Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the famous tropical fruits. There are many kinds of mango pests, there are more than 160 kinds of pests in the world, and there are 76 species in China, of which the important pests are thrips, fruit flies, tail night moths, leaf weevils and so on. At present, the cultivation area of mango in Yunnan Province is 47,400 hm2, with Huaping, Yuanjiang, Yongde, Jinggu, Honghe and Xishuangbanna as the main production areas, and the main varieties are Three-year Mango, Ivory Mang, Kate, Sacred Heart, Jinhuang Mang, Guifei and Tainong No. 1. Under natural conditions, mangoes are susceptible to pests, causing their yield and quality to be damaged to varying degrees, and pests have become an important obstacle in mango production. In mango production, most farmers' pest control information is mainly derived from pesticide dealers, and orchard pests are neither observed nor prevented. In addition, pesticide abuse, misuse and other phenomena are widespread, resulting in uneven levels of mango pest control. In view of the pest control of mango planting, Xiaobian proposed specific control measures.
Nymphs and adults of thrips can be active in orchards throughout the year by sucking on mango juice, such as young leaves, flower ears and young fruits, and occur more in spring and summer, especially drought after rain, which is the most harmful. It causes wood pegs to appear on the surface tissues of young leaves and young fruits, which eventually leads to discoloration of leaves and rough fruit surfaces, inducing mildew and gum flow, affecting the yield and quality of mango.
1.2.1 Physical control Cleaning of orchards: Early spring to remove orchard weeds and dead branches and leaves and burn them, reducing the thrips living place. Reasonable intercropping: do not do neighboring crops such as lychee, longan, melon vegetables, reduce insect sources, reduce harm; ensure that the orchard is ventilated and transparent, and should be reasonably densely planted and scientifically pruned; scientific management: if there is high temperature and drought, combined with topdressing, timely watering, increase the soil moisture of the orchard, inhibit thrips pupae and feathering; insect board booby trap: use the color of thrips, set up blue sticky worm boards in the orchard to trap adult insects.
1.2.2 Chemical control Before the plucking turn green and from the flower ear stage to the second physiological fruit fall, foliar spray with 25% Aktai water dispersible granules or 10% imidacloprid can be selected for 2 consecutive sprays at intervals of 7 to 10 days. At the flowering stage and before the fruit ripens and falls, 10% permethrin emulsion and 15% pyridoxine emulsion 2,000 times liquid are selected, combined with 1.8% almeicin emulsion to spray the leaves of the fruit tree, which can be applied continuously for 2 to 3 times. Long Yaqin studies have shown that the effects of the four agents against thrips are, in order: 1,500-fold dilution of 80% carbosulfonyl emulsion> acetylaminourea dilution> 1,000-fold of 24% cypermethrin dilution> 1,000-fold of 10% cypermethrin dilution. Bordeaux sap can also be applied to the trunk. In addition, it can also be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid 2 000 to 3 000 times liquid, 1.8% avicol 2 000 to 3 000 times liquid, 20% acetamidine 10 000 times liquid, 2.5% polybactericidin or ethyl polybactericidin suspension 1 000 to 1 500 times liquid, or 5% enidine aqueous agent, 4% avidine emulsion oil, or 1.5% methylvitamin emulsion 1 000 times liquid.
1.2.3 Biological control Can be used to protect and utilize natural enemies such as small flower bugs, cockroach bugs, cryptoptera to inhibit thrips.
Bactrocera dorsalis (Bactrocera dorsalis) has a wide range of hosts, miscellaneous food, hidden hazards, strong reproductive ability, short development cycle, serious generation overlap, rapid spread, difficult to control, is a destructive pest, can harm mango, citrus and other 46 families and more than 250 kinds of fruits and vegetables. In Yunnan, mangoes are the most affected, and temperature and rainfall are important factors affecting the population changes of orange flies.
It is mainly manifested by the larvae feeding on the fruit. In the mango fruit hanging stage, adult insects lay eggs in the fruit, with larvae moths to eat the flesh, the larvae grow with the mango, resulting in fruit rot and deterioration, early fall or rot after picking, cut open the affected fruit to see maggots. After the larvae mature, they bounce out of the fruit and burrow into the soil layer 2 to 5 cm from the surface to pupate, which increases the difficulty of control and is also an important cause of serious harm.
2.2.1 Physical control Clean orchards: The insect fruits are buried deeply, incinerated, fertilized and other methods to kill the larvae in the fruit and reduce the source of insects. Fumigation method: treated with bromomethane at 29 °C at 35 g/m3 with a chemical agent for 3 h, can 100% kill the orange fly in the mango fruit and has no effect on quality; or treat the mango with underground hot water at 46 °C for 1 h, can kill the orange fly 100% and has no effect on quality. Hot steam method: When the core temperature of the fruit rises to 47 °C, it is maintained for 10 min, which can kill 100% of the larvae of the first instar.
2.2.2 Chemical control With 97% ME plus 3% dibromophosphorus insecticide mixture, soak bagasse fiberboard or cotton wool, sprinkle in the shade of the real fly occurrence area, 50 pieces / km2, adult insect occurrence period twice a month, booby trap male insects excellent effect. 50% methyl octylthion emulsion is used at a concentration of 800 times or 1 200 times, which has a 100% insecticidal effect on the mature larvae of orange small fruit fly and pupae at different developmental stages, and is applied once a week for 2 to 3 times. The best effect is 80% of the dimethods 1 000 times liquid + 150 g brown sugar, with an average effect of 89.3%, which can effectively control the harm, and if it can be combined with ME to control males, the effect is better. Jupeng Zhao's research showed that mixing adult orange flies with methyl eugenol and DDV emulsion in a ratio of 1:9 can have the best booby trap effect.
2.2.3 Biological control Ants like to eat the eggs of orange small fruit flies, so ants can be used to hunt orange small fruit fly eggs to reduce harm. In addition, the orange fruit fly likes sweet and juice foods and can use this habit to hunt. Insect sterility technology: the use of cobalt (60C o) to irradiate the orange small fruit fly, the treated pupa is released into the wild environment, sterile male adults and female adults in the wild mate, the eggs laid do not hatch, after the release of a sufficient number of sterile fruit flies, the number of wild population fruit flies is greatly reduced. The research on the sterile technology of orange small fruit fly in China is in its infancy, and Liang Guangqin and other studies have shown that the female insects of orange small fruit fly treated with 95Gy do not lay eggs.
Chlurnetia guttiventris WaLker is also known as mango drill heartworm and mango borer moth. The larvae feed on young shoots, flower buds and fruits, causing the young shoots to shrink and deform, and the damage rate can reach 30% to 50%. The damage to autumn shoots will directly affect the formation of flower spikes in the following year, and the damage to spring ears will also affect the yield of mangoes in that year.
Adults of the transverse-tailed nocturnal moth emerge at dusk and nocturnal and lay their eggs on young shoots, young leaves, or flower spikes. Therefore, at dusk, pay attention to whether there is adult activity in the orchard and whether there are larvae on the shoots and inflorescences. Mainly affecting the taping stage and flowering stage, the site of the transverse nocturnal moth is generally the young shoots or flower spikes, etc., and the damaged part will produce moth holes, and the insect feces and other secretions of the insect are easy to cause glue, which eventually leads to the wilting of the branches.
3.2.1 Physical control In winter garden clearance, dead branches, stumps and rotten wood should be removed from the garden, and the coarse skin should be scraped off to reduce the place where the horizontal tail moth incubates eggs. According to the habit of pupal pupae of larvae, the old mature larvae are lured by strangulation of straw at the base of the trunk, and the pupae are hunted every 8 to 10 days to eliminate the pupae. It can also be painted with 1:10 lime water on the trunk to reduce the source of insects. Rice bran can also be placed in a plastic film to induce adult worms to lay eggs in one fell swoop.
3.2.2 Chemical control During the germination and blooming of fruit shoots or leaf tips, 90% dichlorvix 500 to 800 times liquid, 80% dichlorvos 1 000 times liquid, 0.2% silvine solution, 2.5% enemy killing emulsion 1 000 times liquid, 20% rapid killing butadiene emulsion 1 000 times liquid, 10% cypermethrin 1 000 times liquid can be sprayed, sprayed once every 10 days, 3 to 4 times continuously, until the flower spikes are elongated by 20 cm. Foliar spraying was performed with 2 cm from the new shoots to before the leaves turned green and from the flower panicle stage to the second physiological fruit drop, and 25% Aktai water dispersible granules and 7.5% chlorofluoropyridoxine suspension agents could be selected for foliar spraying, each time spraying once at intervals of 7 to 10 days, and spraying twice. At 3 to 4 cm of mango flower spikes, 40% Leguo 1 000 times liquid or 50% rice abundance 800 times liquid is sprayed, and 90% of the enemy insects can be used to kill during the spawning stage. After the mango flowers, spraying 1% urea solution on its foliar surface can effectively improve the ability of mango to resist pests and diseases, and when the young fruit of the mango grows to the size of the peanut kernel, it can improve the insect resistance rate of the young fruit.
3.2.3 Biological control This pest can be suppressed by raising chickens in orchards. The number of chickens is determined according to the growth of orchards, and young mango orchards are not suitable for raising chickens to prevent pecking at young branches and young leaves. According to the survey, 300 chickens per mu can reduce weeds by 70%, and forage is conducive to reducing the occurrence of mango diseases and insect pests. Chickens will plane the soil to look for larvae and eggs when foraging, and can provide bottom fertilizer for the orchard, which is conducive to the development of the orchard.
The mango cut leaf weevil (Deporaus marginatus Pascoe) feeds on the flesh of the young leaves with adult insects, leaving the leaves with a transparent epidermis, causing the leaves to shrink and dry out. Sometimes the base of the young leaf is also bitten off, leaving the knife-cut leaf base. After laying eggs on young leaves, female adults cut off 1/4 to 1/3 of the leaf near the base, so that the egg-bearing part falls to the ground, causing baldness and seriously affecting the tree potential.
It is mainly harmful to leaves. The leaf surface and leaf flesh are eaten by adult insects, leaving a white transparent skin, the leaves wither rapidly, and after new shoots appear in the fruit tree, the female may bite off the leaves from the roots, resulting in bald branches of the mango.
When extracting young shoots, a suitable drug is chosen to spray the canopy and the bitten off leaves to eliminate the first generation of pests, and in autumn, 25 per cent of the insecticidal double water agent and 10 per cent of the diantine emulsion 4,000 times can be sprayed regularly until the leaves are fully green. If it is a large-scale orchard, it is necessary to pay attention to the key control of pests, and regularly spray drugs on the newborn leaves, especially sprays with egg residues, to eliminate insect eggs.
4.2.1 Physical control In winter, combined with weeding, fertilization, winter shoot control, pine turning over the garden soil, timely cleaning up and burning the young leaves that have been bitten off on the ground, eliminating insect eggs and larvae, and destroying the pupae site. After the garden is cleared, a higher concentration of stone sulfur compound is generally sprayed.
4.2.2 Chemical control The foliar spray of 90% crystalline dichlorvos or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 800 to 1 000 times liquid, or 20% rapid killing or 2.5% dichlorvos or 2 500 times of the enemy is used to spray foliar surface; the use of dichlorvos, octyl thion, chlorpyrifos, etc. is mixed into poisonous soil with an active ingredient content of 0.3% to 0.5% and spread within the drip line under the canopy of the plant, 300 to 450 kg/hm2. In the young fruit stage (30 to 45 days) after spring flowering, spray 40% Lego emulsion plus 90% dimethoate mixture (1:2:1 000 times liquid spray) or 50% Bataan 1 000 times liquid or 20% rapid killing butadiene emulsion 200 times spray every 7 to 10 days. During the extraction period, 90% of the dichlorvos 800 times the liquid, 80% dichlorvos plus 40% of the leguo 1 000 times of the liquid, or 2.5% of the enemy kill, the rapid killing of 1 000 times the liquid, 7 d spray 1 time, continuous spray 2 to 3 times control.
(1) Forage selection principle: low plant type, strong shade tolerance, trampling resistance, strong regeneration, high coverage of forage grass. For example: Amaranth, Alfalfa, White Clover, Hundred Herb and so on.
(2) The benefits of planting forage: (1) improving the soil, increasing the content of soil organic matter, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, which is conducive to drought resistance and moisture preservation; (2) improving the microclimate of orchards. Zhao Jiahua et al. experimental determination, the orchard of the set of forage planted grass increases the surface temperature by 1 °C ~ 3 °C in winter than the orchard without grass, cools by 5 °C ~ 7 °C in summer, warms the winter and cools the summer, which is conducive to the growth of fruit trees, but also conducive to the absorption of surface nutrients, and can inhibit the growth of weeds; (3) improve the resistance of orchards to disease and insect pests: attract pests on mangoes to grass and reduce harm; (4) grass can reduce surface runoff and help conserve water sources.
(1) Construction of sheds: set up in the center of the orchard, pay attention to warmth, ventilation and water supply, and determine the size of the shed according to the number of breeding. In order to ensure the health of the chicken, do not sleep on the ground, do a good job of pedaling, and do a good job of guarding, so as not to threaten the chicken from nature. A nylon mesh wall with a height of 2.0 to 2.5 m is set up around the orchard to prevent escape and loss.
(2) Feeding: In the fixed area of the orchard, a sink should be set up to ensure that there is water in the sink at all times, and only a small amount of feed is fed in the morning every day.
(3) Advantages: weeding and pest control, control the number of pests in the orchard; improve the fertility of the orchard, reduce the cost of breeding; chicken and orchard complement each other, so that ecological planting and ecological breeding are well combined.
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