<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="74" > the origin of the monetary unit circle</h1>
On the fifth set of yuan, there are circles on the 100 yuan, yuan. In the sentence describing 100 yuan, three different vowel expressions appear. The origin of modern Chinese vocabulary basically has three directions, the first is that words that have existed since ancient times have evolved through the new cultural movement, such as the people, originally people and people have their own meanings, but now a word is synthesized to refer to the masses. The second is borrowed words that come from Japanese translations of Western academic vocabulary, such as economy, health, and professor, which were translated after the rise of "orchid studies" in Japan. The third is Chinese directly translate vocabulary from foreign languages, such as beer, coffee, chocolate. The author examines the origin of the round character through these three directions.
The fifth set of renminbi
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="8" > unit of money in Chinese history</h1>
The earliest currency in China was the Bei Coin. This is also through the structure of the text, and all words related to money have "shells". For example, "treasure", "noble" and so on. Explanation of the text: Behai Jie worm also. The ancients goods shells and treasure turtles, there are springs around, to Qin waste shells to make money. The unit of calculation of shell coins is a friend, the number of shells of a friend, and there is no substantive verification, but now most of them tend to 10 shells per friend. In the pre-Qin literature "Shijing, Xiaoya Jingjing", there is "see the gentleman, tin I hundred friends". According to network data, the inscription of Shu Si Zi Ding excavated from the Shang Dynasty tomb in Anyang, Henan In 1959, has "Wang Shang Shu Zi Zi Bei Twenty Peng". It can also be seen that "friends" are the earliest units of Chinese money that are now used to examine.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's monetary units were relatively chaotic, and they saw knife coins, cloth coins, ant-nose coins, etc. The Qin Dynasty unified China and unified the Chinese currency, and its basic monetary policy continued throughout the feudal dynasties until the beginning of the 20th century. Sima Qian recorded in the Book of History and Pingzhuan: "As far as Qin, the currency of a country is three. Gold is the upper coin in the name of the yoke; the copper coin is half two, weighing as much as the text, and is the lower coin; and the genus of pearl jade, turtle shell, and silver tin are ornamental treasures, not coins." This is also a confirmation that the Chinese money unit valuable currency is in units of weight.
In the early Qin and Han Dynasties, the ytterbium was used as the main monetary unit, until the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the regime changed, wars were frequent, and the civil weight unit was slowly changed from jin to two, money, cents, and centimeters. This weight unit also continued until the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. For example, in the sixth paragraph of the 1900 "Xinugu Treaty", the Qing Dynasty compensated all countries with a total of 450 million taels of silver, until the introduction of the US "Silver Act" and completely destroyed the foundation of China's silver standard, ushered in the legal tender reform, and the currency we use now.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="12" ></h1>
"Speaking of the Text" number of things also. Sound from the shell. All subordinates are subordinates. Ziwen from Ding. Wang Quan cut [Note] Xu Kai said: "In ancient times, shellfish were used as goods, so they were counted." "So it makes sense that the staff is a unit of currency, on the one hand, it inherits the concept of using shells as money, and on the other hand, the font writing is also very simple." When looking up the first Chinese-English dictionary in China, the Chinese-English Dictionary,[1] there was no record of money.
Chinese-English dictionary
"Integration of Inscriptions in Southern Taiwan" Qianlong Twelfth Year (1747) of jiucheng National Primary School in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, "New Minglun Hall Stele", in which the donation record appears 22 donations with "members" as a list; In Tainan City, within the Kaiji Wu Chao, Jiaqing Twenty-three Years (1818) "Monument to the Revival of the Kai Ji Wu Chao" also appeared to donate silver as "members". [2] It can be inferred that "member" was first used for the old Spanish silver dollar, and at the beginning of the 15th world navigation era, foreign silver dollars began to flow into China, and local Chinese comprador merchants used "member", "generation" and "piece" as the unit of calculation in Guangzhou and Taiwan.
Phan Hui Li Bank 100 yuan banknote
In modern Hong Kong, there have been many banknotes in the form of members, the earliest of which can be traced back to 1846. The banknotes issued by the Phan Wai Li Bank, the Hong Kong dollar in real circulation in Hong Kong at that time refers to the large number of Mexican silver dollars in circulation, and the staff here also refers to Mexican silver dollars. Since then, other Hong Kong banknote-issuing banks have followed the word "member" for banknotes. From the early days of banknote issuance until 1964, when the favorable banks rarely issued 100 yuan bills, all banknotes used the word "member". HSBC also used the word "yuan" until the 1890s, when it slowly changed to the word "circle". As for Standard Chartered Bank, it continued to use the word "yuan" until 1970, when a new banknote was issued, it was replaced by the word "yuan". This format was later adopted by major banks in Hong Kong, including the later Favorable Bank, HSBC, and Standard Chartered Bank. It was not until 1935 that Hong Kong carried out a currency reform, abandoning the silver standard currency system, and the new currency redefined the currency and changed it to a round character.
There is also a saying that the member is a circular kana for a circle. For example, the two words are in the ancient books, and the rules of Mencius are also the same. "Poetry and Shang Ode" scenery weihe. The members of the "Saying Text Long Note" are regarded as circles, and the surrounding scenery is also a big river. However, from an application point of view, the early Chinese monetary unit members and circles were common.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="23"> Yuan</h1>
Obviously, yuan is a standard Hanyu Pinyin, and it is a near-archaic sound. According to the data, Chinese pinyin (Chinese phonetic alphabets) is the Latinization scheme of Chinese characters in the People's Republic of China, which was studied and formulated by the Former Chinese Character Reform Committee's Hanyu Pinyin Scheme Committee during the character reform from 1955 to 1957. This pinyin scheme is mainly used for the annotation of Mandarin pronunciation, as a Mandarin phonetic transcription of Chinese characters[1].
Earlier official sources, in 1909, Jiang Qian formally proposed to name the official dialect Chinese, and in 1911, the Qing Academy passed the "Unified Chinese Methods Act". In 1913, the Republic of China held the "Pronunciation Unification Conference", which finally determined that the "national tone" was based on the Beijing pronunciation, while absorbing the phonetic characteristics of various local dialects, and creating the Zhuyin alphabet (also known as "Zhuyin symbol") for Chinese. In 1919, the Ministry of Education of the Beiyang Government set up the "Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Chinese", and in 1924 it was decided to abolish the national tone, abandon the sound, and establish the Chinese with Beijing pronunciation as the standard tone, and in 1928, the National Government announced the implementation of the Chinese Romanji Pinyin French.
It can be seen that the earliest dating back to yuan can only be traced back to 1909, and the use of circles on silver coins is much earlier than this time, so there should be the use of circles first, and then the promotion of yuan.
In 1874, the compilation of the "Han Ying Yun Fu" in Shanghai showed "yuen". It can be reasonably inferred that the pinyin of yuan is added to the currency after the circle is officially used.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="30" > circle</h1>
Circle, the Shuowen interprets its meaning as "round, all also." "It means whole, thoughtful, full. There is also no record of monetary units in the Kangxi Dictionary. The Zhongyuan first appeared in the "Anglo-Chinese Dictionary" in 1815, ten rounds of silver. It is also detailed that the circle is the Chinese unit of the dollar. [1]
Hong Kong introduced the British currency as early as 1847 as a secondary currency. But these currencies are issued under the British gold standard. The local Chinese are accustomed to using the weight currency silver bars, silver ingots, yuanbao and so on. On the other hand, Spanish silver coins have a uniform format and weight, due to the stable color of silver dollars, a wide audience, so in 1862 Hong Kong abolished the pound and changed to a round, the Hong Kong government promulgated the use of yuan dollar as a financial accounting unit. For the first time in history, the round character was officially quoted,[2] and the first generation of Hong Kong silver coins was issued in 1866. On the obverse of the currency is the head on the left side of the Crown of Empress Victoria, and on the back is printed one dollar and hong Kong one circle. This is the earliest coin that can be traced so far with the word One Circle printed on it.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="32" > yuan</h1>
The Yuan "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts" interprets its meaning as "beginning also, from one, from Wu." "Erya Shizhixia" "Yuan, Shouye." "Thirty-three Years of Zuo Chuan Xi Gong" (First of all) free of night into Di Shi, death. The Di people return to their origins, and their faces are like life. Du pre-note: "Yuan, shou also." Judging from the shape of the oracle bone, the original meaning of the yuan is indeed the meaning of "first", and the meaning of "beginning" is extended. The pronunciation of yuan characters is also not yuan in modern Chinese. Therefore, it is nonsense to say that the circle and the yuan are traditional and simple characters.
The word yuan associated with money should be the origin of the word yuanbao. Tang Wude's four-year minted money "Kaiyuan Tongbao", there are four words "Kaiyuan Tongbao" on the upper and lower sides of the coin, and some people read it as "Kaiyuanbao" in the loop, which is the first time for later generations of copper coins to be named "Yuanbao". So much so that the copper dollars minted at the end of the Qing Dynasty once had the words "Guangxu Silver Dollar" on them. Another theory is that in the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), in order to facilitate the management and counting of official inventory, the Mongols began to mint ship-shaped silver ingots, weighing 50 taels, and named it "Yuanbao". In the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), the Mongols conquered the Southern Song Dynasty and returned to Yangzhou, and The Minister Boyan ordered the generals to be packed and smelted into 50 silver ingots, called "Yuan Bao", taking the meaning of "treasure of the Yuan Dynasty" and offering it to the Ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty. The ancestors then distributed them to the soldiers, circulated them in the market, and later used them.
Historically, the yuan has been associated with money for more than 1,300 years.
However, the actual situation is that the Qing government yuan and the circle are mixed. In April of the second year of the government's election and reunification (1910), after the study of the Qing Government's Currency Investigation Bureau, the Degree Branch played the "Rules for Determining the Currency System" and the "Measures for the Preparation of Old Currency Disposal Methods", and the Qing government considered it feasible, and on April 16 issued an edict: "The Chinese national currency unit, which is named "Yuan", is temporarily based on silver, with one yuan as the main currency, and the heavy Treasury Ping seven coins and two cents; the other five-pointed, two-cent, one-dime three kinds of silver coins and five-cent nickel coins, two cents, one cent, five cents, and one cent four copper coins as auxiliary coins." The yuan angle is divided into ten cents, and the price is always fixed, and it must not be arbitrarily low. ”
Therefore, there are also Guangxu silver dollars, and there are also Great Qing silver coins one yuan. However, the earliest Silver Coins of the Great Qing Dynasty, which used round characters, were issued in 1907. Far behind Hong Kong in 1862.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="38" >2.6 yen</h1>
Chinese a large number of words originated in Japan, considering whether the circle also comes from the Japanese word "円". In the late Qing Dynasty Fu Yunlong's "Travels to Japan Tujing, Volume 20, Japanese Literature, and The Appendix to the Japanese Literary Table", the word "円" is referred to as the common character for "circle". The official name of Japan's official currency is "Bank of Japan Bill", and "Yen" is only the common currency name created by Chinese users according to their currency unit "円", so it can also be seen that most of the time the Chinese name of the currency uses the unit of the currency.[3] In 1868, the Emperor Meiji of Japan came to power and began the Meiji Restoration, implementing modernization reforms. In the third year of Meiji (1870), the restoration government purchased minting machines from Hong Kong and began minting its own silver dollars. On May 10, 1871, the Japanese government promulgated the New Goods Ordinance (Meiji 4 Taisei Official's Bulletin No. 267), abolishing one cent of silver and other silver coins from the Edo shogunate period, and producing a 416-grain order (about 26.96 grams) of trade silver coins and silver auxiliary coins weighing 90‰ of silver.
Therefore, it is concluded that Japan's use of the circle originated from China, inheriting Hong Kong's use of silver coins, and 1870 was far behind Hong Kong's 1862.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="43"> Dollar</h1>
Dollar is the monetary unit of the United States, Canada and other countries, translated as "yuan". The word entered English in 1553 and it derives from the name of a silver coin minted in Bohemia in 1518. By the end of the 17th century, it evolved into Dollar, which refers to any kind of foreign currency, specifically ancient silver coins minted in Spain. Shortly after the independence of the United States, Jefferson opposed the continued use of the pound sterling, and in 1785 the Continental Congress decided to adopt a new monetary system, completely breaking with the British, "determined to adopt the monetary unit of the United States in the yuan"[6] the earliest document that can be recorded in the Chinese is the 1815 Anglo-Chinese Dictionary, and the original archives can see that Dollar refers to the circle, and there are also examples of silver ten yuan. The private use as currency can be traced back to 1819, a 1,000 yuan silver dollar ticket issued by Canton Bank, the note is compared in Chinese and English, and the dollar corresponds to "fan silver", which can be determined to refer to silver dollars. After that, Hong Kong banknotes were all referred to as the circle in English Dollar.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="45" > the official use of circles in recent history. </h1>
In 1910, the Qing government finally issued the "Rules of the Currency System" and declared: "The national currency unit is named Yuan. "A circle is the main currency, and the five corners or less is a secondary currency, and the calculation is ten; a circle is divided into ten corners, a corner is divided into ten points, and one point is divided into ten cents, and all exchanges are calculated according to this. [8] The circle is formally legally provided for as a unit of currency. However, in 1914, the Beiyang government promulgated the "National Currency Regulations" and the "Implementation Rules of the National Currency Regulations" in the name of the President in Beijing, stipulating that the "circle" is a price unit, and the weight of each silver dollar is six dollars and four quarters and eight cents of pure silver in Kuping. With one yuan of silver coins as the main coin and the rest of the nickel and copper coins as auxiliary coins, the Tianjin Mint began minting silver dollars engraved with yuan shikai's head in December of that year. The words "circle" and "yuan" began to be mixed. This was maintained until 1928, when the Nationalist government drafted the National Currency Bill: the law determined that "the standard currency: silver coin is a round", "with kuping pure silver six dollars and four cents and eight millimeters as the price unit, named yuan". "The total weight of a round silver coin is seven coins and two cents, silver eight nine, copper one." On April 10, 1929, the Constitution of the Central Mint was promulgated, and the Central Mint was established in Shanghai to mint silver dollars. Until March 1, 1933, the Ministry of Finance issued the "Order on the Abolition of the Two Reforms", which stated that "the Ministry of The Abolition of the Two Yuans was first implemented from Shanghai in preparation for the abolition of the Two Yuans." It is specially stipulated that the original weight of the combination of the general silver two and the silver standard currency of 1 yuan or the old silver coin of 1 yuan is the color of the original weight. At that time, the Nanjing government promulgated and implemented the "Regulations on the Minting of Silver Standard Coins" for the "Abolition of the Two Reforms", and the "Second Silver Standard Currency Named YueYuan" Was issued by the Ministry of Finance on March 10, 2022 of the Republic of China: "In order to prepare for the abolition of the two reforms, the Ministry of Finance first implemented from Shanghai, and specially stipulates that the general silver two and silver standard coins in Shanghai are one yuan ... The conversion rate of seven cents and five cents and silver dollars is a certain conversion rate, and shall be implemented from March 10 of this year. On April 5, 2002, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of China announced: "It is hereby determined that from April 6 onwards, all receipts and payments of public and private funds and the conclusion of contracts, bills and all transactions shall be changed to silver coins, and no more silver shall be used..." [10] Unlike previous bills, the yuan was used extensively instead of the round word.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, on February 21, 1955, the State Council of the People's Republic of China issued the Order of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on the Issuance of New Renminbi and the Recovery of the Existing Renminbi, signed by Premier Zhou Enlai, announcing the issuance of a second set of renminbi and stating: "In the denomination of the new currency, the main currency is divided into five kinds of one yuan, two yuan, three yuan, five yuan, and ten yuan, and the auxiliary coins are divided into six kinds: one cent, two cents, five cents, one dime, two corners, and five yuan. "The Circular of the Chinese Bank announces the issuance of the main currency one-yuan coupon, the two-yuan coupon, the three-yuan coupon, the Wuyuan coupon, the shiyuan coupon and the auxiliary coin one-cent coupon, the second-cent coupon, the Wufen coupon, the one-corner coupon, the two-corner coupon, and the Wujiao coupon. In this way, the monetary unit of the People's Republic of China is clarified, the main currency unit is the circle (yuan), and the auxiliary currency unit is the decimal system of the two levels of points and angles. Article 16 of the Law on the Chinese Bank promulgated in 1995 stipulates that "the RMB unit is the yuan, and the RMB auxiliary currency is the horn and the cent". Article 4 of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of the Renminbi, which came into effect on May 1, 2005, stipulates: "The rmb unit is the yuan, and the renminbi auxiliary unit is the corner and the cent." 1 yuan is equal to 10 corners, and 1 corner is equal to 10 points. Renminbi is paid in accordance with its denomination". It is worth discovering that basically the renminbi is now full of round characters, but the coins published in 1999 still use yuan characters.
It can be understood that since 1910, circles and metaverse have been used in some form. In fact, with the exception of HSBC banknotes and the Hong Kong $10 note, which use the yuan as the monetary unit, other Hong Kong banknotes use the circle as the monetary unit of the banknote.
[1] The Chinese-English Dictionary, Printed by Morrison, By the Macau Printing House of the British East India Company, 1815
[2] Hong Kong Currency, Siu Lai-juan; Hong Kong Museum of History Recreation and Cultural Affairs, 2012.
[3] Yen is a unit of japanese trade. The toll code is JPY according to ISO 4217. It is represented with yen in the old typeface and yen in the Roman alphabet. The table at this time was the old type "圆". The Ordinance on The 16th Of March 29, 1905 (Promulgated the Taisei Government Decree No. 108 and The New Ordinance on June 25, 1883) was abolished. The yen as a unit of passage has been passed down to the Act (Act No. 42 of June 1, 1987) that governs the issuance, etc. of the units of the passage of the present and the issuance of 货币.
Yang Jue. "A Brief Introduction to Japanese Dragon And Ocean Silver Coins" Collectibles 2010 P102–103.
[5] Compilation of Meiji Fiscal History "Meiji Fiscal History (Vol. 11) Currency" Compiled by Ozo Province, 1905
[6] The origin of the term Dollar (Yuan, US dollar) Zheng Shengtao, Journal of Finance and Accounting, No. 03, 1987
[7] The Chinese-English Dictionary, Morrison, printed by the Macau Printing House of the British East India Company, 1815
[8] Chinese Monetary History, Peng Xinwei, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1988
[9] Sources of monetary history of the Republic of China - First Series 1912-1927 Chinese The Counsellor's Office of the Head Office of the Minmin Bank
[10] Monetary History of the Republic of China - Second Series 1924-1949 Chinese The Counsellor's Office of the Head Office of the Minmin Bank
[1] Hanyu Pinyin In Line with China, Hao Longbin: Central News Agency. 2009-02-21
[2] Chinese Monetary History, Peng Xinwei, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1988