The name Ge kiln is not found in Song Dynasty literature. The earliest occurrence of the word "Ge Yao" was published in Kong Qi's Jingzhai zhizheng (1363) in the twenty-third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1363), which describes the events in the fifteenth year of the Yuan Shun Emperor Zhizheng (1355), which reads:
"In the winter of Yi Weidong, when he was in Hangzhou, the city brother cave kiln was fragrant, fine, although new, its color was as lustrous as the old one, and the knower hesitated. Huijingxi Wang Deweng Yiyun: "Recently, my brother's kiln is absolutely inferior to the ancient official kiln, and it is necessary to distinguish it carefully." Nowadays, in Qingyuan, I see an ordinary greenware vegetable pot, although the quality is thick, its color is also like the old kiln. ’”
It can be seen in the Yuan Dynasty that in Hangzhou there was a brother cave kiln Xiangding for sale, which is similar to the ancient official kiln, and the same instrument is also found in Qingyuan County, where Longquan belongs, which is similar to the old kiln. The Songguan kiln is the ancient official kiln, and the things burned by the brother cave kiln are similar to it, and this "brother cave kiln" should be a kiln mouth of the Yuan Dynasty imitation of the Song official kiln, but the author does not specify where this kiln mouth is.
Go kiln green glazed fish ear stove
The Ming Dynasty Cao Zhao's "Treatise on Gegu Essentials and Ancient Kiln Ware" also clearly explains the ge kiln, pointing out the characteristics of the ge kiln:
"The old brother kilns have different shades of green and green, and there are also iron feet and purple mouths, and there are dong kilns with good colors, and now there are few." The hordes are newly burned at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the soil veins are rough and dry, and the color is not good. ”
This statement affirms the difference between the old kiln and the new kiln at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Wang Zuo added a description of "brother kiln" when supplementing this paragraph, which should be the abbreviation of "brother kiln".
The earliest document listing GeYao as one of the famous kilns of the Song Dynasty can be found in the "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum" written by Lü Zhen in the Ming Dynasty:
On the third day of march of the third year of Xuande's reign, Lü Zhen, a chancellor of the Imperial Household Department of the Crown Prince' Eunuch Department, received a holy edict from Wu Chengzhen, the eunuch minister of the Imperial Household Eight of the eighty-odd odds have been selected in the archaeological books of the Bogu Catalogue at the discretion of the courtiers. Nine of its chai, ru, official, brother, jun, and dingzhong are also selected, and there are a total of one hundred and seventeen kinds of two, and I would like to write a graphic into the imperial view. Waiting for the cut. ”
There are also five famous kilns, according to the Ming Dynasty Zhaochun", the cloud of the Five Miscellaneous Tricks:
"In addition to the wood kiln, there are four kinds of Ding, Ru, Guan, and Ge, all of which are Song ware. Handed down to this day, the kiln is slightly more readily available, the cover is thick, and it is quite resistant to tibetan ears. ”
In the Ming Dynasty, Lu Shen further investigated and explored the "Ge Kiln", and his "Chunfengtang Essay" has the earliest record of the origin, product characteristics, and Zhang brothers of the "Ge Kiln". "Spring Wind Hall Essay" Cloud:
"The brother kiln is shallow white and broken, the number is broken, the Song Dynasty has Zhang Sheng's two brothers, both are in the state, the main is in the state of the Longquan kiln, the birth of the second pottery greenware, pure as beautiful jade, for the world's precious, that is, the official kiln and the like; the birth of a pottery is light, so the name of the brother kiln."
Lu Shen classified the kiln as the Longquan kiln system, believing that the kiln was a branch of the Longquan kiln system, only because the glaze color was lighter than the Longquan kiln, so it was named another kiln.
Go kiln blue glazed string pattern bottle
In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zongxian and Xue Yingxu wrote in the Forty Years of Jiajing (1561) the Zhejiang Tongzhi records that the Zhang brothers Yun:
"(Longquan) County's southern seventy miles is known as Mount Liuhua... The bottom of the mountain is Ryutian, most of the residents take pottery as their business, according to legend, there are zhangsheng one, zhangsheng two brothers, the two do not know when the people, in the Ryutian kiln to make green utensils, the beauty of the crown of the world, is the brother kiln, brother Yue sheng two kiln. ”
In the forty-fifth year of Jiajing (1566), Lang Ying of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, further clarified the saying that the Zhang brothers were from the Southern Song Dynasty, and also believed that the Ge kiln and the Longquan kiln were in the same line, and the Longquan kiln was collectively referred to as the Zhang surname. In the text:
"Ge kiln and Longquan kiln, both from Longquan County, Zhou. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Zhang Shengyi and Sheng two brothers, each master had a kiln, and the potter who gave birth to a pottery was a brother kiln, and the brother was also a brother; the potter who gave birth to two potters was Longquan, and the place name was also, and its color was green, thick and light, and its feet were all iron color, and it was also different, and the old smell of purple feet was rarely seen now. However, the soil veins are thin, and the oil and water are the most expensive. The kiln is more broken, and the number is broken. Longquan kiln is still warm and known as Zhang kiln. ”
In the Ming Dynasty, Gu Qiyuan wrote the "Shuoluo Gong Kaoxia" Yun:
"In the Song Dynasty, the Brothers of Zhangsheng in the Prefecture were all kilns, and the brothers regarded the brothers as slightly white and had many broken lines, and the number was broken. Therefore, it is known as the brother kiln. ”
Xu Yingqiu of the Ming Dynasty wrote "Yuzhitang Tanhui" Yun:
"In the Song Dynasty, the Brothers of Zhangsheng were all kilns, and the brothers saw that the brothers were slightly white and had many broken lines, and the number was broken, so the brother kiln ... In addition to the wood kiln, there are four kinds of Dingru Geguan, and now only the Brother Kiln has one... Gotao's purple mouth iron foot, its color is white, and its text is broken and broken. ”
In the Ming Dynasty Gao Lian's "Zunsheng Eight Walls on The GuanGe Kiln Ware" (10) written in the nineteenth year of the Wanli Calendar (1591), the Ge kiln cloud is mentioned:
"The character of the official kiln, the rate is the same as that of the brother kiln... The so-called officials were burned in the Song Xiu Nei Division, and they were created for the official family. The kiln is under the Phoenix Mountain of Hang, its earth is purple, so the foot color is like iron, and the purple mouth of the time cloud is iron foot... The kiln is burned in the private house, and the soil is taken here. The hidden pattern of the official kiln quality is like a crab claw, and the hidden pattern of the kiln quality is like a caviar, but the juice is not as good as the official material... Later, there were Dong kilns, black mud kilns, and Ju judge kilns, which were coarse and not moist, and the water was dry and violent, and it was poured into the ge kiln, and now it is also passed down to the world. Later, if it is newly burned at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it is like this. ”
Gao Lian not only put forward for the first time the statement that the nature of the kiln is different from the folk kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, and the glaze of the earth used is in the same line as the official kiln, but also clarifies that the Dong kiln mentioned by Cao Zhao in the "Treatise on the Ancient Essentials" is an imitation of the kiln of the official kiln and the kiln of the ge kiln, and it was still fired at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The "Zunsheng Eight Plates on The Kiln Ware of Zhupin" also comments on the Longquan kiln artifacts from the perspective of appreciating aesthetics, but calls the kiln mouth that is slightly superior to the Longquan kiln artifacts a zhang kiln:
"Under the fixed kiln and the dragon spring is secondary, the ancient Song Longquan kiln ware is thin and thin, the color is very lush, and the magician competes with the official kiln, but the less striped pieces of purple bone and iron foot ears ... There are so-made white clay utensils, coated with water, green shallow shadow exposed white marks, this is more delicate and exquisite than the Longquan system, called the chapter kiln, because of the surname of the name also. ”
The Qing Secret Collection, written by Zhang Yingwen, a Jiading man of the Ming Dynasty, adopts Gao Lian's saying that the official kiln is called the ge kiln together, and the Longquan kiln and the Zhang kiln are combined:
"The character of the official kiln is about the same as that of the ge kiln, and its color is pink cyan, followed by light white, and oil gray at the bottom. The stripe takes the blood of the ice crack eel as the upper, the plum blossom piece ink grain is second, the fine fragment is the lowest, the iron foot is expensive, the purple mouth is good, the difference is the hidden pattern of the official kiln quality is also like a crab claw, and the hidden pattern of the kiln quality is like a caviar... There is a Longquan kiln under the Junzhou kiln, the ancient Song Longquan kiln ware soil is fine and thick, the color is very lush, and the magicians and the official kilns compete but less striped pieces of purple bone iron foot ears. And extremely wear-resistant to make it difficult to be contemptuous, the first craftsman is slightly clumsy, the method is not very elegant, there are white marks such as the use of clay utensils to coat the water green light shadow, which is the Song Dynasty Zhangsheng burned the number of the Zhang Kiln. The school Longquan system is more delicate and exquisite... There are also Yuanyao Shufu font numbers, Yongle fine blue and white cups, Chenghua multicolored grape cups are desirable, but they are still under the Longquan Zhang kiln. ”
Go kiln bowl
From the above-mentioned Yuan and Ming literature, it is not difficult to find that there are about three views on the debate about the kiln in history:
One believes that the Ge kiln is a folk kiln close to the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, and the porcelain burned is similar to the official kiln, and the kiln site is in Hangzhou;
The second is that the Ge kiln belongs to the Longquan kiln system of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the porcelain fired is superior to the Longquan celadon porcelain, and the kiln site is in Longquan;
The last one believes that the Ge kiln is the kiln mouth of the Imitation Song Guan kiln in the Yuan Dynasty, and the kiln site is unknown.
Most of the records of the characteristics of the kiln, such as fetal bones, glaze color, and open pieces, are transcribed and copied, and the content is poor, and the language is often vague. Therefore, the true face of the kiln needs to be compared with the actual archaeological data and documents.
Article Source: The Collector
201507 Issues of "Discussion on Several Issues Concerning the Kiln"
Author: Li Haobing
Editor-in-Charge: Qin Jia