Qin is committed to social atomization, Chu respects small communities, and Qin Chu is not "as black as a crow under the world"

Qin Jian (Visual China/Photo)

Regarding the so-called Content of the Chu People Fleeing to the Qin State in the "Great Qin Fu" to become the Thunder People of qin, the author has written an article to refute it using excavated Materials such as Jian Mu. Now there is a voice on the Internet again, saying that if you use Qin materials, of course, you can only see Qin people fleeing, and logically cannot prove that the Chu people did not flee to the Qin state. Moreover, Qin and Chu were actually as black as crows in the world, and there was no need to favor one over the other.

Obviously, to say such a seemingly "rational and just" statement is to not understand history. Chu society has a smaller community with more complete development, so it can better protect the members of the community. People who say that the crows in the world are as black should be able to distinguish between your parents and brothers who are better for you, or the boss Zhang Section Chief, who will be better for you.

The Chu state's protection of small communities is first reflected in the protection of relatives from testifying. The State of Qin requires parents and children to report each other, Yuelu Qin Jian recorded in 1686, the Qin law stipulates that if the son commits the crime of "completing the city and above", and the parents do not report the son, they will be fined two pairs of armor, which is a very heavy fine, which can lead to the disintegration of a family and the parents to become a resident. In the case of Huang Chengdan's talk about begging in Zhangjiashan Hanjian's "Book of Songs", it was also asked to let the father of the talk appear in court to testify whether his son stole cattle. What the qin law has to do is to disintegrate the small communities and let them report each other.

On the contrary, the laws of the Chu State protect the feelings between relatives, and the legal document "Ji Zhenyan" (集箸言) Jane 138 unearthed by Baoshan Chujian records that "the same society, the same li, and the same official cannot be verified, and it is hidden from the father and brother, which cannot be proved", in the chu state justice, do not say that parents and children directly expose each other, that is, relatively distant cousins, and even acquaintances of the same community, can not prove each other. This system protects the blood family community and the township party geopolitical community. The Qin people are lonely atomic individuals who face the whipping of officials, and their parents cannot be trusted. The Chu people, on the other hand, have families and have the mutual assistance of the neighboring township party.

The Qin law in the Qin Dynasty even stipulates that when a soldier cuts off his head and is rewarded with a knighthood, and the neighbors in Tongli ask him to eat and drink, or invite guests to celebrate, it is illegal, "Zhao Shu, each one year old" must be punished as a pawn for one year, as far as possible to make the Qianshou in a state of atomization. In the Collection of Qin Jian in Yuelu Academy, there is a case called "DezhiQiang and Renunciation of Wife Rape": a subordinate named "Dezhi" abandoned his wife, and later when he encountered her, he used violent beatings and forcibly dragged her to the "Limen" to rape her. At this time, she met a person named "Bump", and she asked "Bump" for help: "Help me! But "bumper save, go, don't know it." Neighbors in the same community, seeing each other suffering from violence and rape and calling for help, only turned around indifferently and left, which was the basic style of the atomized society of the Qin State at that time.

On the other hand, the Chu state, the people are not the same atomized state of the Qin state society, the Chu state of the nationality file requires the filling in of the "residence of the famous family", that is, the Chu society still has the important identity of the family community "famous family". In addition, according to Baoshan Chujian records that the Chu people's household Qi Min, mainly in the cities, the countryside outside the city did not have a state seat system (Zhang Jinguang: "Qin System Research", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2011, pp. 627-628). Professor Chen Also believes that the Chu State does not have the harsh system of organization of the Qin State (Historical Research, No. 5, 2009). In Bao Shan Chu Jian 's Collected Sayings' Jian 127, a man named "Huan" and his little uncle "in the same room" are not separated at all between the uncle and nephew. The Chu tombs found in Jingmen Luopogang, Hubei Province, for 60 years after the Qin occupation of the local area, still continued the tombs of the nine core families and were not dismantled by the Qin State (Huaxia Archaeology, No. 3, 2012). It can be seen that the Chu family is more united, hugging the group to keep warm through the harsh winter of Qin. During the Qin Dynasty, the Xiangliang family also had "guest disciples" huddled together.

It was precisely because the Chu people had the protection of a small community, so the government could not completely squeeze out the human resources of each family and cook oil on the fire. Bao Shan Chujian 's Collected Sayings' Jian Jian 7-8 records that the descendants of a certain clan "Mo" had four courtiers, of which only one named "Geng" was in the state labor registration of "Sima Tushuzhi", while the others did not. From the perspective of the Qin State, it is simply disgusting that you gangs and gangs have made it impossible for me to squeeze everyone out as labor. Therefore, in Yunmeng Qinjian's "Book of Languages", the Taishou Teng sent by Qin scolded the local Chu people for being "evil customs", causing "the law orders are now in place, but the officials are useless", which greatly reduced the efficiency of the Qin laws and orders.

Professor Chen Suzhen believes that Han Chuti's letter to promote the reform of the qin law is actually a concession to the six eastern countries. For example, Qin prisoners have no sentence, but the Six Kingdoms have a sentence (Spring and Autumn and Han Dao, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2011, pp. 126-127). In addition, the Book of Han and the Chronicle of Emperor Wen says that emperor Wen returned the Lü clan and Chu land in the first year, and "eliminated the law of collecting and sitting together". Since the early Han Dynasty was also a concession to the culture of the Six Kingdoms, if the Qi speakers were all Qi people, this decree was actually a goodwill expressed to the Chu and Qi societies. The customary justice of the Chu state was biased towards Confucianism, and the system of sitting together was not developed, while the Qin law was based on zhu lian.

Li Xueqin said, "The Six Kingdoms did not use the labor force of prisoners on a large scale like qin. Some works believe that the social system of Qin is more advanced than that of the Six Kingdoms, and we cannot agree with this view" (Ten Lectures on Ancient Chinese Civilization, Fudan University Press, 2005, p. 72). The industrial production activities of the Chu State are mainly free people, from the perspective of the Warring States Tao Wen, the Chu craftsmen who migrated from ChuCheng to the Qi State of Qi were all free-moving craftsmen (Liu Yutang: "Economic History of the Chu State", Hubei Education Publishing House, 1995, p. 203). The second volume of the Three Dynasties of Jijin Wencun records that the Chu state has many inscriptions of "casting guests for so-and-so", and these "casting guests" craftsmen of the Chu state are free smelters and casters hired through employment (Yang Kuan: History of the Warring States, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2016, p. 114). Baoshan Chujian "Collection of Words" Jian 148 records the relationship between the "five divisions" of Chu craftsmen and various commercial debts, and it can also be seen that Chu workers are often free people, and they have their own industrial and commercial operations.

The difference between Chu society and Qin society is huge, so the Chu people cannot tolerate Qin rule the most. The saying that "although Chu has three households, the death of Qin will be Chu" represents that the Chu people do not think that "the crows under the world are as black as black".

(This article is only the author's personal opinion and does not represent the position of this newspaper)

Li Jingheng