List of Nobel Laureates in Chemistry (1901-2017)

1901

Jacobus Hendricus Van'Hoff Dutchman (1852–1911)

In 1885, Fanthof published another work that won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemical Equilibrium in Gas Systems or Dilute Solutions. In addition, he studied the hydrates of the salts potassium trichloride and magnesium chloride found at the Stashford salt mine to explore the origin of marine sediments using the sediments formed by the salt mine.

1902

Emil Fischer German (1852–1919)

Emile Ferret, a German chemist, was the winner of the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His research laid the foundation for the widespread use of organic chemistry in modern industry, and was later hailed as the "laboratory arsenic." ”

1903

Svante August Arrhenius Swede (1859–1927)

In the field of biochemistry, the Aleneu Institute also carried out creative research work. He published works such as "Immunochemistry" and "Quantitative Laws of Biochemistry", and used the laws of physical chemistry to expound the reactions of toxins and antitoxins. Alenius was recognized as a great master of science at that time, and he made indelible merits for the development of science, and thus won many honors. He was accepted as an Overseas Fellow of the Royal Society and was also awarded the Royal Society's David Medal and the Chemical Society's Faraday Medal.

1904

William Ramsay The Englishman (1852–1916)

He was the famous British chemist, Sir Chenglian Ramsay. In collaboration with physicist Rayleigh and others, he discovered six inert gases: chlorine, neon, nitrogen, test, and ammonia. For his discovery of these gaseous inert elements and their location in the periodic table, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904.

1905

Asolf von Baeyer German (1835–1917)

The German organic chemist Adolf von Beyer, who discovered the molecular structure of the three basic elements of indigo, sky blue and crimson, was born on October 31, 1835 in Berlin to a family of famous natural scientists.

1906

Henri Moissan Frenchman (1852–1907)

Henry Moissan was a great chemist who discovered the method of elemental analysis, invented man-made diamonds and electric arc furnaces, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1906.

1907

Eduard Buchner German (1860–1917)

Eduard Büchner is a famous German chemist. Because of the discovery of cell-free fermentation, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907 and was praised as a "genius chemist from a peasant background".

1908

Ernest Rutherford Englishman (1871–1937)

On August 30, 1871, in a small wooden house, lined with springs away from the cultural centre of New Zealand, Mr. and Mrs. James's fourth child was born. Da was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry by the British nuclear physicist Ernes Jose Rutherford.

1909

F. Wilhelm Ostwald German (1853–1932)

Wherever Ostwald went, the fire of scientific inquiry was always ignited. He carried out extensive research at the University of Leipzig. Because he studied the catalytic process from many square tops and successfully completed the research work of oxidation and nitrogen oxide extraction of ammonia, it created conditions for the synthesis of ammonia. Ostwald's achievements in this field have been highly praised by the world's scientific community. For his outstanding achievements in the study of chemical equilibrium and chemical reaction rates in catalysis, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909.

1910

Otto Wallach German (1847–1931)

In 1889, Valarli became Dean of the Institute of Chemistry at the University of Göttingen, during which time he continued his in-depth study of the compounds. In 1909, he wrote the book "Mushrooms and Camphor", summarizing his life's research on vinegar chemistry. In 1910, Wallach was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1911

Marie S. Curie French Pole (1867–1934)

Mary. Curie is a world-famous female scientist and two-time Nobel Laureate. Her great achievements in science and her lofty qualities of thought won her universal praise from the people of the world. Mary fought strongly for years and years, the white hair on her head increased day by day, and her already emaciated face became even thinner, but she enjoyed it and was determined to "not waste her life." She wrote many famous papers and completed delicate experiments on the analysis of metal radium from radium salts. In 1907, she refined pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. In 1910, she extracted pure radium and measured the various properties of germanium, completing her famous book "On Radioactivity". It was for these outstanding contributions that in 1911 she was again awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1912

Victor Grignard French (1871–1935)

When Professor Victor Greenia is mentioned, people naturally think of the Grignard reagent that bears his name. Grignard test is a major innovation in the history of organic chemistry. No matter which organic chemistry textbook or chemical worm book has a discussion of Professor Grenia's name and Grignard reagents.

1913

Paul Sabatier French (1854–1941)

Theodore William Richards American (1868–1928)

The famous expert in organic catalysis, Paul Sabatier, was born on November 5, 1854 in Carcassonne, southern France. He is a senior student in the Physics Department of a famous local teachers' college. After graduating from university, he came to Paris to work on metal sulfides under the guidance of Professor Berrile, the founder of organic synthesis. Because of his open-mindedness and eagerness to learn, he grew up very quickly. At the age of twenty-four, he received a doctorate in science. This was rare in France at the end of the nineteenth century. He was once known as "Dr. Baby".

Theodore Chenglian Richards is a well-known American chemist, a professor at Harvard University, who has received many medals and honorary degrees from universities in various countries. One of Richards' important contributions to science was his precise determination of atomic weights, for which he won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1914

Alfred Werner Swiss-French (1866–1919)

In order to explain the different behaviors of chlorine in cobalt ammonia complexes, Werner proposed the theory of dividing complexes into "inner boundaries" and "outside". The inner boundary is composed of a central ion and a tightly bound ligand around it, such as the chloride ion and ammonia molecules in the inner boundary are closely bound to cobalt, and are not easy to dissociate, so the chloride ions in it are not precipitated by silver nitrate, and the age is not easy to release when heated, while the external chloride ions are easy to dissociate, so they can be precipitated by silver nitrate. Werner's theory not only correctly explains the experimental facts and expands the concept of atomic valence, but also proposes the heterogeneous phenomenon of ligands, opening up new fields for the development of stereochemistry. As soon as his theory was published, it received a high evaluation from the chemical community, and he was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1915

Richard Willstatter German (1872–1942)

After two decades of painstaking research, Wellsted has elucidated the presence of chlorophyll a and b in three to one amounts in chlorophyll cells, which are complexes of magnesium. He was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1916-1917

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1918

Fritz Haber German (1868–1934)

When it comes to fertilizers in agriculture, almost everyone can have some of their names such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, urea, etc. But do you know what these fertilizers are made of, and how long and winding the road has been to their birth? And which scientists have struggled with this? Presented here is fritz Haber, a scientist who made an important contribution to the birth of chemical fertilizers and won the Bel-defamation prize for chemistry, who was a German self-trained chemist.

1919

1920

Walther Nernst German (1864–1941)

The basis of thermodynamics is the three laws, namely the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. The third law of thermodynamics was elucidated by the leading German physical chemist Nernst, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1921

Frederick Soddy British (male) (1877-1956)

In 1921, For his research on radioactive substances and isotopes, Sodi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry of the year, and the honor of seed preparation was followed, but he did not take it for granted, and continued to immerse himself in teaching and research.

1922

Francis William. FRANCIS WILLIAN Aston English Male (1877-1945)

He was awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering a variety of isotopes with a mass spectrometer and discovering integer rules for atomic structure and atomic weight

1923

FRITZ PREGL Austrian (1869-1930)

For this outstanding contribution, He was awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1924

1925

Richard Zsigmondy German (1865-1929)

During his death, he received the Bell Chemical Prize in 1925 for his lifelong contributions to colloid chemistry research and the invention of the hypermicrometer.

1926

Theodore. Theodor Svedberg Swede (1884-1971)

He specialized in colloid chemistry, invented high-speed centrifuges, and used them for the study of highly dispersed colloidal substances. His invention made him a scientist admired by the world.

1927

Heinrich Heinrich.O. Wieland German (1877-1957)

Weilander, a German chemist best known for discovering bile acids and their chemical structures, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1927.

1928

Adolf Hitler O· R. Wendalls (Adolf. O.R. Windaus) German (1876-1959)

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for studying the family and their relationship to vitamins, and for discovering vitamin D.

1929

Arthur Harden Englishman (1865–1940)

Hans. Feng. Hans von Euler-Chelpim German (1873–1964)

Harden has made significant contributions to the study of fermentation mechanisms.

It was for his outstanding contributions to enzymatic chemistry that Euler-Schell was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Arthur Harden.

1930

Hans Fischer German (1881–1945)

He completed the development of artificial heme products. Between 1930 and 1932, he determined the structure of all chlorophyll through trial and error, and confirmed the many similarities in the chemical structure between chlorophyll and heme. The active core of chlorophyll and heme is made up of porphyrins.

1931

Carl Bosch German (1874-1940)

Friedrich Bergius German (1884–1949)

He made a significant contribution to the reform of the synthetic ammonia industrial system and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931

The famous pioneer of high-pressure chemistry made an indelible contribution to the development of modern chemical industry, especially high-pressure chemistry, and he jointly won the Bell Prize for Chemistry of the year with Carl Persia in 1931

1932

Irving Langmuir American (1881–1957)

irving. Lan Maoer was the first physical chemist in the world to discover the phenomenon of hydrogen absorbing a large amount of heat and dissociate itself into atoms and created the atomic hydrogen welding method. Lan Maoer devoted his life to scientific research and had many major inventions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for his exploration and discovery of surface chemistry and his achievements in atomic structure and theory.

1933

1934

Harold Clayton Urey American (1893– )

- In 1932, heavy water and heavy hydrogen isotopes were discovered. This important discovery and achievement earned him the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1935

Frderic Joliot-Curie Frenchman (1900–1958)

Irene Joliot-Curie French (1897–1956)

After the discovery of neutrons, Jolio continued his research with the guidance of neutron theory. In 1934, the couple bombarded lead, boron, and magnesium with M particles, producing artificial radioactive material. This discovery opens up a new path for nuclear physics. Because before this, Shi Mu Box Monster Recovery  Branding  Luo Steel Hemorrhoids Ring Sect Shu Shu Shu Artificial radioactive materials can then be obtained. What a contribution this should be to the cause of human science! For this reason, in 1935, Da and his young couple scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1936

Peter P. J． W. Debye (Peter J. W． Debye) Dutch-American (1884–1966)

He proposed the polar molecular theory to determine the dipole moment of molecules, contributed to the diffraction of electrons and the study of X-rays in gases, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936

1937

Walter P. N． Walter N. Haworth Englishman (1883–1950)

Paul Karrer Swiss (1889–1971)

For his contribution to the study of carbohydrates, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

In 1929, he isolated vitamin K1. He became recognized by the scientific community as the first chemist to study the structure of vitamins. For his achievements in this area, Carré has received several honors. In 1937, he and the British chemist Haworth were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year, also for his achievements in vitamin research.

1938

Richard Kuhn German (1900–1967)

For his in-depth study of the structure and function of carotene and riboflavin, Kuhn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938.

1939

Adotf Butenandt German (1903b)

Leopold Ruzicka Swiss Yugoslav (1882–1976)

For his outstanding contributions to the study of sex hormones, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939

Because his work was related to the work of the German scientist A. Butenant in the study of sex hormones, the two won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939. Half of them awarded him "to reward him for his work on the polyamethylene polycarbon atom macro ring and multi-dip alkene"

1940-1942

1943

Georg von Hevesy, Sweden (1885–1966)

The famous chemist Gaiorg von Hevisy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1943 for his use of release isotopes as tracers in chemistry.

1944

Otto Habn German (1879–1968)

Otto Hahn was a German chemist who won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the "heavy nuclear fission reaction."

1945

Altuba I. Virta Rain Arturi.I. Virtanen Finn (1895–1973)

Veltanan was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his outstanding contributions to agricultural chemistry, in particular the invention of the AIV method for feed storage. His exploits in agricultural chemistry are immortal.

1946

James P. B. Sumner James Batcheller Sumner American (1887–1955)

John Howard Nothrop American (1891– )

Physical defects do not indelible a person's will, and a person who is physically ill can also contribute to human beings. Here's an introduction to a man who lost his left hand and became a famous chemical rat who became a Nobel Prize winner, he was James F. Kennedy. B. Sumner.

The research conducted by Nornrop and the conclusions he came to were undoubtedly a major breakthrough in the development of enzymatic chemistry, for which he was awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1947

Robert Robinson The Englishman Robert Robinson (1886–1975)

Robert Robinson is one of the most important contributors to the mechanism of organic chemistry in British scientists. Regarding the study of alkaloids, no one at that time was able to surpass his level. Although he had made so many great achievements in scientific research, and received so many honors and awards, he had always maintained the virtue of modesty and prudence throughout his life, and he opposed people's inappropriate praise for him, and he hated to talk about flattery in person. He believes that everything he does is a mortal work, as long as these work is beneficial to people, no matter how difficult it is and how high the economic value, he must go to him at all costs to achieve the goal of seeking the source and benefiting mankind.

1948

Arne W. K． Arne W, k, Tiselius (1902–1971) Swede

Ath W. K. L. Bergerius was a Swedish biochemist who made great contributions to the study of modern chemistry and medicine. His precise analysis of serum protein properties led to improvements in the number of drugs. Today, the improvement of human health and the extension of life expectancy are inseparable from the fruitful research of Tiscelius. In 1948, in recognition of his analysis of electrophoresis phenomena and adsorption, and in particular the discovery of complex properties of serum proteins, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him the Bell Prize for chemistry for the year.

1949

William H. F. Kiok (William. F. Giauque)(1895–) American

As we all know, substances at ultra-low temperatures often have some characteristics that they do not normally have, and the study of these characteristics and their practical applications, whether it is physics or chemistry, has extremely important value. Contemporary American physical chemist William H. F. Giork, who is an authority on this, has made significant contributions.

1950

Otto. P． Otto P.H. Diels (1876–1954) German

Kurt Alder (1902–1958) German

Today, in the 1980s, whether it is industry or agriculture, whether it is heavy industry or light industry, it has a close relationship with plastics. Plastic products occupy an important position in people's daily lives. Plastic products are economically beneficial, and both children love to use it. But who would have you ever thought that a new industry could develop so rapidly? This man was the famous German chemist Otto Dils.

Kurt Alder, an authority in the contemporary chemical industry in Germany and a master of modern organic chemistry, and his teacher Otto Dils have achieved many outstanding results in chemical research, and the diene synthesis reaction invented by the two of them has shaken the entire chemical community, so they jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950.

1951

Edwin. Edwin M. Mcmillam American (1907– )

Glenn. T． Glenn Thedore Seaborg (1912–) American

Macmillan was not only a radiochemist, but also had a deep knowledge of the original nuclear physics research and made outstanding achievements.

Seeborg and his assistants added eight new elements to Mendeleev's periodic table. In addition to the ninety-fourth element already mentioned earlier, the bad. There are also seven elements, which are; the ninety-fifth element, which they discovered in 1944 using the neutron stream originally from the reactor to irradiate ring 238.

1952

Archer M. J． Archer J.P. Martin (1910–) Englishman

Richard M. L． Richard L.M. Synge( Englishman (1914–)

With Richard M. L． Dr. M. Singer won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Archer J. P. Martin was born in London, England, on March 1, 1910. His father was an internist, his mother was a nurse, he had three older sisters, and he was a boy in the family tonight. The method invented by Martin and Singer not only isolates many new substances, but also helps to better study metabolic routes in organisms. Later, the British laborer biochemical Huajia and Nobel prize winner Sanger used this method to determine the complex molecular structure of insulin.

Do you know who invented the dissolution chromatography method first? He was the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner of the famous British biochemist Richard Scott. L． M. Singer and his collaborator Archer M. J． P. Martin. In 1941, they invented this kind of tri-lysate chromatography, which successfully separated various mixtures of cyanoic acid and antibiotics, which set a monument to the development and application of the dissolution chromatography method. When Singer invented the method of dissociation chromatography, although he was only twenty-seven years old, it took seven or eight years to achieve this result, and almost all of his Youth Spent.

1953

Hermann Staudinger German (1881–1965)

Herdan Staudinger was a well-known German chemist, born in Worms, Rhineland-France, Germany, on March 3, 1881, and was elected in Freiburg on September 8, 1965, at the age of eighty-four. He was the recipient of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1947, he edited and published Polymer Chemistry, a magazine that graphically depicts the form in which polymers exist. Since then, he has introduced the concept of "high molecule" into the field of science, established the relationship between the viscosity of polymer solutions and molecular quantities, and created the theory of determining the viscosity of molecular weight (later known as Staudinger's law). His scientific research achievements played a positive role in the vigorous development of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and other industries at that time. Because of his squad in 1953, at the age of seventy-two, he stepped onto the podium of the Nobel Prize.

1954

CaiUs C. Linus C. Pauling American (1901–) (Peace Prize, 1962)

After all, the number of people in the scientific community who have won the Nobel Prize is a minority, and the number of people who have won the Nobel Prize twice in their lifetime is even more important. We are going to introduce Linus C. Pauling was one such scientist, who won two Nobel Prizes in different fields.

1955

Vincent du Vigneaud American (1901–)

At Cornell University School of Medicine in New York State, there are a number of outstanding chemists and medical scientists in the biochemical laboratory headed by Vincent Duvignord. Most of them were students trained by Wignold. Wiggnord himself was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 "for the study and charge of important sulfur-containing compounds in biochemistry, in particular the first synthesis of peptide hormones."

1956

Cyril M. N． Cyril N. Hinshelwood The Englishman (1897–1967)

Nikolai M. Nikolai N. Semenov Soviet (1896– )

Cyrillic. N． Hinsherwood was an outstanding physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1956 with the Soviet physical chemist Semenov for his outstanding contributions to the kinetics of chemical reactions.

The famous Soviet physical chemist Nikolai. Semyonov was born on April 3, 1896. For his contributions to the study of the mechanism of chain chemical reactions with the British chemist Hinsherbaide, he was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1957

Alexander P. Alexander R. Todd (1907–)

The famous British biochemist Alexander. R． Todd, for fifteen years, worked hard and diligently to study nucleotides and nucleoside coenzymes, and finally achieved excellent results and won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1958

Fnederick Sanger, Englishman (1918–) (awarded twice in 1958 and 1980)

The famous British chemist Bonredrick Sanger made outstanding achievements in biochemistry because of his discovery of the molecular structure of carpalolin and his contribution to determining the order of DNA, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980.

1959

Jaroslav Heyrovsky CzechOslovsky (1890–1967)

Closely associated with the creation and development of polarography, Yaroslav Helovsky's life was a life of tireless major contributions to the cause of science.

1960

Willard Frank. Willard Frank Libby American (1908–)

One day in 1950, a 146.5-meter-high, 230-meter-long Kinning Pagoda in Egypt, made of more than 2 million large stones weighing about two and a half tons, silently proved as a historical witness to a major invention of the American scientist Willard Frank Libby: radiocarbon dating. The dating of the pyramids, as measured in this way, miraculously corresponds to the historically recorded chronology. People have long hoped to find a new way to study the history of the earth and human development, and now their long-cherished wish has finally come true. As soon as the news spread, people cheered and hailed Libby's invention as an "archaeological clock." Since then, Libby has become a figure in the field of white science.

1961

MELVINCALVIN

1962

John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–)

John Caudley Kendlow is a well-known British biochemist and molecular biologist. 1957 electrocuted him first determined the spatial order of the polypeptide chains in the myoglobin molecule. In 1959, he also identified the detailed structure of the myoglobin molecule, thus confirming the idea of the American chemist Androgen 1954 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Linus C. Pauling, about the existence of an M-treponemal model in fibrous protein molecules. To this end, Kendrew and his colleague, Max Ferdinand Péruc of Austrian descent, shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1963

Karl Ziegler German (1898–1973)

Giulio Natta Italian (1903-1979)

Dr. Ziegler used to manufacture the world's first polymerization reactor for low-pressure polyethylene.

Since then, the catalyst composed of triethyl aluminum and titanium trioxide has been released. It is collectively referred to as Ziegler-Natal catalyst together with the polyethylene catalyst invented by Ziegler. On December 10, 1963, they shared the lofty honor of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1964

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (female) British (1910–)

Her contribution to the structural analysis of vitamin B11 has added a bright pearl to this new era. People are now able to extract vitamin B12 in a variety of ways, thanks to this research. The year 1964 was an unforgettable year in the life of Dorothe Crawfuzhi Hodgkin, and the Nobel Prize Selection Committee awarded Hodgkin the Chemistry Prize for that year. She is the third female scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry after Marie Curie and her daughter Iren Joliot Curie.

1965

Robert Bruns Woodward The British (1917–1979)

He was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his significant contributions to organic synthesis. Woodward's most important contribution to organic chemistry is the sandwich structure of ferrocene, which he first proposed in 1952. This structure is now well known, but it was hard to imagine at the time. For this achievement, he was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1966

Robert S Mulliken American (1896–)

Malecan was a well-known American physical chemist who won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his creation of the theory of molecular orbitals of chemical structures.

1967

Manfred Eigen German (1927–)

Ronald P. G． W. Norish (Ronald G. W． Norrish) British (1897–1978)

George Porter The Englishman (1920–)

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 for inventing techniques for the determination of rapid chemical reactions. The method created by Egan et al. is called the "relaxation method", also known as the relaxation technique, which includes temperature, pressure jumping method and dissociate effect method.

Ronald P. G． Together with his student Georg Porter and the German scientist Manfred Eigen, W. Norish was awarded the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing techniques for measuring rapid chemical reactions.

Porter and Aigen of the University of Göttingen in Germany worked together to take reaction dynamics a big step forward and open up a new field of research. In view of these achievements, He was awarded the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with his teacher Norish and later collaborator Egan.

1968

Lars Onsager Norwegian-American (1903–1976)

Russ Onsage, a Norwegian-American, was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of the interrelationships between multiple thermal action.

1969

Derek Harold Richard Barton The Englishman (1918–)

Odd Hassel, Norway

Professor Derek Harold Richard Barton with Norway's Order. Professor Hassel was jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his "contribution to the formation of conformational poles and their application to chemistry". Their work is considered "a real development of van der Waals-La Bell theory in stereoscopic rationy in 1894."

Professor Oder Hassell and the British organic chemist Patton were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "their contribution to the formation of conformational concepts and their application to chemical reactions".

1970

Luis Federico Leloir Argentina (1906–)

In 1949, he dismissed this insight in his humble laboratory, and he found a glyconucleotide, uridine glucose biphosphate. Although this is also a nucleotide sugar, its chemical activity is greater than that of L phosphate glucose. (There are about a hundred or so nucleotide sugars known today.) It promotes the production of liver starch from glucose, and it can be used as a transitional form of different forms of monosaccharides to each other.

1971

Gerbard Herzberg Canadian German (1904–)

Gerhart Herzberg is a well-known Canadian physicist and chemist. He was awarded the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his significant contributions to the study of molecular photochemistry, especially the structure and geometry of free radicals. Announcing a prize worth $88,000, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said his laboratory had become the world's leading center for spectroscopic analysis of molecules.

1972

Christian Boehmer Anfisen American (1916–)

Stanford Moore American (1913–)

William Howard Stein American (1911–)

The 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three American chemists: Stanford, Moore, William Rewaldstein, and Kristin Pommer Anfenson. Anfensen's work lies in the study of the relationship between the three-dimensional structure and function of RNA enzymes and the natural phenomenon of folding chains of proteins.

American biochemist Stanford Moore, for using quantitative analysis methods to solve complex biochemical problems related to amino acids, polypeptides, proteins and other complex biochemical problems; because of the further development of enzyme chemistry by the study of the RNA of the pancreas, together with Dr. William Howard Stein of Rockefeller University in New York and Dr. Christine Cunning Anfinson of the National Institutes of Health, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972.

Stan and Moore have successively developed the automatic analyzer of nitrogen-based acid containing phosphate, the polystyrene color layer automatic folding instrument and the nitrogen-based acid automatic program analyzer, which have made significant contributions to the field determination and research of proteins.

1973

Ernst Otto Fisher German (1918–)

Geoffrey Wilkinson The British (1921–)

Ernst Otto Fisher won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the preparation and determination of compounds of the so-called "sandwich bread" structure consisting of organic compounds and metal atoms (i.e., organometallic compounds).

British chemist Jeffrey Wilkinson and German chemist Ernst Otto Fisher shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to the study of organometallic compounds.

1974

Paul John H Flory The American (1910–)

American polymer physical chemist Paul Johan Flory was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1974 for his great achievements in the field of polymer chemistry, especially in the study of the physical properties and structure of polymers

1975

John Warcup Cornforth The British (1917–)

Vladimir Prelog Swiss-Yugoslav (1906–)

British chemist John Waukap Conforth and Swiss Yugoslav chemist Vladimir Preylogge were jointly awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their outstanding achievements in the study of stereochemistry of organic molecules and enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Vladimir Preelogge is a world-famous stereoscopic chemist. For his contributions to the stereochemistry of organic molecules and their reactions, he was awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Waukapp Comforts.

1976 W.N. Lipscom (American) engages in structural studies of methane

1977 I. Prigokin (Belgian)

He mainly studies non-equilibrium thermodynamics and proposes the theory of "dissipative structure"

1978 P.D. Mitchell (Briton) works on energy conversion on biofilms

1979 H.C. Brown (American), G. Wittig (German)

A new organic synthesis method was developed

1980 P. Berger (American) engages in biochemistry research on nucleic acids

W. Gilbert (American), F. Sanger (British)

The base order of nucleic acids is determined

1981 Kenichi Fukui (Japanese), R. Hoffman (British)

1982 A. Kluge (British)

Developed electron diffraction in crystallography and engaged in the study of the stereostructure of nucleic acid protein complexes

In 1983, H. Taub (American) elucidated the electron reaction mechanism of metal-coordinated compounds

1984 R.B. Merrifield (American) develops a very simple peptide synthesis method

1985 J. Carr and H.A. Hauptmann (American)

A direct calculation method for determining the crystal structure of a substance using X-ray diffraction was developed

1986 D.R. Hirschbach, Li Yuanzhe (Taiwanese), J.C. Polyani (Canadian)

Study the kinetics of chemical reaction systems in the process of potential energy plane motion

1987 C.J. Pederson, D.J. Cram (American)

J.M. Lane (French)

Synthesis of crown ether compounds

1988 J. Dyson Horver, R. Huber, H. Michel (German)

The three-dimensional structure of the photosynthetic reaction center was analyzed

1989 S. Altman, T.R. Cech (American)

It was found that RNA itself has the catalytic function of enzymes

1990 E.J. Corey (American)

Created a unique theory of organic synthesis - reverse synthesis analysis theory

1991 R.R. Ernst (Swiss)

Invented the Fourier transform NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance technique

1992 R.A. Marcus (American) contributes to the theory of electron transfer reactions in solution

1993 K.B. Mullis (American)

Invention of the "polymerase chain reaction" method

M. Smith (Canadian)

Pioneered the "oligonucleotide-based fixed-point mutagenesis" method

1994 G.A. Euler (American)

He has made outstanding contributions in the field of hydrocarbons, that is, hydrocarbons

1995 P. Krutzen (German), M. Molina, F.S. Rowland (American)

The chemical mechanism of the influence on the ozone layer is elaborated, and the artificial chemicals are proved to have a destructive effect on the ozone layer

1996 R.F. Cole (American), H.W. Crottoin (British), R.E. Smalley (American)

Discovery of a new form of carbon– Fuller's sphere (also known as bucky's sphere) C60

1997 P.B Boyer (American), J.E. Walker (British), J.C. Sko (Danish)

Discovery of ion transport enzymes in human cells responsible for storing transferred energy

2000 Hague (American), McDilmed (American), Hideki Shirakawa (Japanese)

Because of the discovery of plastics that can conduct electricity, it is useful

In 2001

Ryoji NoiChia Japanese Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation Reaction Study

William Knowles Americans discovered and manufactured chiral catalysts

Barry Sharples American Research on Chiral Catalytic Reactions

In 2002

On October 9, 2002, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry would be awarded to American scientist John Finn, Japanese scientist Koichi Tanaka, and Swiss scientist Kurt Wittrich for their contributions to the field of biomacromolecules research.

The 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized two achievements, one was that John Finn and Koichi Tanaka "invented the method of confirming and structural analysis of biological macromolecules" and "invented the mass spectrometry analysis method of biological macromolecules", and the two of them will share half of the prize money of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; the other is that Swiss scientist Kurt Wittrich "invented a method of determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution using nuclear magnetic resonance technology". He will receive the other half of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

In 2003

The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American scientists Peter Agray and Roderick McKinnon for their pioneering contributions to the discovery of cell membrane water channels and to the study of the structure and mechanism of ion channels. The cell membrane channels they studied were the "city gates" they had previously speculated about.

In 2004

The 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Israeli scientists Aaron Chechanovo, Avram Hershko, and American scientist Owen Ross for their discovery of ubiquitin-regulated protein degradation. In fact, their results are to discover an important mechanism for the "death" of proteins.

In 2005

The three winners are Yves Chauvin of the French Petroleum Institute, Robert Grubb of the California Institute of Technology, and Richard Schröck of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They won the prize for their contributions to the study of olefin complex decomposition reactions in organic chemistry. Olefin recombination reactions are widely used in the production of materials such as pharmaceuticals and advanced plastics, resulting in higher production efficiency, more stable products, and the generation of less hazardous waste. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences says it is an example of important basic sciences benefiting people, society and the environment.

In 2006

American scientist Roger Kornberg was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to the field of "Molecular Basis of Eukaryotic Transcription"

In 2007

German scientist Gerhard Etel was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering contributions to the field of surface chemistry.

In 2008

Three scientists, Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering and developing green fluorescent proteins (GFP).

In 2009

American scientists Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz and Israeli scientist Ada E. Yonath were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "research on the structure and function of ribosomes."

In 2010

American scientist Richard Heck and Japanese scientists Eiichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki jointly won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The three scientists were awarded for their excellence in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the field of organic synthesis.

In 2011

Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman won the prize for "the discovery of quasicrystals."

In 2012

For their groundbreaking contributions to the "G protein-coupled receptor," the 2012 Chemistry Prize was awarded to American scientists Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka.

In 2013

Jewish-American theoretical chemist Martin Karplus, Stanford University biophysicist Michael Levitt and UNIVERSITY OF Southern California chemist Arieh Warshel shared the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for designing multiscale models of complex chemical systems.

In 2014

Eric Betzig of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the United States, Stefan W. Hell of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Germany, and William E. Moerner of Stanford University in the United States shared this year's Chemistry Award for "Contributions to Ultra-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy".

In 2015

Swedish scientist Tomas Lindahl, American scientist Paul Modrich and scientist Aziz Sancar, who has American and Turkish citizenship, won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to the field of "Research on the Mechanisms of DNA Repair".

In 2016

French chemist Jean-Pierre Sauvage, American chemist J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch chemist Bernard L. Feringa share the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "contributions to the design and synthesis of molecular machines."

In 2017

Swiss scientist Jacques Dubochet, American scientist Joachim Frank and British scientist Richard Henderson shared the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to developing cryoelectron microscopes for high-resolution structural determination of biomolecules.