Wei Zhongxian was nine thousand years old

Self-castrated into the palace

Wei Zhongxian, whose original name was Jin Zhong, was once surnamed Li from his stepfather. He was married, his wife's surname was Feng, and he had a daughter who was married to the Yang family. He can hold a bow in both his left and right hands, and his arrows are very accurate; the poor family likes to gamble, but the gambling is not lucky, and he is often humiliated. Judging from his family situation and experience, he has escaped from a city scoundrel.

With no other way out, Wei Zhongxian entered the palace as a eunuch. He first worked under the name of the eunuch Sun Xian and then in the Jiazi warehouse, and gradually became rich.

Make friends with Keshi

Wei Zhongxian was introduced by the eunuch Wei Dynasty to Wang An's men, and he was quite trustworthy. For him, it was an important turnaround. Emperor Guangzong Zhu Changluo became emperor for only one month before he fell ill and died. During his lifetime, he favored the Elect Li clan and asked her to take care of the emperor's eldest son, Zhu Youxiao. Li Xuan was jealous and did not allow Zhu Youxiao to talk to others, and gradually controlled him. Zhu Youxiao was only sixteen years old when he ascended the throne, and Li Xuan wanted to continue to control Zhu Youxiao and let him stay in the Qianqing Palace. Yushi Zuo Guangdou, Yang Lian, and the cabinet minister Liu Yiyi proposed to move the palace, and after several disputes, the Li clan was forced to move to the Renshou Hall. This incident is called the "Palace Transfer Case", which is jointly known as the "Three Cases" together with the Ten Thousand Calendar Strike Case and the Taichang Shi Red Pill Case. Some cabinet ministers had an ambiguous attitude toward the "three cases," which caused fierce criticism from officials and officials, and the controversy between the party and the party intensified, creating a very favorable objective environment for Wei Zhongxian.

Emperor Xizong was raised by Li Xuanshi since childhood and had an attachment to her. This relationship was forcibly suspended by the bureaucracy, which made him resentful of the officials concerned and shifted his feelings to others, such as his wet nurse Keshi and the eunuch Lee Jinxian.

Friendship with Keshi is a great opportunity for Wei Zhongxian. In the early years of the Apocalypse, there were Daoist people staying in the Heavenly Palace, in the city of Rige, saying: "When the ghosts are standing, the eggplant flowers are full of red." This is seen as a saying of Wei and Ke.

Climb up the ladder

In the first year of Taichang (1621 AD), Emperor Mingguangzong Zhu Changluo died, and Zhu Youxiao took the throne as Emperor Xizong, with the era name of Heavenly Revelation. Wei Zhongxian and Keshi were not favored. Within a month, Feng Ke was made Lady Fengsheng, and her son Hou Guoxing, younger brother Ke Guangxian, and Wei Zhongxian's older brother Wei Zhao were made Jinyi Wei Qianhu. Wei Zhongxian was soon promoted from The Salary Division to the position of Eunuch bingbi and viceroy of Baohe Sandian (三店). Wei Zhongxian was illiterate and was not allowed to enter the ceremonial supervisor as a rule, but because of keshi, he was able to make an exception.

In the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), Zhu was given the Keshi Incense Field by edict and given Wei Zhongxian the merit of governing the tomb of the emperor. Yushi Wang Xinyi advised, but Zhu Yu did not listen. When Zhu You's big wedding, Yushi Bizuo zhou and Liu Lan asked to send keshi out of the palace, and the university scholar Liu Yihuojing also said so. Zhu Yu was in love with the school and said: "The empress is young and still needs the care of the old woman, and will talk about it after the emperor's burial." "Wei Zhongxian monopolized the Ke clan and expelled the Wei Dynasty. He was also jealous of Wang An's presiding over the right path, and plotted to kill him and repudiate all the eunuchs under his name. Keshi is vicious and vicious. Wei Zhongxian did not know the book, but he had a good memory, sexual suspicion was cruel and vicious, and he was flattered. The Emperor trusted these two men very much. The power of the two men was even more arrogant, and they used the Si Li Supervisor Wang Tiqian and Li Yongzhen, Shi Yuanya, Tu Wenfu and others as wings, and the people in the palace did not dare to rebel against them. Later, Keshi left the palace, but was soon called in. Yushi Zhou Zongjian, the attendant Chen Bangzhan, Yushi Ma Mingqi, and Hou Zhen in the matter were all reprimanded. In the event, Ni Sihui, Zhu Qinxiang, and Wang Xinyi also spoke to Zhu Youxiao, but they were all relegated to other places. None of them had pointed at Wei Zhongxian yet. Wei Zhongxian then persuaded Zhu Youxue to choose a martial eunuch to make firearms to practice in the palace, and secretly colluded with the university scholar Shen Yi to help. He also guided Zhu Youxiao every day to indulge in the promotion of you voice tricks and dog and horse shooting, and Liu Zongzhou, the chief of the Punishment Department, first impeached him, Zhu Youxiao was furious, and Lai University Scholar Ye Xiangxiang rescued gao, and was spared.

Murder of dissidents

Murdered the enemy of the Wei Dynasty

Emperor Mingxi's nursing mother Keshi was a native of Dingxing (present-day Hebei), who married Marquis Er, but entered the palace at the age of eighteen. In the Ming Dynasty custom, eunuchs and women in the palace, mainly palace women, but also women like Keshi, secretly or openly married in name only. There is no shortage of examples of two eunuchs fighting over a palace maid. Keshi was originally friendly with Wei Chao, and when he saw Wei Zhongxian, he empathized with him. Emperor Xizong ascended the throne, and Fengke was made Lady Fengsheng. The significance of the Wei Dynasty and Wei Zhongxian's dispute over the Ke clan was not only to compete for a daughter, but to compete for favors with Emperor Xizong, which was naturally more intense, and even noisy in the palace at night. Emperor Xizong also went so far as to ask about this matter, and he asked keshi who he had a crush on, and he was the master to arrange it. Keshi chose Wei Zhongxian. Wei Zhongxian conspired with Keshi to send Wei Chao to Fengyang and send people to kill him on the way.

Murdered the eunuch Wang An

After murdering the Wei Dynasty, Wei Zhongxian positioned Wang An, who was of higher status than him, as the next target of murder. Wang An, unlike the Wei Dynasty, was a eunuch who cooperated with foreign ministers in the palace transfer case and had considerable prestige. At that time, Yushi Fang was shocked and asked to expel Keshi and Wei Zhongxian. Wang An also sensed the threat from Wei Zhongxian and played Emperor Mingxi and wanted to punish him. But when he was executed, he just made him change. Keshi left the palace, and Wei Zhongxian did nothing for a while. Who knew that Xi Zong was even more inseparable from keshi than him, and if he lost his soul, he would not eat for a few days. Soon after, he recalled her to the palace. Wei Zhongxian and Keshi looked for partners among the foreign bureaucrats, found Wei's compatriots, and gave Huo Weihua the incident, instructing him to impeach Wang An. Ke and Wei besieged Emperor Xizong, demoted Wang An to nanhaizi jingjun, and sent people to kill him.

Framing the queen concubine

After Wang An's death, Wei Zhongxian was promoted to the position of Grand Superintendent of Si Li Bingbi. This broke the mold, as he was illiterate and was not qualified to be a celebrant. Empress Dowager Xizong of the Zhang clan, "sexually upright", repeatedly talked to Emperor Xi about the faults of Keshi and Wei Zhongxian.

The empress presided over the affairs of the harem and had the right to dispose of the Ke clan directly. She didn't do this, either because of the rat trap, or because she hoped that Xi Zong would decide. Once, after Zhang Hou was reading a book, Xi Zong asked her what book she was reading, and she replied: "Zhao Gaochuan." Zhang Hou's intention was clear, and Xi Zong was silent.

The guests and Wei both hated and feared this, and threatened that Zhang Shi was not the daughter of Zhang Guoji, the head of the state, but a thief, in order to cure the Zhang family's crimes. A eunuch Wang Tiqian said that the brotherhood of Xi Zongzhong's husband and wife has "changed from detachment, and there is no class in my generation." This saved the Zhang Hou family. Despite this, Empress Zhang was deeply hurt. When she was pregnant, Keshi and Wei Zhongxian sent their cronies to serve, causing her to miscarry. Emperor Mingguang chose zhao to be hated by the two and forced to commit suicide. Emperor Xizong's concubine Zhang Shi was jealous of the Ke clan and was imprisoned as a pregnant woman, and died of starvation. Feng Guiren persuaded Emperor Xizong to strike up the internal exercises, but was accused of slander and given death. Li Chengfei was rescued and imprisoned.

Donglin Party Fight

Wei Zhongxian's struggle with foreign bureaucrats was more of a partisan nature than any similar struggle in the Ming Dynasty. In the early years of the Apocalypse, the scholars and doctors who flaunted the Qingliu all regarded themselves as Donglin Party members, or were considered Torin Party members. After one or two decades of ups and downs on the political stage, they not only still have the power to influence public opinion, but also occupy some important positions.

In the first year of the Apocalypse (162), Ye Xianggao became the first assistant to the cabinet, Sun Shenxing was appointed as the Rebbe Shangshu, and Zou Yuanbiao was appointed as the Capital Imperial History; in the second year of the Apocalypse, Sun Chengzong entered the cabinet and was also in charge of the military affairs, and Zhao Nanxing was appointed as the Capital Imperial History, and the following year he was changed to the official Shangshu. In addition, Gao Panlong was appointed as the left deputy capital of yushi, Yang Lian was also promoted to left vice capital yushi, and Zuo Guangdou was promoted to yushi of youdu.

At first, Wei Zhongxian's relationship with this faction of bureaucrats was not too tense. He respected Zhao Nanxing and praised him in front of Emperor Xizong. The two sat together at the Hongzheng Gate to discuss the matter, and Zhao Nanxing solemnly admonished Wei Zhongxian: "The Lord is on the year, and the internal and external courtiers will strive for good. Although these words made Wei Zhongxian unhappy in his heart, he had not yet reached the point of turning his face.

The third year of the Apocalypse (1623) was an important year. Wei Zhongxian was appointed to oversee the East Factory, and Gu Bingqian and Wei Guangwei were elected to the cabinet. Gu and Wei were constantly impeached by Yan Lu and were not tolerated by Qing Liu. Zhao Nanxing was friends with Wei Guangwei's father, Wei Yunzhen, but he refused to let Wei Guangwei stay outside the door, publicly saying that Wei Yunzhen was childless. Wei Zhongxian needed the cooperation of foreign bureaucrats, and bureaucrats who were not tolerated by the Qingliu also needed to turn to Wei Zhongxian, and they naturally formed a political faction.

In April of the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Fu Xun and other shangshu were given to Zuo Guangdou and Wei Dazhong, who communicated with Wang Wenyan, the secretary of the cabinet. In June, Yang Lian impeached Wei Zhongxian, listing his persecution of courtiers, persecution of eunuchs, persecution of concubines, raising internal soldiers, and weaving prison cases, a total of twenty-four articles, and other ministers were also impeached, no less than a hundred. Wei Zhongxian's struggle with the foreign ministers, or rather, the struggle between the eunuch party and the Donglin party, entered the stage of openness. Judging from the situation at that time, the forces opposing Wei Zhongxian and the castration party were still very strong, and neither side was sure of victory. Wei Zhongxian approached the cabinet minister Han Lu and asked him to mediate. It's a gesture of compromise. Han Lu refused to cooperate, and the other ministers refused to give up the war.

Wei Zhongxian could only rely on his and Ke's ability to manipulate Emperor Xi. When Emperor Xizong was young and good at playing games, Wei Zhongxian and others guided him to hunt horses on land, take pleasure in the water in the pool, and take advantage of his love of carpentry to compete whenever he wielded an axe saw. In Emperor Xizong's eyes, state affairs were far less important than his rope cutting ink and building a small room, and he did not wait for him to finish listening, so he said, "Good for it." The deliberative power of the government was gradually controlled by Wei Zhongxian.

Wei Zhongxian's party listed the opposition bureaucrats, including more than a hundred people, called the evil party, and listed more than sixty people in the castrated party as upright people, which was used as the basis for deposing them. In the event, Ruan Dacheng made a unique idea, composed the "Record of point generals", and ranked the Donglin party members in the name of the Juyi leader in "Water Margin", such as the thirty-six people of Tiangangxing: Li Sancai, the Heavenly King of Tota, Xianggao of timely rain leaves, Qian Qianyi, the holy hand scholar Wen Zhenmeng, the white-faced Langjun Zheng Yun, the Thunderbolt Fire Hui Shiyang, the flea Wang Wenyan on the drum, yang Lian of the Great Dao, and the Zhi duo xing Miao Chang Period; the seventy-two people of the Earth Fire Star, including Gu Dazhang, the blue-faced beast Zuo Guangdou, the golden-eyed Biao Wei Dazhong, and the dryland Kulu Youshi Ren. In July of the fourth year of the Apocalypse, Ye Xianggao was forced to go to the official office. Earlier, in order to search for a captured Imperial History, the lieutenant broke into Ye Xianggao's mansion and clamored for insults, which was also a great insult that the first assistant had never suffered in the past. In October, Zhao Nanxing, Gao Panlong Zhishi, Yang Lian, and Zuo Guangdou cut the nationality.　　

In Wei Zhongxian's campaign against donglin people, Wang Wenyan was an important figure. He was born in the county at the beginning, and he was brave and witty. After entering Beijing, he became acquainted with the eunuch Wang An and communicated with the cabinet between Wang An and the cabinet. He was heavily used by Ye Xianggao as a cabinet secretary and had contacts with Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou, Wei Dazhong, and Zhao Nanxing. Wei Zhongxian hated Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou and wanted to put them to death. He chose Wang Wenyan's clue, sent him to prison, tortured him for more than two months, and insisted that he confess yang lian and other bribes. Wang Wenyan was very backbone, saying: "A person who despises a clean and honest person with this contempt will not accept death." "In the end, he was tortured. Xu Xianchun, the Jinyi guard officer in charge of the prison trial, made up his own prison words and sent Yang Lian and others to prison. Also imprisoned was Xiong Tingbi, a soldier who had been in charge of military affairs in Liaodong Province. Xiong Tingbi had offended the powerful people in the DPRK and China; he also proposed abandoning Liaodong and withdrawing to Guannei, bearing the responsibility of losing land; and there were rumors that Yang Lian's impeachment of Wei Zhongxian was drafted by him, so he was doomed. Wei Zhongxian believed that it was still difficult to show the crime of convicting Yang Lian and other crimes in the case of moving the palace alone, and there were too few people involved, and if he was convicted by taking bribes as a traffic marshal, he would have more than enough to die.

In August of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Xiong Tingbi abandoned the city and passed on the first nine sides. In August and September, Yang Lian, Wei Dazhong, Zuo Guangdou, Gu Dazhang, and others died in prison. Implicated by Yang Lian and other prisons, there are still many bureaucrats who have been arrested and killed. When Wei Dazhong was arrested and escorted through Wu County, Zhou Shunchang, a native of Wu County and the head of the official department, was at home. He retained Wei Dazhong, circled around for several days, and married his own family. This was blatant contempt for Wei Zhongxian. Wei Zhongxian sent Ti to arrest people and cause a riot in Suzhou. The gathered crowd begged for Zhou Shunchang's life, killing one person on the embankment and wounding many people. Zhou Shunchang was imprisoned and killed. In dealing with the suzhou civil unrest, the five citizens Yan Peiwei, Ma Jie, Shen Yang, Yang Nianru and Zhou Shunchang's public opinion Zhou Wenyuan were killed. They were buried together near Tiger Hill, with the inscription "Tomb of the Five".

Gao Panlong got the news, knew that he could not help it, wrote down his will, and calmly went to the water in the early morning of March 17, at the age of 64. In the early years of Chong's frame, he was able to show the snow and gave him the crown prince Taibao, Bingbu Shangshu, and Yu Zhongxian. The posthumous works have been compiled by posterity into the "Testament of Gao Zi" and the "Public Collection of Gao Zhongxian".

Wei Zhongxian's struggle with the Donglin Party had gone beyond the scope of the imperial court and caused strong repercussions in society. Wei Zhongxian used prison to deal with opposition bureaucrats, ordering his henchmen to compile the "Three Dynasties Essential Code" and recount and evaluate the "three cases" in order to create public opinion to crack down on dissidents. Wei Zhongxian's position continued to rise, and a considerable number of bureaucrats, for various reasons, moved closer to him to help him control the situation and fight against the opposition, and they were called the Wei Party or the Castration Party.

Most of the ministers who entered the cabinet after the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625) were Wei Zhongxian's party members. This includes Gu Bingqian, Wei Guangwei, Huang Liji, Shi Fenglai, Zhang Ruitu, and Lai Zongdao, Yang Jingchen, and others who entered the cabinet after Wei Zhongxian was deposed. The most prominent performances were Gu Bingqian and Wei Guangwei. Gu Bingqian was the first assistant, and he was in charge of the approval of the will, and if the imperial court had a move, it would be attributed to Wei Zhongxian. Wei Guangwei sent Wei Zhongxian a letter and called it "Cabinet Family Newspaper", which was called "Duke of Waiwei" at that time. Wei Zhongxian's party members included five tigers, five biao, ten dogs, ten children, and forty grandchildren. The "Five Tigers" were civilian positions, including Gongbu Shangshu and Zuo Du Yushi Cui Chengxiu, Wu Chunfu, who was moved from Taibu ShaoqingLiu to Gongbu Shangshu within one year, Tian Ji, who was promoted from Dachang Shaoqing to Bingbu Shangshu within one year, Ni Wenhuan, Taichangqing, and Li Kuilong, the left deputy capital. "Wu Biao" was a military post, including Tian Ergeng, the governor of Zuodu, Xu Xianchun, the commander of Jinyi Weidu, Cui Yingyuan, the commander of Jinyiwei, Sun Yunhe, the criminal officer of Dongchang, and Yang Wan, a confidant of Tian Ergeng. As a result of Chongzhen's investigation of the "case of the emasculation of the party in the early years," a total of six conspirators of the first rebellion were found, nineteen of whom had befriended the first rebels, eleven of whom had befriended the close servants, thirty-five of whom had committed crimes against the evil army, fifteen who had been attached to and supported the military prisoners, one hundred and twenty-eight who had made friends with the close attendants, forty-four people who had been in the ancestral hall, for a total of two hundred and fifty-eight, and if fifty-seven people who had "slipped through the net" were added, then a total of three hundred and fifteen people were added. It can be seen that the "castration party" is so loud.

Construction of a shrine

At the top of the "Ten Dogs" is Zhou Yingqiu. This person is good at cooking, and Wei Zhongxian's nephew, Wei Liangqing, a su ningbo, likes to eat his roasted pig's trotters the most. His ascension to the throne of the Imperial Household depended on this, and he was known as the "Simmering General Constitution". Ten children and forty grandchildren are even more complex. For example, Li Fan and Li Lusheng were promoted to Imperial History and ShiZhong by Zhi County, respectively. They first defected to Wei Guangwei, who fell out of favor and switched to the cabinet minister Feng Quan, who fell out of favor and then to Cui Chengxiu, and was ridiculed as a "slave with four surnames". Wei Zhongxian's henchmen also built a shrine for Wei Zhongxian. The first to build the ancestral hall was Pan Ruzhen, the inspector of Zhejiang. Under the pretext of taking advantage of the opportunity to plead with the households, he built a shrine in the West Lake, and after it was completed, he asked Emperor Xizong to give him a plaque. Emperor Xizong's name is "Pude". As an encouragement to this move, Pan Ruzhen was promoted to Shangshu of the Nanjing Punishment Department. However, the Zhejiang Inspector was one day late and was deposed. As soon as this example was introduced, the construction of a shrine immediately became the norm. All over the country rushed to build a shrine for Wei Zhongxian.

Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Liaodong, was also an early official who invited Wei Zhongxian to build a shrine, but at the beginning of Chongzhen's reign, he mistakenly entrusted the border affairs to Chonghuan without conducting in-depth investigation. The conclusive evidence that Yuan Chonghuan had made a great loss in his character was inconsistent with the "anti-conspiracy" fabricated by the Manchu Qing government during the "prison of words", and the Qing government said that he had no choice but to go along with Yan Mingtai to build the temple. Sun Gelao's several years of layout in Liaodong made Yuan Chonghuan fight a victorious battle in Ningyuan and was promoted because he was flattering the castration party, but Wei Zhongxian soon found that he was not a defensive material, even if he built a shrine, he resolutely took him down again. University scholar Han Ye and other Ben Yun: "Shi Yong'an, Zhang Fengyi, Yuan Chonghuan... The above six people also built a shrine, but it is advisable to reduce the number of adulterers. ”

Yuan Chonghuan was also an early official who built a shrine for Wei Zhongxian, but at the beginning of Chongzhen's reign, he mistakenly entrusted the side affairs to Chonghuan without further investigation. University scholar Han Ye and other Ben Yun: "Shi Yong'an, Zhang Fengyi, Yuan Chonghuan... The above six people also built a shrine, but it is advisable to reduce the number of adulterers. A prisoner named Lu Wanling also had a unique idea, suggesting that a sheng ancestral hall be built in guozijian, and Wei Zhongxian and Confucius should be discussed together: "Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn", Zhongxian wrote "Essential Classics", Confucius Jie Shao Zhengjiao, Zhongxian Xue Donglin, Yi Jian Ancestral Hall Guo Xuexi, and respected with the ancestors. Even the noble King of Chu built a shrine for Wei Zhongxian. The officials who presided over the construction of the ancestral hall were not necessarily Wei Zhongxian's party members. It can only be said that the Jiansheng Ancestral Hall has formed a trend, and even for self-protection, it has to move with the trend. The ancestral hall is extremely magnificent and solemn, not only the carved beams of Zhuhu, but also the use of glazed yellow tiles, almost the same palace. Not only the crown of the imperial dress, but even the golden statue of the emperor, several emperors." For each word, the many use hundreds of thousands, and the few also need tens of thousands. The money used is either exploited by the people or taken from the government. The Jiansheng Ancestral Hall needs land, or occupies the tombs of the people, or demolishes the houses of the people, and no one dares to stop them. More than 2,000 houses were demolished. The ancestral shrine is enshrined according to the specifications of the prince. The statue inside the temple is carved from agarwood wood, the exterior is gilded, the craftsmanship is exquisite, and the eyes, ears, mouth, nose, hands and feet can be rotated, just like a living person. On the outside, the clothes are beautiful, and the inside is made of gold and jade jewelry as the lungs, and there is a hole in the bun, constantly changing the four-hour fragrant flowers. The Ming people's flattery of the powerful has reached an extreme. Wei Zhongxian personally oversaw the East Factory, and most of the Jinyi guards were his cronies and party members. Factory guards were the main tool of Wei Zhongxian's dictatorship. One of the main tasks of the factory guards is to monitor the bureaucracy. In the wei zhongxian era, hundreds of people served in the factory, and they were drawn lots in the east factory and assigned to various yamen.

Factory servants who monitor prison trials are called listening notes, and factory servants who monitor other government offices and city gates are called sitting notes. The factory servant reported the matters he had discovered to the East Factory and called the fight incident. With this kind of intelligence, no matter day or night, it can be directly input from DonghuaMen. Xu Xianchun was in charge of the Zhenfu Division, and every time he tried to imprison, Wei Zhongxian would send someone to sit behind him, "if his puppet did not come, he would not dare to ask." As for the privacy of the upper echelons of society, and even the "family rice salt indecency", it is difficult to escape the eyes and ears of the factory guards, and most of them laugh in the palace. For example, Li Cheng'en, the son of Princess Xingxian of Ning'an (Xingxian Wang's daughter), who hid artifacts given by the princess, was also discovered. Zhongshu Wu Huaixian read Yang Lianshu, and did not dare to talk to others, but only praised the knot, was informed by his family, died of death, and his home was also raided. Gongbu Lang Zhongye Xianzu saw the inner city building an inner shrine, quite touched, and whispered: "This heavenly son is fortunate to open the Yong Daoye, and the earth puppet can stand up!" "It is disrespectful to call the statue of Wei Zhongxian a clay puppet. Wei Zhongxian heard about it and dismissed him from office. The tentacles of the factory guards have also penetrated deep into the people. The following event is very representative: "There were four people drinking in the secret room at night, one person was drunk, insulting Wei Zhongxian, and three of them did not dare to speak out." Before the scolding was cursed, the Fan people took four people to the zhongxian house, that is, the scolders, while the three people were golden, and the three people dared not move. The three people at first "did not dare to speak out", followed by "mourning and did not dare to move", which was obviously not a pre-arranged trap. The surveillance of the people by the factory guards, especially the surveillance of the rich people, is also pervasive. Wu Yangchun relied on Huangshan Mountain to collect interest and was a famous and wealthy household in Huizhou. His domestic servants accused him of privately occupying Huangshan, and the income tax he had earned over the years amounted to more than 600,000 gold. Wu Yangchun was arrested and sent to Beijing, where he was chased according to the number of reparations, and he himself was tortured to death, his wife and daughter hanged himself, and the family property was collected. Many of the county's wealthy families have also gone bankrupt because of their involvement. The relations between the eunuchs in the dictatorship and the bureaucrats of the foreign dynasties and the wealthy private households were very tense.

During Wei Zhongxian's dictatorship, there was a climate of mutual surveillance in society. For example, "There are Xu Sheng, occasional transitions, and every one Beijing master is in the same boat." Sheng asked, "Wei Jian tea poisons the gentry, what is the public restoration?" His people were furious: "Wei Shanggong raised the court as a natural saint, a small scholar of Ru, who dared to be vain and low-minded, and how bold he was as bold as Douye!" Another example is that "in the Nanchang Bookstore, there was a lifetime of reading the "Three Dynasties Essential Classics" and occasionally had uneven feelings. Suddenly, a man rushed forward with his arms, trying to blackmail Yang Fuyuan. For the sake of persuasion, the two are born and the gold are exempted." The former and the latter were certainly not factory guards. Dissatisfaction and criticism of Wei Zhongxian may also be insulted and threatened by this generation, which may be an even greater tragedy. The factory guard system, as a tool of feudal despotism, caused many unjust imprisonments during the period of Wei Zhongxian's abuse of power. Liu Feng, the governor of Yangzhou, tried to bribe the relevant parties to rescue Li Cheng'en, a state relative who was imprisoned, and seized Zhang Tiqian, a eunuch of Dongchang. Zhang Tiqian further framed Liu Duo for colluding with the Daoist Fang Jingyang and cursed Wei Zhongxian.

Gu Dazhang Codex

In fact, Fang Jingyang and Liu Feng did not know each other at all. Liu was beheaded in the city and Fang was killed in prison. The execution of the people is even simpler. There were two big lions in Wei Liangqing's old mansion, and he looked down, "Wei eunuchs are angry, and the masons are listed to death." The factory guards under Wei Zhongxian's command were even more heinous in the punishment they used. Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou, Wei Dazhong, Yuan Huazhong, Zhou Chaorui, and Gu Dazhang, known as the "Six Gentlemen", were all sentenced to full punishment, each hitting him with forty sticks, beating fifty sticks, and clamping fifty bars. Yang Lian suffered the most punishments, and was tried in the first instance in five days. Xu Xianchun beat him on the head and face, stripping his teeth and cheeks off; the steel needle was used as a brush, sweeping his whole body like silk; he hit his chest with a copper hammer, and his ribs were broken; and finally he used iron nails to penetrate the top and kill him immediately. Seven days after his death, Fang Xu led the corpse, stopped storing several pieces of blood, and a few bones. Zuo Guangdou estimated that the Jinyi Guards Prison either "killed him" or "yin in prison", and if he was sent to fasi, there was no reason to die, so he "accepted obedience". He was also tried five days a day, "the river is full of words, naked and humiliated." Flaccid shackles are clamped, flaccid shackles are clamped, and flaccid and pinched are still worn with shackles to receive sticks."

Another example is that Zhou Shunchang scolded Xu Xianchun in prison, and Xu Xianchun hit Zhou Shunchang's teeth with a copper hammer, and his teeth fell. Zhou Zongjian scolded Wei Zhongxian for not knowing a ding, and Wei Zhongxian ordered him to be nailed with iron nails, and then made him wear cotton clothes and pour it with boiling soup, and his skin was instantly rolled up and his body was full of red flesh. During the period of Wei Zhongxian's dictatorship, factory guards ran rampant, creating a terrible environment that exceeded the monopoly of eunuchs, which was probably the most profound impression that Wei Zhongxian left on future generations. Wei Zhongxian himself, his relatives, and his henchmen used every opportunity to seek a prominent position, and cabinet ministers and ministers of the ministry could receive the title of public orphan according to the convention, needless to say. Like Tian Ergengjia Shaoshi and Prince Taishi, Xu Xianchun plus Prince Taibao are rare. Among Wei Zhongxian's clansmen, there were seventeen people under the command of YinFeng Jinyiwei, and many of his grandchildren and in-laws were officials from the left and right governors, as well as the governors Tongzhi and Youshi. His nephew Wei Liangqing (魏良卿) was the highest-ranking man, the Duke of Fengning and the Grand Master of Jiatai. Another nephew, Wei Liangdong, was given the title of Marquis of Dong'an, Crown Prince Taibao, and his nephew Wei Pengyi was given the title of An Pingbo (安平伯) and Jia Shaoshi (加少師). The latter two are still swaddled children. Nominally, In addition to his positions as grand superintendent of ceremonies and eunuch of the Eastern Factory, Wei Zhongxian himself also entered the Shanggong and Jia'en third ranks. In addition, there is the seal given by Emperor Xizong, which is called "Gu Ming Yuanchen". His power goes far beyond that. I have the title of nine thousand years old, and I perform five worships and three tributes to his statue. The most sensational event was that Wei Zhongxian went to Zhuozhou to enter the incense, "the iron horse is like a cloud, the python jade follows the sun, the climbing and staging, the dust pad road, everyone thinks that driving Zhuozhou, and its return, it is too late to take the public opinion, change to four horses, feathers and green covers, and protect the double cover, then it is like riding on public opinion." Wherever the grass is sparse in the middle of the dynasty, Li Yongzhen will send people to rush to the white, that is, a hundred miles away, and also a day to convey Wei Zhongxian's intentions, and the ticket is intended to dare to wholesale. It did not matter whether Wei Zhongxian had the intention of usurping the throne, and the development of his power had already threatened the imperial power, which determined his fate.

Yuan Chonghuan ranked seventh for Wei Zhongxian's Jiansheng Ancestral Hall

Yuan Chonghuan twice wrote to Wei Zhongxian asking for the establishment of the Ancestral Hall. He praised Wei Zhongxian for "from the ancient inner courtiers who have out of his right, the world of the Marquis of Tonghou rewards Yi also!" And the basis for his ability to kill Mao Wenlong was that Mao Wenlong established a shrine for Wei Zhongxian on a remote and uninhabited island. Yuan Chonghuan was inextricably linked to the Wei Dang, although this had always been a secret from the Qing people. Taking the "History of Ming" as an example, it is basically avoided.

Yuan Chonghuan turned to Wei Zhongxian, starting in the sixth year of the Apocalypse. In October of the sixth year of the Apocalypse, Yuan Chonghuan praised Wei Zhongxian; on April 7, the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Yuan Chonghuan asked for the establishment of the Ancestral Temple: "Liaodong Inspector Yuan Chonghuanshu overwrote the work for the Yuanxun Gong Wing, and performed the Holy Will: This book says that the factory ministers are dedicated to planning, helping the dangerous frontier, setting up dangerous equipment, standing in Jintang, and their Mao Gong Yuan has learned that they conspired to build a shrine, and the public opinion allowed the association, as discussed, and its ancestral name is Yuan Gong, and the ministry knows." (Records of the Ming Dynasty Emperor's Duchayuan, p. 1553) "The Jiliao Viceroy Yan Mingtai and inspector Yuan Chonghuan praised Wei Zhongxian's merits, please build a shrine in front of Ning." (Records of Emperor Mingxi, p. 4022) The Manchu scholar Yan Chongnian inherited and carried forward the views of his predecessors, the History of Ming, saying that Yuan Chonghuan was "Great Ren, Great Wisdom, Great Courage, and Great Lian". Jin Yong's "Commentary on Yuan Chonghuan" also defended: "All the governors of the provinces built ancestral halls for Wei Zhongxian, and if Yuan Chonghuan did not agree, he would immediately dismiss the officials, and the great ambition of guarding the imperial territory could not be extended, so at that time he had to build a shrine for Wei Zhongxian in Jiliao." During the Apocalypse, Wei Zhongxian's power was in full swing, and the governors of the provinces all bowed to him for Wei Zhongxian's ancestral shrine and statue. At that time, Yuan Chonghuan also built Wei Zhongxian's ancestral hall in Ningyuan, and the situation was inevitable for everyone. ”

That is, thinking about it now, Yuan Chonghuan built the ancestral hall in a small way, and the Manchu qu pen tampered with historical facts, and since the Qing Dynasty "History of Ming" was completed, the pen of Chinese history has never existed. However, the truth is that Yuan Chonghuan was the earliest of all the people who invited the Lisheng Temple. On the issue of the principle of right and wrong, it is an indisputable fact that Yuan Chonghuan resolutely lost the most precious festival of intellectuals for the sake of his personal glory and wealth and the prosperity of officials. In June of the sixth year of the Apocalypse, Pan Ruzhen, the governor of Zhejiang, asked wei Zhongxian to set up the ancestral shrine, and from then until the seventh year of the apocalypse, less than two years later, a total of forty ancestral shrines were built throughout the country ("Records of the Three Dynasties and The Wild"). Looking through the Records of the Ming Xi Sect's Capital Inspection Yuan, Yuan Chonghuan had many praises and insults for Wei Zhongxian before he asked lisheng ancestral hall, and the typical apocryphal article is Yuan Chonghuan's recital on October 22, 6th year of the Apocalypse: "Yuan Chonghuan, the inspector of Liaodong Province, said: Wei Zhongxian Gong, the minister of the factory, has seen and heard about wei Zhongxian in the society, has no tolerance for his duties, and he is in charge of the Liao, vowing to restore, destroying the rebels, appointing Liu Yingqian, Tao Wen, Ji Yong, and so on, and the ambush armor and horse suspension curtains of the enemy inside and outside Guanxi, all of which are purchased with family assets, and who are relieved day by day, and who help the military needs. The subjects are bent on patrolling and strictly guarding the generals of the battalions, and do not dare to be greedy and cowardly, do not dare to give back the hidden strings, change the false into the real, turn Jia into the truth, and turn cowardice into courage, so as to have today. Who has the right! The world of tong is also rewarded. The town minister Liu Yingkun and others took the first side of the nobles and pillowed ge jia, shi dian su and Tonggan Ruofeng prepared grain blades without bothering with the near fee, and committed lu meng frost, in and out of the thieves' nest, swallowing hu and boldness, pointing to the day, the dry shield minions of the true country, the appreciation of the world and Yiye. According to the Holy Will: According to the minister Wei Zhongxian who served as a side minister, swore to restore, and donated funds to support the army, so that the battalions would be honest and courageous, allowing Minoru Yuangong, and the town minister Liu Yingkun to enter and leave the thieves' nest, and they were the shields of the state and the people who were also known as the learners. ...... All should be narrated to achieve loyalty. Yuan Chonghuan Ning was a former Juyi, wrote Chenglao, promoted to show remuneration, the original Yi canon, and was not allowed to resign. (Records of the Ming Dynasty Emperor's Imperial Court, p. 1478) On October 23, the sixth year of the Apocalypse, inspectors directly under the command of Yushi Liang Menghuan (ibid., p. 1480) On November 23, Inspector Liu Zhao of Shuntian praised Wei Zhongxian (ibid., p. 1484). 　　The large-scale Lisheng Ancestral Hall was roughly arranged seven years after the Apocalypse, and the number before Yuan Chonghuan was very limited: On December 23, the sixth year of the Apocalypse, Inspector Ni Wenhuan asked Wei Zhongxian to build the Ancestral Hall (ibid., p. 1501). (1st) On January 28, the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Inspector Zhang Wenshu asked Wei Zhongxian to build the Ancestral Hall (ibid., p. 1530). 　　On February 19, Zhang Huan, the governor of Xuanda, asked jiansheng ancestral hall (ibid., p. 1540). 　　On the tenth day of the first month of March, Inspector Ni Wenhuan asked Wei Zhongxian to be erected (ibid., p. 1546). (2nd) On March 15, Inspector Ni Wenhuan asked Wei Zhongxian to be erected (ibid., p. 1547). (3rd) On March 22, Yan Mingtai, the governor of Jiliao, again requested the Establishment of the Ancestral Hall. Permission to build two shrines in Tongzhou, Pingzhou (ibid., p. 1548). 　　On March 25, Inspector Liu Zhaoshu of Shuntian asked wei Zhongxian to be erected (ibid., p. 1549). 　　On March 26, Inspector Ni Wenhuan asked Wei Zhongxian to be erected (ibid., p. 1549). (4th) On March 28, Inspector Liang Menghuan asked Wei Zhongxian to be erected (ibid., p. 1549). 　　On the seventh day of the first month of April, Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Liaodong Province, asked wei Zhongxian to be erected (ibid., p. 1553). 　　In addition to Ni Wenhuan's repeated requests, Yuan Chonghuan was relatively early among the people who established the Ancestral Hall, ranking seventh. Moreover, his previous performances also showed that he had a very good relationship with Wei Zhongxian. Wei Zhongxian did not approve all applications for the establishment of the temple, both those who did not build the temple (Yuan Keli, Sun Chengzong, etc.) and those who requested to build the temple but did not approve it. This shows that Yuan Chonghuan's establishment of the ancestral hall was not forced, but his subjective motive of making up his mind to squeeze his head to recognize the thief as his father, which is useless to refute the objective historical facts that are completely true. And Wei Zhongxian also gave Yuan Chonghuan face, agreed to his request to build a shrine, and let him occupy one of the forty of the entire ancestral halls.

The end of life

In August of the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), Emperor Xizong died of illness, and his younger brother Zhu Youjian , the Prince of Xin, took the throne, and he was the Chongzhen Emperor. Wu wei Zhongxian also wanted to control the Chongzhen Emperor. It is said that he once offered four people of national color, with an incense pill, called "Ecstasy Incense". He wanted to turn the Chongzhen Emperor into a foolish emperor, but he did not succeed.

The Chongzhen Emperor took the throne at the beginning, cautiously and without doing anything. In September, he expelled Keshi from the palace. In October, the impeachment of Wei Zhongxian and the Wei Party appeared. In November, Wei Zhongxian was dismissed from his posts as the superintendent of ceremonies and the East Factory, and Fengyang Shouzu Mausoleum was kept. The Chongzhen Emperor ordered Jinyi Wei to capture Wei Zhongxian and punish him. Wei Zhongxian was on his way to the trip and received a secret report. That night, he heard someone outside singing: "Accompanied by the shadow of the cold moon, choking is the sound of horses." It seems so desolate, it is better to die. Thinking of the glory and wealth of the past, Wei Zhongxian hanged himself.

Character contributions

During the apocalypse, Wei Zhongxian's generals, such as Zhao Nanxing and Sun Chengzong, were all able to be good generals, and the defensive line outside the Guanxi established played a huge role in preventing Qing troops from entering the Pass in the next ten years. Compared with the later Chongzhen years, the situation in Liaodong was more favorable to the Ming Dynasty, so Wei Zhongxian's foreign work should not be denied.

Personal evaluation

Wei Zhongxian's disadvantages were infinitely magnified by the contradictions between wei Zhongxian and the civilian-official clique that controlled public opinion. In fact, Wei Zhongxian was still very principled in major matters concerning the survival of the country and the nation.

(1) When Emperor Taiji attacked Jinzhou, Yuan Chonghuan, together with the overseer Ji Yong, ordered that no battle should be fought, and let Zhao Lijiao support himself in Jinzhou, and at the moment when Jinzhou was broken, Man Gui openly disobeyed Yuan Chonghuan's order not to resist, took the initiative to attack, and risked his life to save Jinzhou. After Ning Jin's great victory, Wei Zhongxian rewarded him for his meritorious deeds, promoted man gui and Zhao Lijiao to the rank of commander who had made meritorious contributions in the bloody battle, and deposed Yuan Chonghuan, who feared the enemy and avoided war, and did not save Jinzhou.

(2) The greatest defeat in the Apocalypse Dynasty was yuan Yingtai's loss of Liaoyang. Yuan Yingtai was used because the previous overseer Xiong Yanbi was impeached by the civilian bureaucracy, when Wei Zhongxian was not yet in power, and the responsibility should not be left to him. After the fall of Liaoyang, Wei Zhongxian investigated and dealt with many civilian officials who had originally impeached Xiong Yanbi, and then Wei Zhongxian immediately used Xiong Yanbi as the Shangshu of the Army, and after Wang Huazhen fell to Guangning, Xiong Yanbi, who was also outside Guanxi, was also affected by Zhu Lian, and was rumored to be the first nine sides. Here Xiong Yanbi was dragged down by Wang Huazhen and killed, although he was advocated by Wei Zhongxian to come to power, but the Jiutanghui surveyed the case, there is no reason to avoid death, there is no way to do it.

(3) Wei Zhongxian successively used the Bingbu Shangshu Zhao Nanxing, Sun Chengzong, and the Bingbu Zuo Shilang Yuan Keli, all of whom were direct and capable of being subordinates, and were against himself in his bones, but Wei Zhongxian still tolerated these Qingliu officials in major border matters; it was only before the Apocalypse Yan drove in order to seize the fundamental interests of seizing power that he temporarily used his own personal Cui Chengxiu, and hurriedly replaced his confidant Liu Tingyuan with Yuan Keli (then In November of the sixth year of the Apocalypse), who had repeatedly interfered with him and was going to Nanjing to serve as counselor of the Bingbu Shangshu. At least this shows that Wei Zhongxian also has a patriotic heart, and it is not because of great transgressions that there is nothing to be desired. Therefore, it seems reasonable to say that the Chongzhen Emperor thought of Wei Zhongxian, who had been given death by himself before the fall of the country. During Wei Zhongxian's reign, the domestic situation was good and the situation in Eastern Liaoning was stable. Think about why when Wei Zhongxian was in power, the Guanning defense line was formed, basically there was no rebellion, Sun Chengzong did not lack money to repair the Guanning defense line, and after Donglin came to power, the Guanning army defense line was so tense, and there were repeated rebellions in China?

(4) From an economic point of view, the Donglin Party opposes the payment of taxes to the gentry, to the merchants and craftsmen and the miners, representing the interests of the large landlords and the urban bourgeoisie, the miners. In effect, it made the Empire financially scarce in disguise. However, Wei Zhongxian ruled for several years, firmly continued Wanli's mining supervision policy, and tried his best to tax the middle and upper classes so that the empire would not be dragged down by finances, Chongzhen came to power to reuse the Donglin Party, revoked this policy and levied three salaries, and affirmed the feasibility of this policy from the side.

(5) There is no evidence that Wei Zhongxian had infringed on the people and wantonly killed the people when he was in power, and he was really greedy compared with Liu Jin, Yan Song and others, even if he was not much more powerful, and his reign time was only more than three years.

(6) Wei Zhongxian donated money to the state and used his private property to fund weapons, horses, horses and other items in the Liaodong War. Yuan Chonghuan, the inspector of Liaodong Province, said: "Wei Zhongxian gong, the minister of the factory, has seen and heard about it in sheji, and has already inscribed a golden stone, and there is no room for office. As for his position, he vowed to restore the rebellion, and appointed Liu Yingqian, Tao Wen, Ji Yong, etc., while the armor, weapons, horses, hanging curtains, and other items of the enemy inside and outside the Guan were purchased with family assets, and they came day by day to assist the military supplies. The ministers are bent on patrolling and strictly guarding the police, and the generals of the battalions do not dare to be greedy and cowardly, do not dare to give back the hidden strings, change the false into the real, and turn the Jia into the truth; easy to be cowardly and courageous, so as to have today. Who has the right from the ancient inner courtiers? The world of Tonghou is also rewarded! ”

- Records of the Seven Years of emperor Ming Xizong' Capital Inspection Court, vol. 12

(7) When the two Zhejiang provinces were affected, Wei Zhongxian advocated that the royal merchants who transported goods be exempted from the filial piety fee paid to the inner treasury. Requisitioned goods must be put into storage, and a tip must be paid in order to pass the acceptance, which is a bad example created by the eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty. By abolishing this evil example, Duke Wei also had one more piece of moral government.

The Jiazi Library is the department for the storage of dyes, cloth, and Chinese herbal medicines, and the materials stored in it are all provided by the "old offerings" in the Jiangnan area, and if the prisons of the inner court (twenty-four yamen) are useful, they can be collected accurately.

This place seems ordinary, but it is actually a very good staircase under the pyramid. Because as long as the goods are managed, there are opportunities for corruption and extortion, and the emperor cannot place a clairvoyant real-time monitoring in this place. With the possibility of corruption, there is capital to befriend the upper echelons, and the road has lived ever since.

The cattiness of the Royal Neku is almost an open secret. The Great Eunuch had benefited, and he would not say it. The emperor was on top and had thought of many ways to ban the ills of embezzlement in neiku. The "History of Ming" says: "The overseers of the treasury of the Inner Province are tireless. That is to say, the benefit of the inner librarian is not only that it can be taken directly from the library, but also that it can be requested additionally. The items in the palace are generally provided by designated professional merchants, which is called "undoing the household". The eunuch can card you on the quality, saying that if you are not qualified, you will be unqualified, and you will have to prepare it separately and toss you to death.

This Jia Zi Library is a good place to ask for bribes, which was famous in the Ming Dynasty. Shi Zai: "The A character, the supply and other libraries, the officials of each place to accept a amount of money and grain, by the various libraries of the internal officials, envoys and other people in the name of laying a mat, need to ask for noodles tea fruits, door sheets and other uses, causing the dissolution of the family to die." The so-called "foreshadowing" mentioned here is one of the methods of blackmail.

In the Ming Dynasty, the establishment of the inner warehouse, the warehouse keeper was a eunuch, which was a major invention. And these warehouse rats have also invented all kinds of ways to get money. The two main types are "laying the groundwork" and "increasing consumption".

Bedding, which began in the Jiajing period, refers to the fact that when the inner library receives the materials handed over by the merchants, it requires corresponding packaging, cushions and other items. This is only a name, the essence is to reach out to the merchant for extra money. This number is not a small number, and businessmen often cannot afford it. The eunuch locked them up and tortured them, or tied them up and exposed them to the hot sun until they agreed to pay bribes. Some businessmen really can't afford it, they are forced to go bankrupt, and some of them hang themselves into the river.

Increased consumption, that is, when receiving things, requires a part more than the original quantity, as a maximum loss. If you collect a few percent more, it is not surprising, but the increase in the consumption of the inner library in the Ming Dynasty is amazing, and the white grain is one stone, which is openly added to one point and eight stones before it is accepted, and the materials are forced to pay a bribe of four hundred and two silver to be able to enter the warehouse. During the Zhengde Dynasty, the consumption of one hundred stones of nanometers was increased by sixty to ninety-two; by the Wanli period, the increase in consumption was as high as tenfold, and the white grain in Jiangnan was dissolved, and there were few people who were not bankrupt.

In addition, there are "tea fruit feeders" and the like, which we modern people are also familiar with, that is, drinking tea money and red envelopes. If you don't want to give, tear your things up, kick them to pieces, or simply confiscate them, so that you can't complete the task, you can't get the "approval receipt" (receipt), and naturally there are state and county governments to punish you. At that time, inside and outside the warehouse gate, it was often the rich who cried bitterly and died, and the internal officials congratulated each other with wine.

Wei Zhongxian abolished this law, and the peasants were born and still understood the suffering of the people.

(8) Wei Zhongxian raised horses for the front. According to the old ming dynasty, ministers with special contributors could give the privilege of riding horses in the palace, but as a condition, horseback riders should offer a good horse to the emperor every New Year's Festival. Wei Zhongxian immediately gave hundreds of eunuchs the privilege of riding horses in the palace, and then he constantly issued edicts to let them sacrifice horses, forcing these eunuchs to scold their wives.

Historical evaluation

Yang Lian: "Zhongxian is a rogue in this city, a middle-aged cleansed body, and has entered the interior, and at first he was falsely loyal to Xiao Zhong, Xiao Xin was fortunate, and then he dared to be a big traitor and a big evil to chaos the government." ”

Zhu Youjian: "Wei Zhongxian is good at stealing the state's handle, treacherously stealing internal money, framing Zhongliang, grass and many lives, and fierce as a wolf tiger." "Loyalty is only one ear, and the foreign court is attached to it, so as for this, how can his sin be victorious?"

Zhang Tingyu: "The calamity of the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty is cool, but it is not the people of the party who attach themselves to Lizhi, the wings of the wings, and the attack that Zhang Qishi helps, and the abuse of flames is not as good as its lieye." Before the middle of the year, the scholar master knew the heavy name festival, although Wang Zhen and Wang Zhizhi were horizontal, the party and the unsaid. As for Liu Jin's theft of power, Jiao Fang compared him to the head of the cabinet, so Lieqing competed to be flattered first, and the power of Si Li was in the cabinet. In the last years of the Divine Sect, false rumors were made, the crowds were hostile, and the disputes over the portals were consolidated and unsolvable. The fierce erection took advantage of its boiling collapse, stole Tai'a, and stolen the temple. Adultery and poison, and the pleasure of evil and ugliness. The crown is filled with the sword, and the good is destroyed by the sword and saw. Until the evil is full of evil, the constitution is urgently upheld, the penal books are beautiful, the traces are compendiums, and the embers of the relics will eventually overthrow the country. ”

Family members

Spouse: Keshi

Uncle: Wei Zhide

Nephew: Wei Liangqing

Nephew: Fu Yingxing

Descendants: Wei Xikong, Wei Ximeng, Wei Xiyao, Wei Xishun, Wei Pengcheng

In-laws: Dong Fangming, Wang Xuan, Yang Liuqi, Yang Zuochang