Since the Tang and Song dynasties, there have been many folk tales and literary and artistic works related to Qin Qiong, and Qin Qiong's life and himself have been constantly artistically distorted and distorted, because there is no historical fact to examine our research on his real family lineage.
Qin Qiong's life with a strong legend has been continuously written into the performing arts forms such as drama, and this Sui and Tang Dynasty hero, who is known as "the best man in Shandong", is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. It's just that sometimes it is inevitable that some people will still wonder who this Qin Qiong really is, what kind of family background he has, and why his story is so divine.
Qin Qiong
Since the ancestors and family lineage of the Qin family are not recorded in detail in various canonical histories, people in later generations can only sketch a fabricated family lineage for Qin Qiong by speculation, and for the sake of artistic effect, these legends are naturally more dramatic and cannot be examined at all.
These dramas are indeed good for the protagonist to enrich the story, but from a scientific point of view, it is very imprecise. Fortunately, we have finally found some clues that can correct the history and put an end to the stories that have been compiled and misrepresented.
In 1990, the discovery of a tomb provided historians with a strong historical basis, so that for the first time, we can recognize the real Qin Qiong's life in history, although these stories are not as wonderful as folklore, but they restore the real historical truth for us, which has valuable significance, so that the background of Qin Qiong's character is gradually enriched.
So what kind of family lineage does Qin Qiong, a legendary figure, have, and who are his relatives?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Qin Qiong's father: Qin Ai</h1>
In 1995, after the construction of a humble unit dormitory building in Jinan City began construction and renovation, after the start of construction at the beginning of the year, the workers carried out the work in an orderly manner according to the plan, until one day, the construction team found a tomb here.
The exact location of the place is in Jinan City in the Jingqi Road Xiaowei 6th Road, this tomb stone chamber once found immediately attracted the attention of archaeologists, Jinan City Museum organized professionals to carry out repairs and inspections here.
This burial chamber is not large, only about two meters from the surface, so it will be easily found by the construction team, the tomb sits north to south, the tomb is more than 2 meters from the surface, the tomb is a single burial chamber, the structure is not complicated, through these can be seen that the owner of the tomb is not a prominent magnate. The flat figure of the tomb is square with a knife handle, with an area of 9 square meters.
The expert conducted a preliminary observation and analysis of the burial chamber and mastered his structure, which was made of processed rectangular stone bricks, the thickness of the walls was about 40 centimeters, and the top of the burial chamber was made of stone slabs stacked with astringent masonry, with a pointed roof.
Stacking is an ancient masonry method of building with masonry, which is stacked layer by layer through brick and stone wood to pick out outwards, or retracted, and needs to be used as the upper layer of load-bearing when it is outward.
The height of the whole burial chamber is about two meters, the southeast corner of the tomb is the tomb door, outside the door is the tomb road, there are two stone doors in the road, and the lintel is carved with bas-relief sheep's head ornament. Most of the top of the tomb has collapsed due to its age, leaving only a small part of the southwest corner.
In the process of cleaning, archaeologists unearthed several pieces of damaged colored pottery figurines and a stone stele engraved with an epitaph, which has been folded into two paragraphs, but the text is still clearly visible. There are not many objects unearthed in the burial chamber, coupled with some traces of destruction, experts analyze that the tomb has been patronized by tomb robbers in the early years.
This stele is made of bluestone, the stele is polished throughout, the surface is flat and smooth, and the upper part is a circle and the lower part is square, which means the place where the sky is round. The entire stele is 84 cm high, 40 cm wide and 10 cm thick; the base of the stele is a rectangular tapered table, 20 cm high, 30 cm wide and 50 cm long.
The inscription on the stone stele is in block letters, with a total of 22 lines, bounded, full of 38 characters, and the last line is engraved on the left side of the stele with only 3 characters. The entire epitaph totals 790 words, of which three words have been worn, the text is 1.5 cm in length and 1.8 cm in width. This stone stele is currently in the Jinan Museum.
From the epitaph "Jun zhen ai, the word Ji Yang, Qi County Licheng people." ”
We learned that the owner of the tomb was surnamed Qin Mingai, and the character Ji Yang was a native of Licheng, Qi County. After careful study and analysis by experts, it was confirmed that the identity of the owner of the tomb was the father of Qin Qiong, a famous general of the Tang Dynasty. Qin Ai was a minister during the Northern Qi to Sui dynasties, but his status was not high.
According to records, he joined the army at the Capital Of wu capital of Northern Qi's Xianyang king Huo Lu, northern Qi died in Northern Zhou and returned to his hometown, and Sui Daye died in Huaizhili, Licheng County, QiZhou, ten years later.
According to the epitaph, Qin Ai's ancestors were named Xiao Da (孝達), and his official position was Wei Guangnian County Ling; his father, Fang Tai, was the Prince of Guangning of Northern Qi. Qin Ai died at the age of sixty-nine, on the 21st day of November in the 10th year of Daye, that is, on December 23, 590 AD, and died in Huaizhili, Licheng County, Qizhou.
From the epitaph, we also found some important historical materials, according to the introduction of Zhiwen, we know that Qin Qiong's father, ancestor, and great-grandfather were all civil officials of the Wei and Qi dynasties, which is omitted in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang, and this information can make up for the lack of history.
Second, some local legends record qin qiong's family lineage as a blacksmith for generations, that is, "iron smelting Qin family", saying that he was born in a humble background. And this epitaph corrects this misinformation.
Third, in the past, it was said that Qin Qiong's former residence was in shayuan, Wulongtan and other places outside the West Gate of Jinan, which was actually a misrepresentation, and according to the inscription, the location of Qin Qiong's former residence should be located in Huaizhili, Licheng County, which is now the area of Xiaowei 6th Road, Jingqi Road, Jinan City.
Regarding the claim that the former residence was in the present-day North Locust Tree, experts speculate that according to the Tang Dynasty method, the scope of his home included the area of the present-day North Locust Tree.
In addition to letting us know Qin Qiong's father and life, this epitaph also has a high value in calligraphy art, but unfortunately there is no signature or mark on the stele, and it is a fashion for the author of the book in the Tang Dynasty not to sign the name, but it brings greater difficulties for posterity to judge its author.
Judging from the posthumous gifts of Qin Ai's title several times in the epitaph, this author is not an ordinary literati, and speculates that he was a famous artist in the early Tang Dynasty. From the body shape of the font and the way it is used, experts initially guess that the author is Yu Shinan, a great calligrapher of the early Tang Dynasty.
Yu Shinan
Epitaph: "The eight-year edict of Wu De was posthumously awarded as the captain of the shang light car, and the edict of the first year of Zhenguan was posthumously awarded as the military and assassin history of Yingzhou, and the lieutenant of the light car was as it was." ”
There are two months from the time of the edict and the change of burial, that is, from November of the first year of Zhenguan to the thirteenth day of the first month of the second year of Zhenguan.
The writing of the edict should be completed by the Hongwenguan scholar, during this period of the Hongwenguan when Fang Xuanling and Yu Shinan were in charge, when examining it, it was found that the Zhiwen Tuoben font and Yu Shinan's style were very similar, so it is estimated that the Zhishi was also carved by the masters of the capital and buried in Jinan.
Fang Xuanling
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the tombs of other members of the Qin family</h1>
With the addition of the Qin Ai epitaph, after comparative analysis with other Qin family epitaphs discovered one after another, we can already discharge the lineage of Qin Qiong's several generations of family, which not only allows us to understand this character more clearly, but also adds deficiencies and omissions to the Two Tang Dynasties.
The epitaphs of Qin Huaidao and his son Qin Tong unearthed in 1974 record the ancestors of the Qin clan and the descendants of Qin Qiong.
Qin Huaidao was the son of Qin Qiong, and in the epitaph of Qin Huaidao, Qin Huaidao is recorded as Qin Huaidao, zili, for Qin Qiongzi, Changzhou Yixing County Ling, the founding duke of Licheng County, Tang Sisheng died in Kuocang County, Kuozhou, at the age of sixty, Tang Kaiyuan was buried in Qingfeng Township, Luoyang County in the sixth year.
Qin Huai Dao (秦怀道) was the Right Fu Feng (右扶風人), the right Fu Feng (右扶風) was the name of the political district at that time, one of the three auxiliaries of the Han Dynasty, and the sixth ancestor of Qin Huai Dao was Murong Yan Leling Commandery (慕容燕樂陵郡守), after the Eastern Han Dynasty's Shanyang Taishou Qin Peng. The sixth ancestor served Murong Shi's Yan state, and his official position was Leling Commandery, so from then on, the Qin clan moved to Licheng County, Qi Prefecture, and their descendants thus lived in Qi.
Qin Huaidao's son Qin You, also the grandson of Qin Qiong, was the Ling of Shanyin County, Yuezhou, and his epitaph records that he was Qin Qiongsun and Qin Huai Daozi, who joined the army in the luzhou judiciary, died in Luoyang in the second year of the Wuzhou Holy Calendar, and was buried in the Northern Mountains in the third year of the Holy Calendar. Qin Xiu, the ninth ancestor of Qin, was a doctor of Jin Jin ZiGuanglu and Tai Changqing.
The relationship between Qin Huaidao, Qin You, and Qin Qiong actually had a conflict in the epitaphs of the two.
Qin Huaidao's epitaph calls Qin Qiong "Zu Shu Bao", and Qin Tong's epitaph calls Qin Qiong "Zu Shu Ning Father Huai Dao", combined with the epitaphs of the two people, because Qin Huai Dao's epitaph was engraved when his son was buried for him, so Zhiwen may be described in the tone of his son Qin Jingqian, so it is called "Great-Grandfather Ji, Zu Shu Bao".
On the other hand, Qin Huaidao's epitaph does not record his father, and the epitaph is engraved 34 years after his death, so it may be mistakenly recorded as Qin Qiongsun. From the above, it can be seen that Qin Huaidao should be the son of Qin Qiong, and Qin Huaidao has sons Qin Jingqian and Qin You as Qin Qiong's grandson.
The "sixth ancestor" in Qin Huaidao's epitaph should be the fourth ancestor of Qin Qiong, that is, the father of Qin Qiong's great-grandfather Qin Xiaoda, and is mentioned in Qin Ai's epitaph. The "Ninth Ancestor" in Qin Tong's epitaph should be the seventh ancestor of Qin Qiong.
At the same time, the tomb of Qin Qiong's grandson Qin Lijian was also unearthed, and the epitaph recorded that Qin Qiong's other descendant Qin Koude was found, and Qin Koude was married to Wei Chi Jingde's family.
Wei Chi Jingde
Qin Li saw the epitaph record, Qin Li saw, the word Li see, for Qin Qiongsun, Xuzhou Yanling County Cheng, Tang Shenlong died three years ago in Hegong County Daoguangfang residence. Qin Li saw his father Qin Kou Dao, Zuo Wei Zuo Lang general. Qin Li saw that his mother was the granddaughter of Wei Chi Jingde and the daughter of Wei Chi Baolin.
Qin Qiong's grandson Qin Qi, and his son Qin Qia's epitaph records also find another descendant of Qin Qiong. The epitaph of Qin Wei records that Qin Qi, the character Jingsi, was Qin Qiongsun, Sima of Jizhou, and Tang Kaiyuan died in the official residence in the twenty-seventh year, at the age of seventy-one.
Qin Shandao, the father of Qin Xiao, led zuo Qingdao and inspected the grand general Zuo Jinwuwei. Qin Xiao had a son, Qin Qi. Qin Qia's epitaph records that Qin Qia, the character Bohuai, was the great-grandson of Qin Qiong, the instigator of Qin, joined the army of Yuzhang County, and Tang Kaiyuan died in the twenty-third year, Chinese New Year's Eve six years old. Qin Qia had a son, Qin Huan.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > about Qin Qiong</h1>
The tombstones of the Qin family have been unearthed one after another, and the legends and speculations about Qin Qiong's life have come to an end. It is true that the hero has an ordinary or poor origin, and the character appears more tall, but Qin Qiong does not need these superfluous embellishments at all, and his life is exciting enough.
In some canonical history books, there is no record of Qin Qiong's family lineage, nor is the record of himself very detailed, and the detailed description of Qin Qiong in these history books is rare, and the way we know him is mainly novels and folk history.
Only in the old Book of Tang and the Zizhi Tongjian can we see some information about him, as well as some "biographies" in the Qingqianlong "Chronicle of Licheng County". These records are not much, but they can also roughly see Qin Qiong's life from them.
According to historical records, Qin Qiong, the character Shubao, was a native of Jinan, Shandong, whose home was in Licheng, Qizhou.
His initial position was that of a Sui Dynasty general who came to protect his children. When Qin Qiong's mother died, he sent emissaries to mourn his children, and his military officials were surprised by this, because there were many people in the army who died or suffered misfortune in the family, so why did the general appoint someone to mourn Qin Shubao's mother?
After listening to the military official's question, Lai Hu'er replied, "This man is brave, talented, and courageous, and he is bound to be rich and noble in the future, so how can he be treated as a lowly person?" ”
In the last years of the Sui Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and peasant revolts were raging. Qin Qiong followed Qi Commandery to guard Zhang Sutuo, suppressed the leader of the rebel army, Lu Mingyue, and defeated Sun Xuanya's team at Haiqu, during which he made a military merit and was awarded the title of Jianjie Lieutenant.
Zhang Sutuo
In the twelfth year of the Sui Dynasty, Zhang Sutuo was killed in an ambush during his attack on Rongyang, and Qin Qiong led the remaining remnants of his army to submit to the Sui general Pei Renji.
Later, Pei Renji surrendered to Li Mi, and Li Mi was overjoyed when he had Qin Qiong, a good general, and made Qin Qiong a horse in the account, commanding the 800-man Guards army known as the "Internal Army".
Li Mi
In July 618, Li Mijun and Yu Wenhua fought a great battle at Tongshan Near Liyang, Li Mizhong's arrow fell off his horse, and just when he was out of breath, the pursuing soldiers also caught up, at this time Qin Qiong stood up, fought alone to save him from the predicament, and then launched a counterattack against the enemy and successfully repelled the enemy.
Soon after, Li Mi was defeated by the Sui general Wang Shichong, who was dominant in the eastern capital, and this time Qin Qiong fell back to Wang Shichong,who made Qin Qiong a general of longjun. Wang Shichong was suspicious and very treacherous, and Qin Qiong felt that this person was not a good lord, so he joined Cheng Yaojin and others in February of the second year of Wude to join Tang.
Cheng bites the gold
Li Yuan, the Emperor Gaozu of Tang, assigned Qin Qiong and Qin Qiong to the Qin King's Palace, and Li Shimin, the King of Qin, treated Qin Qiong's name for a long time, treated him with courtesy, and assigned the two to the Qin King's Palace. The two then led the Guards. In February of the same year, Qin Qiong followed the King of Qin to a great victory, defeating Chi Jingde, a subordinate of Song Jingang, at Meiliangchuan.
Qin Qiong repeatedly made meritorious contributions, and Li Yuan gave him a golden bottle in order to reward him, and said to him that he was very touched by his loyalty, and if my meat was edible, he would cut it off and reward him, not to mention these belongings.
In April of the third year of Wu De, he followed the King of Qin to pacify Song Jingang and Dou Jiande and eliminate Wang Shizhong; Wu De pacified Liu Heikuo in the fourth year. Whenever there was a battle, Qin Qiong was always the first to charge into the battle, he slashed the flag and captured the flag, bravely championed the three armies, and made the enemy feel frightened. The King of Qin paid more and more attention to Qin Qiong, and Qin Qiong also began to become a little conceited because of this.
Dou Jiande
Qin Qiong not only made great military achievements in the early days of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but also played a great role in the "Xuanwumen Revolution" in the internal struggle of the Tang Dynasty, Qin Qiong gave Great help to Li Shimin, the King of Qin, who was loyal to Li Shimin, and together with Li Shimin, he killed the crown prince Jiancheng and the Qi king Yuanji, and became Li Shimin's scavenger on the road to seizing power.
Li Shimin
In June of the ninth year of Tang Wude, Li Shimin the Prince of Qin ascended the throne as crown prince, and in August, he succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Zhenguan, which is the famous Tang Taizong Qin Qiong became the great general of Zuo Wuwei, and for his merits, he awarded 1,700 households a fief.
Later, Qin Qiong was plagued by many diseases, he was very impressed by this, he had been fighting and killing the enemy since he was a child, he had experienced more than two hundred wars, and there were dozens of buckets of blood that had flowed on his body alone, these injuries made him seriously injured, how could he not get sick when he was old. Finally, in the twelfth year of Zhenguan, Qin Qiong died of illness.
After his death, he gave Qin Qiong the title of Governor of Xuzhou, renamed him the Duke of Hu, and buried him with Zhaoling. Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered people to erect stone statues and stone horses to show his merits. The portraits of 24 people, including Qin Qiong and the eldest grandson Wuji in the seventeenth year of Zhenguan, were also on the Ling Yan Pavilion to commend the great heroes. As a military general, Qin Qiong can be said to have received the highest courtesy of the Tang Dynasty.
Although it is not recorded in the history of Qin Qiong's family lineage, it has been completed from the epitaphs of family personnel, and it can be learned from the epitaph of Qin Qiong's father Qin Ai that Qin Qiong's grandfather served as a Guangnian County Commander, and his father was a clerk in the Northern Qi Royal Palace, that is to say, Qin Qiong was born in a family of middle-level civil officials of the Northern Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, because the ancestors were all lower-level civil officials, so the zhengshi did not record it.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > summary</h1>
After collating statistics, we get a complete context of Qin Qiong's family lineage: Qin Qiong's father Qin Ai; ancestor Qin Peng; seventh ancestor Qin Xiu; fourth ancestor whose ancestral name is unknown is Murong Yanleling County Shou; great-grandfather Qin Xiaoda; ancestral father Fang Tai; sons Qinkou Dao, Qin HuaiDao, Qin Shandao; grandson Qin Lijian, Qin Jingqian, Qin Tong, Qin Qi; great-grandson Qin Qiao, Qin Qia.
The remarks about Qin Qiong as a Zhonggong person and a Xisha Wang Zhuang in the old and new Tang Dynasty books have been overturned, and Qin Qiong was not from the iron age, let alone like the famous men mentioned in the Sui and Tang Dynasty novels, whose father was Qin Yi who guarded Ma Mingguan. Qin Qiong's origins were not prominent, and he was a civilian official for several generations, and he himself abandoned martial arts and followed wen.
How he was born was not the fundamental factor that determined Qin Qiong to become a generation of famous generals, Qin Shubao was notoriously filial and righteous, and he was even more courageous and loyal to his generals and kings, and he did not forget his benevolence and righteousness throughout his life, and his fame stemmed from his own ability and admirable spirit of loyalty.
"Filial piety seems to be dedicated, and friends sai meng taste", the Confucian "five constants" respected by the ancients are expressed in Qin Qiong.