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Wu Zhou Dynasty Tang Dynasty
Wu Cao (17 February 624 – 16 December 705), known in the Tang Dynasty as Empress Zetianshun sheng,or Empress Wu (empress dowager), was the only female emperor in Chinese history to be posthumously recognized by the imperial authorities.
At the age of fourteen, he entered the palace as a talented person of Emperor Taizong of Tang, and emperor Gaozong of Tang was reinstated as Zhaoyi, and later made empress (655-683). At one time, he was honored as the Queen of Heaven, and together with Emperor Gaozong of Tang, Li Zhi, he was called "Second Saint". Due to Emperor Gaozong's dizziness, he began to come to the court in November 660, and Shi Zai "assisted the state for decades, and his power was no different from that of the emperor", and later established himself as the Wuzhou Emperor (reigned from October 16, 690 to February 21, 705), becoming the only empress Taishang in Chinese history.
After the middle period of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, the real power of the imperial court was gradually controlled by Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian was originally a talented person of Tang Taizong, who was summoned to the palace by Emperor Gaozong after Emperor Taizong's death, won the power struggle, and was made empress, known in history as "Su Duo's wisdom and strategizing, and also involved in literary history"
In the fifth year of Xianqing (660 AD), Li Zhi asked her to handle the government for physical reasons, so he was called "Second Sage" with Emperor Gaozong of Tang. In 683, Emperor Gaozong of Tang died at the Zhenguan Hall of Ziwei Palace, and the crown prince Li Xian took the throne as Emperor Zhongzong of Tang.
In 684, Wu Zetian deposed Li Xian as the King of Luling and made his fourth son Li Dan emperor for Emperor Ruizong of Tang, while changing the yuanguang mansion and renaming the eastern capital Luoyang (luoyang palace was built during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, and Emperor Gaozong changed it to Dongdu) as Shendu.
In 690, Wu Zetian pacified Xu Jingye's rebellion, deposed Tang Ruizong, and Emperor Yuze Tianmen (Ziweicheng Zhengnan gate), that is, the emperor's throne, changed the name of the country to Zhou (historically known as "Wu Zhou"), set the capital Luoyang, demoted Li Dan to the imperial heir, and became the only female emperor in Chinese history. In 692, the northern capital Taiyuan was added as the capital of The Companion Capital.
During Wu Zetian's reign and reign as emperor, the imperial examination system was further improved; she created the imperial examination and martial arts, cracked down on the Guanlong clique, and vigorously promoted officials from the imperial examination, then called "Beimen Scholars", many of whom were scholars from the Central Plains, Guandong and Jiangnan, such as Di Renjie, Zhang Kamzhi, Zhang Renyan, Yao Chong, and other famous courtiers. During Wu Zetian's reign as emperor, social culture and art also progressed, when Buddhism flourished, buddhist temples were frequently built during this period, and the expanded Longmen Grottoes were representative of them. History refers to "Shang chengzhenguan, lower Qi Kaiyuan" or "political Kaiyuan, Zhihong Zhenguan".
Dragon Revolution
The Shenlong Revolution, also known as the Shenlong Coup and the Five Kings Coup, was an event in which Li Xian, the crown prince of shenlong, Zhang Kamzhi, the chancellor, and Cui Xuanwei, launched a mutiny to force the female emperor Wu Zetian to abdicate and restore Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty.
On the 22nd day of the first month of the first year of the Shenlong Dynasty (February 20, 705), The Fengge Attendant Zhang Kamzhi and others tried to support Li Xian as a monarch, falsely claiming that Wu Zetian's male favorites, Zhang Yizhi, the superintendent of Lintai, and Zhang Changzong, the secretary of the Si Shu, plotted rebellion, and led the forbidden army to kill Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and then surrounded the Jixian Hall and forced Wu Zetian to abdicate. The next day, Wu Zetian appointed the crown prince Li Xian as the overseer of the state. On the third day, a Zen renunciation ceremony is performed. On the fourth day, Li Xian was officially reinstated. On the fourth day of the first month of February (March 3), the restoration of the kingdom was Tang, and the Wuzhou imperial court ended. Because there are factors that change dynasties, it is called a revolution.
The Rebellion of wei hou
The Rebellion of Empress Wei was a period in the history of the Tang Dynasty, referring to the dictatorship of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang and Empress Wei Ofe.
After Emperor Zhongzong was restored, Wei Shi colluded with Wu Sansi and other specialties in imperial politics, and his brother Wei Wen held real power, forming a Wu Wei dictatorship group headed by Wei Shi. After the death of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, Li Chongmao was made emperor and was known as Emperor Shao of Tang. Later Wei also appointed Wei's sons to command the armies of the Northern and Southern Yas, and wanted to emulate Wu Zetian and proclaim himself emperor. He indulged his daughter Princess Anle to sell the official and the lord, and also built a temple and Taoist temple on a large scale, which was extravagant. Later, Li Longji and Princess Taiping launched a coup d'état, and Wei Hou and others were killed, forcing the Young Emperor to abdicate the throne, and Li Dan (Li Longji's father) was made emperor for Tang Ruizong. The rebellion of Wei Hou was finally over.
Kaiyuan prosperous
The Kaiyuan Shengshi, also known as the "Rule of Kaiyuan", refers to the prosperous era that appeared in the Tang Dynasty under the rule of Tang Xuanzong. According to legend, the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday during the Kaiyuan period, because the era name at that time was "Kaiyuan", and the history called "Kaiyuan Shengshi".
After Tang Xuanzong ascended the throne, he advocated culture and education, appointed the sage Yao Chong, Song Jing, and so on, reformed official positions, straightened out the rule of officials, and exerted great efforts to govern.
Politically, Tang Xuanzong reformed the bureaucracy to rectify the rule of officials, improve the efficiency of the bureaucracy, reuse the meritocrats, and revise the law. Economically, Tang Xuanzong formulated economic reform measures: cracking down on the rich and powerful and liberating the labor force; reforming and implementing the food sealing system, increasing the government's fiscal revenue, and reducing the people's burden; cracking down on Buddhist forces and vigorously developing agriculture. Militarily, Tang Xuanzong reformed the military system, vigorously developed Tuntian in the border areas, and expanded its territory, and the Tang Dynasty set up the Governor's Mansion of Jingjing, the Governor's Mansion of Murong Wei, the Governor's Mansion of Heishui, and the Governor's Mansion of Bohai in the northeast for the first time in Chinese history. Culturally, it advocates culture and education, emphasizes the Tao and suppresses Buddhism, and talents emerge from one generation. Tang Xuanzong also improved ethnic relations, which played a great role in promoting social and economic development.
During the kaiyuan period, after the vigorous efforts of Tang Xuanzong, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak, forming a prosperous situation of "three years and one plan, all countries tend to Heluo". Tang Xuanzong adopted a series of positive measures, coupled with the hard work of the broad masses of the people, to make the world rule. "Recalling the heyday of the kaiyuan in the past, Xiaoyi is hiding thousands of families." During this period, the Tang Dynasty reached a very high level in all aspects, with unprecedented national strength, unprecedented social and economic prosperity, and a substantial increase in population, and the population of the Tang Dynasty reached 80 million people during the Tianbao years. Commerce is very developed, domestic transportation is in all directions, the city is prosperous, foreign trade is very active, Persian and large food merchants flock to, Chang'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and other metropolises of all colors, different languages of business gathered.
Conscription
The conscription system is a conscription system created by the Tang Dynasty, which originated from the destruction of the Juntian system and the Prefectural Military System, was a professional military system, and was also the cause of the division of feudal towns and the Anshi Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty.
One of the ancient Chinese military systems. Since the fifth dynasty of the Tang Dynasty, the conscription system has replaced the conscription system, which is a major change in the military system in the feudal era. The Song Dynasty, whether it was forbidden soldiers, van soldiers, or the Southern Song Dynasty's garrison army, generally adopted the method of recruitment. Recruiting displaced and starving people as soldiers in disaster years was a traditional national policy of the Song Dynasty.
The rulers believed that after recruiting the strong as soldiers, the old and weak could not rise up and resist, which was a countermeasure to prevent the outbreak of peasant uprisings in disaster years. Recruiting military disciples also became an important source of soldiers for the Song Dynasty. In addition, robust criminals are also assigned to serve as soldiers, especially as vans. In the case of depletion of soldiers, rulers often forcibly arrested their husbands, causing great harassment and suffering to the people.
Three Expeditions to the Southern Zhao; Battle of The Ross
The war between the Tang Dynasty and Nanzhao was the three wars fought between the Tang Dynasty and Nanzhao in the 8th and 9th centuries. The first war caused Nanzhao to break away from the Tang Dynasty and fall to Tubo; decades later, the combined forces of Nanzhao and Tubo were defeated by the Tang army, and Nanzhao was once again annexed to the Tang Dynasty; the third war was won and lost to each other, and Nanzhao's national strength suffered huge losses.
The Battle of Qiluo (怛, pronounced dá) was a battle fought in Tianbao (July–August 751) between the armies of the Tang Dynasty's Anxi Protectorate and the Combined Forces of Khorasan of the Arab Empire and the Zhaowu Jiu (Sogdian) Army. The location of the Rus' is not yet fully determined, but it should be in the Taraz region on Kyrgyzstan's border with Kazakhstan, west of the Onion Ridge (present-day Pamir Plateau). The war ended in the defeat of the Tang Dynasty, but the war was only a skirmish on the frontiers of the two empires and had no major impact on the territory and diplomatic relations between the two sides.
Anshi Rebellion
The Anshi Rebellion was a civil war waged by the Tang Dynasty border generals An Lushan and Shi Siming in the fourteenth year of Tang Xuanzong Tianbao (755) to seize the throne, and was not put down until the first year of Emperor Guangde of the Tang Dynasty (763). The situation of dividing the towns in the Tang Dynasty was opened, and it was a turning point in the Tang Dynasty's transition from prosperity to decline. Because the initiators of the anti-Tang war were mainly An Lushan and Shi Siming, the story pieces were named An Shi; because the civil war broke out during the Tianbao period of Tang Xuanzong, it was also known as the Tianbao Rebellion.
The transformation of Ma Songyi
The change of 嵬驿 ("嵬", pinyin: wéi, zhuyin: ㄨ, ㄟˊ), also known as the change of Ma Songpo and the mutiny of Ma Song Yi.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755), on the ninth day of November, An Lushan launched a rebellion under the pretext of rebelling against Yang Guozhong, which was for the Rebellion of An Shi. The rebels broke through all the way, directly attacking the capital Chang'an, Tianbao fifteen years (756), the rebels attacked the Chang'an Gateway Tongguan, Chang'an had no danger to defend, the Tang Dynasty ruling clique panicked, decided to take advantage of the chaos and fled.
On the fourteenth day, Emperor Xuanzong and his party arrived at Ma Songyi, and the soldiers in his entourage were tired of hunger and resentment in their hearts. In June (15 July 756) of the Fifteenth Dynasty (756) of the Tang Dynasty, the Forbidden Army launched a mutiny at Ma Songyi (west of Xingping City, Shaanxi Province). Yang Guozhong and his sister Yang Guifei, Yang Yuhuan, were killed.
Ma Songyi mutinied, and the crown prince Li Heng was considered to be the mastermind, which greatly dealt a blow to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong and Li Heng parted ways at Ma Songyi, With Emperor Xuanzong heading south to Sichuan and Li Heng heading north to collect the remnants of the defeated generals. Shortly thereafter, Li Heng proclaimed himself the throne at Lingwu, for Emperor Suzong of Tang, changing his name to Yuan Zhide and Honoring Emperor Xuanzong as Emperor Taishang.
The Tang Dynasty's war with Tibet
The Tang-Tubo War, also known as the Tang-Bo War, was a war between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo in the 7th and 9th centuries AD. The reason was that Tibet and the Tang Dynasty competed for the Western Regions and the Qinghai Region. In the twelfth year of Emperor Taizong's reign (638), the Tang army repelled the Tubo army in the Battle of Songzhou in Tang Dynasty; during the period of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, the Tang Dynasty and Tubo won and lost each other, and the four towns of Anxi lost three times and three times; during the tang Xuanzong period, Tubo was at a disadvantage, during which the Tang and Bo borders were divided through the alliance many times. During and after the Anshi Rebellion, Tubo took the opportunity to control the Eighteen Prefectures of Longyou and the four towns of Anxi, and once captured the Tang capital Chang'an. The Tang Dynasty united the Uighurs, Nanzhao, and Dashi to encircle Tubo, and the Tang generals Li Sheng and Wei Gao all severely damaged Tubo, and the country's power declined greatly, and finally after the assassination of the last Zampulandama, Tubo split and collapsed in 877. There were eight alliances between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo before and after, and because Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng of the Tang Dynasty successively married Tubo Zampu, the relationship between Tang and Tubo was also known as the alliance of uncles and nephews.
The Second Eunuch Era
The second eunuch era refers to the period from the anshi rebellion in the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755) of the Tang Dynasty, when the crown prince Li Heng seized power at Ma Songyi (present-day Xingpingxi, Shaanxi), and ended with Zhu Quanzhong's palace coup in the third year of Tianfu (903). The end of the second eunuch era took a total of 149 years.
Historian Wang Ji pointed out that the eunuchs of the Tang Dynasty rarely intervened in the general and specific administrative affairs of the whole country and in financial matters. The monopoly of power of eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty did not have as serious an impact on the whole country as in the Eastern Han And Ming Dynasties.
By the time of the last two emperors of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Zhaozong and Tang Zhaozong, the eunuchs Tian Lingzi and Yang Fugong finally really achieved monopoly power, but at this time, the Tang Dynasty's feudal towns were completely enlarged, and the power of the Tang Dynasty imperial court had been divided between the Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, and the role and influence of the Tang eunuchs on the whole country were far inferior to those eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty.
Tang Xianzong liked to have fun, and Tian Lingzi served Tang Xianzong comfortably, but unfortunately, the Yellow Nest Rebellion broke the dream. After several years of hard life, Emperor Tang finally grew up a little, and with Tian Lingzi inducing the Battle of Fanzhen, he completely abandoned Tian Lingzi, and Tian Lingzi escaped and was killed by Wang Jian, the envoy of Jiedu. Then there was Yang Fugong, this person was not as ostentatious as Tian Lingzi, but after all, he was a eunuch leader, and the newly enthroned Tang Zhaozong was disgusted as long as he saw the eunuch, just in response to Qiu Shiliang's words, it was not good to read more. Tang Zhaozong killed Yang Fugong. As for Liu Jishu, by the time of Tang Zhaozong, the Tang Dynasty had already fallen into a situation of extinction in name only, and the local feudal towns had really risen, and Liu Jishu had no right to specialize.
Cow and Lee party strife
The Niu-Li Party Struggle (808- 846) was an incident at the end of the Tang Dynasty when two factions of scholars and masters fought and excluded each other.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs competed for power, and most of the scholars and doctors in the imperial court who opposed eunuchs were squeezed and attacked. The eunuchs were divided into two factions, the Niu Dang headed by niu monks and children and the Li Dang headed by Li Deyu, and the officials of these two factions fell in love with each other and quarreled endlessly, starting from the tang xianzong period and ending in the tang Xuanzong period, for nearly forty years, and the history named this party struggle "niu li dang controversy".
The Niu-Li Party Struggle was a phenomenon in which scholars and doctors competed for power at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and Tang Wenzong once had the feeling that "it is easy to go to Hebei and it is difficult to go to the imperial court to be friends", and the Niu-Li Party struggle caused the originally decadent and declining Tang Dynasty to perish.
Huichang destroys the Buddha
The destruction of the Buddha in Chang refers to the reign of Emperor Wuzong of Tang (840-846), which carried out a series of policies of "exterminating the Buddha", culminating in the edict issued in April of the fifth year of Huichang (845), and the death of Tang Wuzong in the sixth year of Huichang, the reign of Tang Xuanzong and the re-respect of the Buddha, and the destruction of the Buddha ended. This incident dealt a severe blow to Buddhism in China, and history refers to the "Tang Wuzong extinction of the Buddha" or "the destruction of the Buddha by the Wuzong Sect". Because of the Tang Wuzong era name "Huichang", Buddhists also called it "Huichang Fa Difficulty", which was called "Three Wu and One Sect" together with the previous Northern Wei Taiwu Emperor's extinction of the Buddha, the Northern Zhou Wu Emperor's extinction of the Buddha, and the later Later Zhou Shizong's extinction of the Buddha.
The late Tang Dynasty civil revolt; the scourge of the white horse
The civil revolt at the end of the Tang Dynasty began with Qiu Fu's rebellion in eastern Zhejiang in 859 AD, and ended with the Suppression of the Yellow Nest Rebellion in 884 AD, which lasted 25 years, and the peasant army swept through the twelve provinces of Shandong, Henan, Liangjiang, Fujian, Zhejiang, Liangguang, Lianghu, and Shaanxi, dealing a heavy blow to the rule of the Tang Dynasty and accelerating the demise of the Tang Dynasty.
The Scourge of the White Horse, also known as the Scourge of the White Horse, was an incident in which Xuanwu Jiedushi caused Zhu Wen to kill Tang eunuchs and hundreds of officials at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
The incident occurred in the second year of Tianyou (905), when Zhu Wen, at the instigation of Li Zhen, killed many ministers, about thirty people. After being killed and thrown into the river, the history is called "the scourge of the white horse".
Two years later, in the fourth year of Tianyou (907), Zhu Wen forced the Tang Emperor Li Tao to take the throne and change the name of the country to Liang, which was for Liang Taizu, changed yuan kaiping, and set the capital at Kaifeng. The Tang Dynasty fell and was founded for a total of 290 years.
The Scourge of the White Horse Was a relatively thorough purges of the old tang dynasty's vassals, and the power of the Tang government was basically swept away. As a result, the party struggle of the Tang Bureaucracy, which lasted for many years, was also ended. This incident actually removed a major obstacle in his usurpation process.
When the corpses of the courtiers floated in the turbid waters of the Yellow River, all the moral codes and etiquette norms of the empire were buried, and the empire itself had no reason to continue to exist.
The glorious Tang Dynasty came to an end, and the land of China once again moved toward an era of division. What we're going to tell next is the story of the Five Generations and Ten Kingdoms, so stay tuned