disaster situation, and send the situation (including video) back to the Emergency Management Department in real time to solve the problem of the last kilometer of information, so that the State Council Earthquake Relief Command can understand the disaster situation in a timely and dynamic manner, compress the information "black box" period as much as possible, strive for the initiative, and coordinate the command and dispatch of rescue forces. At present, the national fire and rescue forces have generally established light cavalry teams, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Fire rescue communication single soldier
Air-ground integrated communication support capacity building
In accordance with the needs of emergency handling under the extreme conditions of the major earthquake and catastrophe, the Department of Science and Technology and Information Technology of the Ministry of Emergency Management organized relevant technical support units to tackle key problems, and realized the aerial information communication and reconnaissance platform carried by the Wing Dragon UAV, which integrates satellite communication, mobile phone base station whitelist service, ground 370MHz and 350MHz frequency point networking, optical camera, radar and other equipment. Realize long-haul, all-weather air communication service support, connect satellites, low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (with visible light and infrared camera modes) and the ground, and build a communication hub integrating air and space. The height is 3000 to 7000 meters, and the maximum working shooting and service area can cover 10,000 square kilometers. Meet the communication needs of areas hit hard by earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above. The pterodactyl UAV disaster detection display is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Pterodactyl UAV disaster detection display
Evaluate work perceptions
Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, especially in the short three years since the establishment of the Ministry of Emergency Management, China's emergency rescue capacity building has made great progress compared with the Wenchuan earthquake, and the opinions and suggestions on capacity building put forward in the initial reflection have now become a reality, demonstrating that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core attaches great importance to disaster prevention, mitigation and disaster relief work, and the party committees and governments at all levels, departments and industries have carried the mission of adhering to the "two supremes (people first, life first)" on their shoulders and implemented in action. In particular, the Ministry of Emergency Management focuses on the "three breaks" of major disasters, determines the decision, strengthens and weaknesses, plugs loopholes, makes up for shortcomings, vigorously strengthens the capacity building of information acquisition and command and communication, and rapidly improves the emergency rescue force's "rapid response, rapid mobility, and rapid arrival" emergency response capabilities, which are mainly reflected in six aspects. 1. In terms of force advance, in view of the extreme environmental conditions of road breaks, power outages, and network cuts, helicopters and civil aviation airliners are used to form modular emergency airdrop airborne troops and equipment to the epicenter of the earthquake, and the army and social emergency forces urgently implement road repair and maintenance, erect water surface pontoon bridges, and open rescue channels. 2. In terms of emergency communications, the emergency communication system of communication satellites, pterodactyl unmanned aerial vehicles, scattered communications, and ground satellite portable stations "air-ground integration" was built on the spot to achieve smooth emergency communications in all regions of rescue and disaster relief in the earthquake area. 3. In terms of disaster reconnaissance, satellite remote sensing technology, large and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicle aerial survey technology, etc. are used to obtain disaster situations in key disaster areas, landslides, dammed lakes and other disasters in real time, so as to provide a decision-making basis for the mobilization and deployment of earthquake relief work by the command headquarters. 4. In terms of on-site rescue, the world-class geological radar, imaging radar, audio and video life detector and other deep buried personnel search and rescue technology and equipment for building ruins were used, with high accuracy and accurate positioning, and for the first time, the new technology of LBS base station positioning was applied to accurately locate the number and location of trapped people through mobile phone signals, and the use of DTH drilling technology to open up the life support supply channel for deeply buried trapped people. 5. In terms of water rescue, underwater sonar detection technology is applied to accurately locate the location of vehicles falling into the river, and underwater robots and fixed lifting systems are applied to salvage the vehicle body out of the water. In terms of leakage and explosion rescue in hazardous tank farms, fire fighting robots replace rescue personnel to carry out fire fighting and rescue in the case of complex and unknown factors such as flammability and explosion that "people cannot approach, people cannot reach, and people cannot do". 6. In terms of medical rescue, for the first time in the earthquake area, the modular medical cabin was tried, a mobile hospital was formed, and national and local medical rescue teams entered the disaster area to concentrate on the treatment of the injured, and coordinated the emergency transfer of critically injured by military and local helicopters.
Questions and reflections
existential problems
We often say that the earthquake catastrophe is a surface disaster, the Wenchuan earthquake disaster area of 500,000 square kilometers, the Lushan earthquake is close to 20,000 square kilometers, the design of the 7.5 earthquake disaster area is estimated to be greater than 60,000 square kilometers, and it is an urban direct type earthquake, the scale of the disaster is estimated to be ten times that of the Lushan earthquake. However, in the process of communicating with all levels and all kinds of personnel, it was felt that the heads of the member units of the earthquake relief command headquarters did not have enough understanding of the scale of the 7.5-magnitude earthquake disaster set this time (according to the 10-degree area of the Wenchuan 8-magnitude earthquake, most of them should be paralyzed within a few hours after the earthquake in the county, street, township, and community village governments), and there was a vague concept of the professional knowledge of earthquakes by non-earthquake professional technicians and managers; the early disposal subjects involved at the command level and relevant departments were in a formality. The second problem is that the joint field command of the disaster-stricken provinces, cities and districts still sets up a number of working groups in accordance with the "Earthquake Emergency Response Plan", rather than setting up groups in accordance with several aspects of the newly formulated "Earthquake Emergency Rescue Action Plan for Larger and Above" (the urban direct down type earthquake in Yucheng District, the restoration of urban functions is a huge task), showing the two skins of system and action. At the same time, the member units of the command headquarters should increase or decrease according to the development of the disaster situation, and the command headquarters at the higher level should also include the administrative districts involved in the disaster in the jurisdiction as members of the command headquarters. The third problem is that this exercise focuses on industry rescue and emergency disposal, and the government level at all levels is only a meeting of the command headquarters, which does not reflect the advantages of China's system, and gives play to the role of grass-roots organizations as a fighting fortress, including self-rescue and mutual rescue, temporary resettlement, autonomy and self-protection.
suggestion
First, emergency rescue preparation and force construction should have a long-term plan, the current development of new technologies by leaps and bounds, the use cycle of electronic equipment is shorter and shorter (the time is getting shorter and shorter), there are also some areas have huge scientific and technological progress, and even subversive, such as satellite communication is likely to be replaced by starlink communication in just a few years, equipped with equipment, equipment to have a long-term sustainable development concept, different equipment cascade application, gradual iteration; at the same time to integrate emergency rescue resources from all walks of life, so that equipment benefits are maximized What is more important is the use of equipment and equipment, the cultivation of a professional, multi-functional, compound talent is a constant and unremitting task, how to ensure that the cultivated talents can be retained and used is also a relatively realistic problem at present; the current situation, relying on which department is unrealistic, especially for the consultation and judgment of the disaster situation and the decision-making on the task of emergency, difficulty, danger, and heavy emergency handling, we should establish an expert team with experience in dealing with catastrophes as soon as possible, as intellectual support to serve the emergency handling of future catastrophes. The second is to strengthen the concept of disaster risk prevention at all levels and relevant departments, especially the main responsible persons, when formulating the action plan of the plan at all levels, it is necessary to take the disaster scenario of the investigation of hidden dangers of the building and the assessment of the earthquake disaster as the guide; it is necessary to break the fortress of the block, strengthen the daily exchanges and cooperation between departments and industries, share resources, and form a joint force; it is necessary to carry out training, lectures, seminars and drills on disaster response capabilities on a regular basis; it is necessary to strengthen the emergency response capacity building of grass-roots organizations (especially villages and communities), compile communities, Village earthquake emergency response action plan, carry out community and village normalization emergency evacuation drills, gradually equipped with necessary equipment and equipment, establish an emergency response volunteer team, normalize the public disaster prevention, mitigation, disaster relief knowledge science education and risk avoidance, self-help drills, improve public safety awareness and self-help and mutual rescue capabilities. The third is to profoundly understand that emergency rescue capacity building is only the aspect of treating the symptoms, and the more important root cause is to continuously improve the ability to resist earthquakes, promote the implementation of lifeline projects and seismic reinforcement projects for housing facilities, strive to improve the seismic resistance of urban and rural residents' houses, and truly achieve "small earthquakes are not broken, major earthquakes do not fall", so that the difficulty of emergency disposal will be greatly reduced, and the investment in emergency preparedness will be relatively reduced. In addition, combined with urban planning, from the functional planning of the block, the system of new construction projects should be used as indoor emergency shelters should be formulated, and the level of seismic fortification should be correspondingly improved, and the statistics of buildings (such as schools, stadiums, etc.) that are higher than the local basic fortification should be included in the roster of indoor shelters, and a relevant system for management and operation guarantee should be established to gradually increase the proportion of indoor shelters.
Edit: DYR Proofreader: Zhang Hongyu Review: Cao Kai