Zhixue Academy was founded by Duan Jian, the prefect of Nanyang in the Ming Dynasty, and is described in the Ming Shi Lie biography as follows: "Chuangzhixue Academy, Ju Xiumin talked about the essential meaning of the Five Classics, and the testaments of Lian and Luo Zhuru. ”
It can be seen that Duan Jian's establishment of zhixue academy is a very important thing, and it has been solemnly written into the history for this reason. Duan Jian was a native of Gaolan County, Lanzhou, who served as the prefect of Nanyang from the eighth to fifteenth years of Emperor Chenghua of the Ming Dynasty, and he was one of the more influential prefects in the history of Nanyang.
Duan Jian studied hard when he was a teenager, and continued to study after zhongju entered the Guozi Prison. In the first year of Emperor Jingtai's reign, Duan Jian wrote a proposal to ban Buddhist temples and Taoist temples across the country, but his proposal was too bold to be approved. In the fifth year of Jingtai, Duan Jianjinshi and the first, served as Zhi County, Fushan, Shandong, during his tenure, he attached great importance to education, and also compiled and engraved Mongolian studies textbooks. Through his efforts, Fukuyama's literary style was transformed.
In the early years of Chenghua, Duan Jian was promoted to prefect of Laizhou for his outstanding political achievements, and he served in the local area for only one year, which enabled the local style to change, and then left his post due to the observance of the system, and after the expiration of the term, he became the prefect of Nanyang. For his political achievements in this office, Xu Bin selected the records in the "Chronicle of Mr. Duan Rongsi' Annals" in the article "Nanyang Famous Taishou - Duan Jian", in which in the eighth year of Chenghua, Duan Jian was fifty-four years old: "Spring, listen to the officials. In the autumn and July, it was renamed the prefect of Nanyang Province, Henan. When the time is dry, mr. wrote a prayer to the gods such as sheji before he arrived at the leaf realm, and the rain was stained, and all the prayers of the gods will be sincere and respectful, and there will be no prayers for obscenity, nor fasting, but the book has sinned against the god of what he is doing, and every prayer should be answered, and the sincerity of Mr. Ren and the importance of his deeds are in accord with the gods. Nanyang xin was disturbed by Liu Shi, the people were very withered, Mr. Tried his best to care for it, the people were happy to live, the escapees returned to their professions, and in the winter of October, the Chuangzhi Academy was in the west of the county. ”
In the year when Duan Jian arrived as the prefect of Nanyang, he founded the Zhixue Academy, and for the situation of the academy, the Ji Luo depicts: "The creation of the gentleman is the academy, the regulation is grand, the organization is precise, the pro-book Bailudong Academy is taught and the Wengong increases and loses the Lü clan township about the wall, and the people who teach and learn it all have the law; those who reward and punish each other have a fixed body, and those who are humble are personally created, and those who teach it are taught and teach their scholars, and the spin-you-zhi number is born in the bamboo forest of the Qingfeng Festival." ”
Duan Jian wrote the Rules of The White Deer Cave on the walls of the academy, which shows that he admired Cheng Zhu Lixue, and for this reason, Duan Jian was called an important figure within the Hedong School. Cheng Zhu Lixue believes that the origin of all things in heaven and earth is reason, and reason derives all things through qi. Duan Jian also had the same understanding: "If the heavens and the earth have not been opened, there is a reason why the heavens and the earth must be opened; if the heavens and the earth are opened, there is a reason that the sages will be born; and the sages will be born and will build the principle of making extremes." Ho Jay? The principle of life cannot be stopped. ”
Duan Jian did many useful things during his tenure as prefect of Nanyang, such as rebuilding the Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Wollongong in the eighth year of Chenghua, and at the same time restoring Zhuge Academy, when he also converted the monk's temple at the foot of Yushan Mountain into Yushan Academy, where disciples of the Ming and Tang dynasties were trained. The Ji Luo records the details of his interaction with the Tang King:
In the spring, when the Tang King talked about Guanzhong affairs, His Highness the Tang King spoke in the Western Study and Guanzhong Affairs, and Wang Yue said: "Recently, there are guests who have come to Yun'a Fang Weiyang only the base site. The gentleman said to him, "Your Highness's words are sincere for future generations." The king of Shi also wanted to build the palace, and the gentleman repeated the poem: "The guest came to tell me that Guanzhong, Qin and Han are different from this matter." The base site is buried in the deep grass, Afang Palace and Weiyang Palace. "The Tang King's intention to add to the repair was stopped. The temple of Zhiwen is made of copper.
One day in the twelfth year of Chenghua, Duan Jian went to visit the Tang King, and when they chatted, they talked about Shaanxi, and the Tang King said that recently there were guests from Shaanxi, talking about the famous Afang Palace and Weiyang Palace, which only had the foundation left. Duan Jian took the opportunity to say: What you said is too reasonable, it can be called an aphorism. Duan Jian's words really meant something, because at that time, the Tang King was trying to build additional palaces in the domain. Later, Duan Jian wrote another poem to exhort him, and the Tang King understood what Duan Jian was referring to, so he dismissed the idea of adding.
In the tenth year of Chenghua, Duan Jian abolished a nunnery and converted the temple into a Zhixue Academy, and at the same time he wrote a "Record of Zhixue Academy", in which he first stated: "The academy, the old Fan Yuye, is in the west of Nanyang City. Its land is more than six acres of land, the inner temple and the perch, the seventy trees are strange, and the walls are blocked. I don't know when it started, but hundreds of nuns lived there. ”
The temple covers an area of sixteen acres, with a total of seventy houses, I don't know what generation it was founded in, but at that time there were hundreds of monks and nuns living in the temple, which shows that the temple is more prosperous. That being the case, how did Duan Jian clean up these people? He said in his notebook: "In the autumn of July, he was ordered to guard the land, thinking that he was an educator and kept it urgently." In the middle of the time, the elderly called out and told him: 'Men and women live in the room, the great lun of man.' He is a monk and nun, can he forget the desires of men and women? In the first reciprocation, young and all have husbands, it is indispensable to fulfill the good of the family. Otherwise, I will hold on to it. In the intervening days, there was nothing to say about the fruit and the house, and the room was empty. ”
Duan Jian said that when he arrived in Nanyang, he believed that educating the people was the most urgent official task. One day, after work, he told the local gentry that Confucianism is the most humane, these monks and nuns are also human beings, and they should also have male and female desires, and they should be allowed to go back to marry so that they can become beautiful, and if they do not obey, they will be brought to justice. These squires spread Duan Jian's words, and the monks and nuns heard Taishou say such cruel words, and indeed left the temple one after another.
Duan Jianqing retired the monks and nuns: "Therefore, he withdrew his old and updated them, published primary schools and published ancient texts and filial piety classics, and there were nearly 500 sons and daughters of military and civilian Junxiu, who recited them day and night." Five of them also learned and corrected them, and taught them exclusively at the Street Office. The list is called 'Academy', and the second is known as 'The Hall of Dacheng'. Xiao Wufu is like Yu Zhong, four with ten zhe, and the east and west are listed. The two years of interpretation, the priest is in charge of his business. It is also known as 'Kaide', the title of the Constitutional Vice-Chancellor Chen Gongxuan. The first is Shen Bo, the first to be a sage of the First Kingdom, the Han and Jin Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Song Dynasty, and the gentleman official Yu Si, born in Si, at the age of Yang Er and Feng Er. Want to covet the afterlife of the child to have a sense of perception, rise also. Again, 'Zhixue'. ”
Duan Jian remodeled the houses in the temple, and then he asked people to engrave teaching textbooks and Confucian classics, and then selected nearly 500 outstanding children to study in the school. At the same time, Duan Jian built a Confucius Temple in the academy, which was complete in style, and there were statues of Confucius and four pairs of ten philosophers in the Dacheng Hall, and there was also a Xiangxian Ancestral Hall outside, where he arranged for people to hold a Confucius sacrifice ceremony every year. Duan Jian was very satisfied with the Zhixue Academy he had built, and for this reason, he wrote a poem called "Zhixue Academy":
The willow warbler is delicate and spring, and the distant crown is like a cloud.
Visiting the new college on this day, I know that it is the old Buddhist hall of the former time.
Thorns remove the fox's lost hole, and the sycamore is high in the Phoenix Minggang.
Kailai continues to be like yesterday, and I have Geng Guang.
Duan Jian did not deny that the Zhixue Academy was transformed from the old Buddhist hall, and he felt that the academy could spread Confucianism, especially the Cheng Zhu Lixue that he had originally held, which made him feel that what he had done was worth it. He explained his own thinking on the study in the Records of zhixue Academy:
Therefore, if the zhi is not this, it will be a matter of law and strategy, honoring the fat family, and gaining the favor of the rare world, and if it is not zhiyi, it will be learned not, it will be widely heard, written, wise, and silent, and it will not be learned. However, he wanted to learn from Yi Yin and Yan Zi, not to respect it. Therefore, where yan qi reads, he knows that "the Lord is not suitable", "neat and serious", "his heart is convergent", "one heart is dominant", "the root of all things", and "the law of constant feeling". I want the disciples to be respectful, all the time, nowhere, nowhere, and no effort. Then cultivate the source, thinking that it is the foundation of the university; entering the moral study, and receiving the success of the primary school. Shu Ji Yan can learn, Yi Zhi can be zhi, not by the customs, not by the power of the move, and the change of temperament is not difficult.
In Duan Jian's view, The greatest ideal of Confucianism, "all care about the Tao", is not just for the title of the gold list, and at the same time, learning is not used to show off, so the plaque he inscribed for each study is to ask the students to accept it. It can be seen that the purpose of his construction of the academy is to cultivate the lofty ambitions of the students.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after the abolition of the imperial examination by the imperial court, Nanyang Academy was renamed As a Persuasion School, and during the Republic of China, it was renamed Nanyang Xiguan Primary School, and in 1952 it was named Nanyang No. 6 Primary School.
Bayi Street entrance
Opposite is People's Park
Bayi Street view
On March 24, 2021, under the leadership of Mr. Liu Wanwei, we went to the Sixth Primary School to visit the remains of Zhixue College. The primary school is in Meixi Street Bayi Pedestrian Street, the place can not park, Mr. Liu drove around a few times, finally stopped in front of the Century Department Store parking space, and then took me to the school.
The door is closed
The school gate was closed, Mr. Liu went to the mailroom, explained to the security guard the purpose of our coming to the school, the security guard was not moved, saying that outsiders must obtain the consent of the school leaders to enter the school. Mr. Liu suddenly remembered that two years ago, the school wanted to renovate and expand the toilet, but due to the limited space of the school, it needed to be re-planned by the Nanyang Architectural Design Institute. Mr. Liu Wanwei is the vice president of the design institute, although he did not specifically handle this matter, but he heard of such a thing, so he told the security guard that we should talk to the principal about the renovation and expansion of the toilet. The security guard thought that Mr. Liu was talking casually, so he dialed the principal's phone and then asked Mr. Liu to answer, and Mr. Liu told the principal about the matter. Mr. Liu returned the phone to the security guard after speaking, and then we were able to enter the school.
Enter the campus
This is from the name of the College
Walking into the campus, it is class time, and you can hear the sound of reading aloud in the classroom. On the wall of a courtyard, I saw the words "Zhi Yi Cheng Xue", and I thought that this was an interpretation of Zhi Xue College.
Zhixue Building
Introductory cards
Walking to the top of the road, there is a modern building, and the right hand of the building has a small garden, and on its side wall is written "Introduction to the Stone Monument of Zhixue Academy". The above mentions that Zhixue Academy was founded by the prefect Duan Jian in the tenth year of Chenghua, and said that the academy was one of the eight major academies of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Nanyang, and was also "one of the eighty largest colleges in the province".
evolution
During the Period of Zhixue Academy
Persuasion during the Academy period
The side walls of the garden are painted with four door-shaped display panels that vividly introduce the scene of students reading, entitled "History of Nanyang Sixth Primary School", and each panel introduces a section of the situation after the renaming of the school.
Xiguan Elementary School
Sixth elementary school period
Monument to Zhixue Academy
On the right side of the exhibition board there is an ancient stele, the stele is wrapped in a glass cover, according to the introduction board, this is Duan Jian's "Zhixue Academy Stele", and its back is "The Monument to the Creation of Zhixue Academy", but unfortunately the front text is not clear, and the back side cannot be viewed.
Class is over
At this moment, the bell rang at the end of class, and a large number of students flocked from the various classrooms, running happily and quickly wrapping me in it. Many students watched curiously as I took pictures there and asked me why I was taking this, while I was busy explaining. Feeling that this scene was quite like Kong Yiji being surrounded by a group of children asking for fennel beans, I subconsciously touched the pocket of my pants, failed to feel the small things that could be contributed to the students, and had to wave my hand to them regretfully.
Principal Zhao led through this door
At this moment, I suddenly saw that someone on the second floor of the Zhixue Building in front of me had opened the curtains and was looking at me and Liu Wanwei. It seems that someone is observing the every move of the two of us, and then several people came out of the building, one of whom was a teacher who introduced us to Principal Zhao, Liu Wanwei immediately stepped forward to talk about the toilet renovation plan, Principal Zhao was very serious, and wanted to take the two of us to see the venue first. Liu Wanwei had no choice but to introduce that the purpose of my coming to this school was to visit the remains of Zhixue College, and I heard that Mr. Liu was going to visit this school to inspect the toilet situation, so I proposed to come to photograph the college together.
See a clump of green bamboo
There is an ancient stele next to the green bamboo
Principal Zhao immediately understood my purpose, and he did not show disgust, so I asked him whether there were any old things related to Zhixue Academy in the school. He led the two of us through a row of teaching buildings to the backyard of the school, where there was an ancient monument standing between the new building and the old building, with the title "Introduction to the Reconstruction of the Monument of Zhang Tie'er Zhong", which reads:
This stele was erected after the reconstruction of Zhang Tie'er's ancestral hall in the 61st year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1722 AD). In the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1574), the prefect Cheng Mi built the Erzhong Ancestral Hall in front of the lecture hall of the Nanyang Zhixue Academy to commemorate the Tang Dynasty general Zhang Tour and the Ming Dynasty general Tie Xuan, who was gradually destroyed due to the baptism of fire and the disrepair. In the sixty-first year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, Shen Yuan, then the prefect of Nanyang, ordered Nanyang Prefecture to rebuild the Zhang Tie Erzhong Ancestral Hall in order to carry forward the excellent character of Erzhong and educate future generations.
I can't see the stele clearly
The name of the monument
It seems that this stele is indeed an old object of Zhixue Academy, but the stele is also in the glass cover, because of the wind and sand, the inner layer of the glass is covered with thick ash, and the stele surface is completely unclear.
Courtyard next to it
There is an iron gate on the side of this monument, and I asked President Zhao if it was the former site of the ErzhongCi Temple, and he said that it should be here, but there was a dormitory for teachers and staff, and there was no trace of the past. As far as the eye can see, the playground is surrounded by dormitory buildings. President Zhao said that this was built decades ago, and that the intertwining of dormitory buildings and campuses has potential safety hazards, but it has not yet been fundamentally solved.
Dormitory building
There is a clump of bamboo next to this stele, and on the side wall there is a slogan of "Xi Wu Shangde", and there is no other object to be seen outside. I told my regrets, Principal Zhao said that the school is also trying to find a way to restore some of the buildings of Zhixue College, but unfortunately the school occupies too small an area and is difficult to expand at the original site.
Xi Wu Shangde
Speaking of this, Principal Zhao remembered the toilet reconstruction, and he said that the reason for the reconstruction was because the students had more toilets and hoped to expand the toilets without increasing the floor space. He took Liu Wanwei to visit the toilet, and I saw the two of them standing in front of the toilet and constantly comparing, and Mr. Liu used his expertise to explain how to expand. I looked at the students on campus and lamented how happy they were to be able to study on the site of the college hundreds of years ago.