In 1644, in The history of China, it can be described as a sudden change and a strange wave. In this year, Li Zicheng, the leader of the peasant rebel army, invaded Beijing, the Chongzhen Emperor of Daming invaded the coal mountain, the Zhu family changed hands, Daming changed to Dashun, and Li Zicheng was addicted to the emperor. Soon, shanhaiguan was shaken, Wu Sangui rebelled against the Ming, and Dorgon's iron horse division went south and stationed in Beijing. The newly founded Dashun disappeared and was replaced by the Great Qing.
Three regimes appeared in one year, which made the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty confused, one would rebel against the Ming Dynasty into the Great Shun courtiers, and the other would rebel into the Qing courtiers. If we are careful enough, it is not difficult for us to find that in the last year of Chongzhen's reign, there were not many ministers who devoted themselves to following the imperial court, and those who had the integrity to defend the Daming Jiangshan to the death after the Qing army entered the customs, and once again moved to Jiangnan in anonymity, without the integrity of the simply surrendered. To say how many people surrendered, the author can only say a lot, the specific number can not be said, anyway, when the dynasty, the surrendered Han officials can stand in a large row.
Among the former Ming courtiers who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, there were two people who had enough influence, one was Hong Chengyu and the other was Jin Zhijun. I have written a lot of articles about Hong Chengzuo, and I will not dwell on them here. Today, let's talk about this Kim Joon.
Jin Zhijun, a native of Wujiang, was a jinshi in the forty-seventh year of the Wanli Calendar, and by the end of Chongzhen, he had been appointed to the right attendant of the bingbu. After Li Zicheng entered Beijing, Jin Zhijun surrendered to Dashun. After the Qing army entered the customs, Dolgun promulgated a preferential treatment policy, as long as the former Ming officials took the initiative to surrender, the official quality remained unchanged. Jin Zhijunyi surrendered to the Qing Dynasty without hesitation, and still held the right hand man of the military department. Shi Ren ridiculed Jin Zhijun for this, saying: "From the Ming dynasty to the thief and from the Qing, the three dynasties are loyal to the elders." ”
If we regard surrender as a villain and resistance as a hero, then it seems inappropriate to put it on Kim Joon. Because from an objective point of view, Jin Zhijun's surrender to the Qing Dynasty not only did not do anything to harm the former dynasty, but played a positive role in the historical conditions at that time, especially in defending the Han culture of the Central Plains.
In those days, it was easy for people to die, it was difficult to live, and it was even more difficult to make a contribution to living. Before Jin Zhijun surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he sent someone to say to Dorgon: "I have ten things, if you can promise me, I will come to surrender, if you can't agree, there is only death!" Dorgon summoned Jin Zhijun and asked him in person for the reason, and Jin Zhijun said: "These conditions I proposed have not been damaged for Manchuria, but for the Han people, they have benefited a lot, and if they agree, then it will be smoother for the Great Qing Dynasty to settle the Central Plains and recover Jiangnan." ”
What ten conditions did Kim Zhijun put forward to Dorgon? This is the famous "ten from ten not from" in history. Its content is:
1, male from female not subordinate. (i.e. men dress from Manchu crowns, while women still wear traditional Hanfu)
2, life never dies. (That is, han chinese can be buried according to the Central Plains tradition after death)
3, yang from yin not from. (that is, the sacrifice of heaven and earth, the ancestors still follow the Han tradition)
4, officials do not obey. (That is, for officials from Manchuria, non-official preparation can follow the Han example)
5, the old never follow the young. (i.e. the elderly can obey, while the young can not)
6, Confucianism thus explains the Tao and does not follow. (i.e., those who read books are from Manchuria, while those Taoists, monks, and the three religions and nine streams are still from the Han example)
7, prostitution and thus excellent obedience. (i.e., prostitutes obey, but the acting of drama is still according to the old rules)
8, the eunuch thus marriage does not follow. (That is, the obedience of the Han people to be officials, but the customs of marriage and funeral of the Han people must be retained)
9, the name of the country and thus the official name does not follow. (The name of the country will not be changed, but the official name still needs to follow the old system)
10, the service thus the language is not followed. (The new system of taxation and servitude can be adopted, but the official language still uses Chinese characters.)
After reading these ten conditions, Dorgon found that there were excesses, but the imperial court at that time agreed to Kim's request in order to stabilize people's hearts. Of course, Jin Zhijun also surrendered to the Qing Dynasty naturally. However, from the "ten from ten not from" we can not find that these conditions proposed by Jin Zhijun have maintained the dignity of the Han people to a certain extent, especially in terms of culture, which continues the tradition of the Central Plains.
After Jin Zhijun surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, until the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, his official position was also promoted from the right attendant of the bingbu to the scholar of the Zhonghe Temple, and the official Shangshu Jia Taifu, and was one of the most favored ministers of the Shunzhi Dynasty. In the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Jin Zhijun died, and the Kangxi Emperor gave him the title of "Wentong". Until Yongzheng's death, the three emperors of the Great Qing Dynasty believed that Jin Zhijun had meritorious service to the Great Qing, and his evaluation was also very high.
However, after Qianlong ascended the throne, he began to feel that something was wrong, and eventually he discovered that Jin Zhijun was secretly treacherous, especially hating him for the "ten from ten not from" proposed by him, because this had always limited the pace of the Manchu rulers to reform manchu han culture. However, these were regarded as ancestral systems by the emperors of the previous dynasties, and he did not dare to change them without authorization. In order to vent his dissatisfaction with Jin Zhijun, the Qianlong Emperor included Jin Zhijun in the Biography of the Second Minister.
We can say that he is unfaithful and unjust, but from the perspective of restricting the Manchu Qing legal system, it is actually the Han people who benefit, which is the main reason why people can't hate him when they mention it.