Zhejiang has a profound cultural heritage, and there are many "thousand-year-old cities" in history where the prefecture capital and county are located. However, after the baptism of vicissitudes, these "thousand-year-old cities" that were once prominent and brilliant, although they retained a lot of historical features, many of them became small towns with declining status and weak economies.
In February this year, Fenglin Town in Yongjia County, together with 11 thousand-year-old towns such as Xindeng Town in Fuyang District, Meicheng Town in Jiande City, and Fenghui Town in Shangyu District, was included in the list of pilot projects for the rejuvenation of "Millennium Ancient City".
Autumn view of Maple Forest, photo by Lu Xuefeng
What kind of profound cultural heritage and glorious history does this small town in the middle reaches of the Nanxi River have? Why is it called "Zhejiang Southern Military Town" and "Little Wenzhou"?
Zhejiang southern military town, Wenzhou City "back garden"
Fenglin, known as Fengli in ancient times, derives its name from the ancient place names of the Central Plains of the Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties. As early as the Neolithic Age, 6,000 to 7,000 years ago, humans in Fenglin were already engaged in agricultural pottery activities.
Since the Jin Dynasty crossed the south, Fenglin has become a peach blossom source for the family to choose a place to live in because of the vast wilderness and fertile countryside. During the Tang and Song dynasties, there was already a saying that "lion's head mountain, elephant trunk water, maple leaf land, called paradise". During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Fenglin belonged to Nanxi Township, Yongjia County, and the pottery industry was developed, and the shangbu city lane began to take shape. Ming Dynasty Wang Xian's "Fenglin" poem Yun: "Good mountains ring green water singing piano, Huawu Zhulou qu lane deep." The chickens sing in the social drums, and the maple forest is seen in the Tang poetry scene. ”
Scenery of The Western Part of Fenglin, photographed by Xu Yufei
Maplewood has been prosperous since ancient times, which is related to its unique geographical location. Fenglin is located in the central area of Nanxi River, is the transportation hub of the middle reaches of Nanxi River, and is a place of contention for generations of soldiers and families, and an important military town in southern Zhejiang.
The Yandang Mountains enter the territory of Fenglin Town from Wanghaigang in Donggao Township, and are divided into three major branches of the south, middle and north, forming the Stall Creek (Gushan Creek) and Shixi (Sixi) in the middle, from east to west, into the Nanxi River. The Yongxian Ancient Road runs through Puting Street, and intersects with the Yongle Ancient Road and the Yongjin Ancient Road at Zhaopu Wharf, forming a water and land transportation center in the middle reaches of Nanxi. Xu Xiake, a great traveler of the Ming Dynasty, mentioned the Yongle Ancient Road in the "Diary of The Later Journey to Yandang Mountain": "The Nanlu Creek originated from the Zhenyuan Ridge in the northwest of Yanshan Mountain, went to this place for more than thirty miles, and separated from Yongjia. From the ridge to the south, you can pass through Furong, into Yueqing; from the ridge to the west, take the Maple Forest, then enter the Ou County Road. ”
Ruins of Zhaopu Pier
Fenglin really began to usher in official attention during the Five Dynasties northern Song Dynasty. At that time, the imperial court allowed a town that was the most important in the county from the economic, transportation, and military point of view to add a county lieutenant, or to be a town official with inspectors, and to stay in the town with bullets. Because Fenglin was the economic center of the Nanxi River Basin in the Fifth Dynasty of the Tang Dynasty, the Nanxi Pipe Boundary Inspection Department and Jiandang Town were set up here, and the village of Dangxi (Filexi) was named after it. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Nanxi Inspection Department was also known as the Dangxi Inspection Department. In the second year of Ming Hongwu (1369), Fenglin Flood was set up to prevent the invasion of the Wokou.
In the Qing Dynasty, Fenglin was the seat of the Wenzhou Prefecture Tongzhi Garrison and the Yongjia County Bureau. Qing Guangxu's "Yongjia County Chronicle" records that the county office was originally in the east of Yongjia County, and Qing Yongzheng moved to Fenglin in the thirteenth year (1735) and had jurisdiction over ten capitals and two societies.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, it also became the military command center of seven counties in the three regions of southern Zhejiang, and also the peach blossom source for the people of Wenzhou to escape the chaos of war. In 1924, in order to avoid the warlord war, Zhu Ziqing's wife, children and mother took refuge in Fenglin with the help of Ma Gongyu, and temporarily lived in Fenglin Qianyi Hall.
According to the "Shanghai Gazetteer", in 1928, Xujiahui Fenglin Road and Fenglin Bridge, where the Shanghai Special Municipal Government were located, adopted the county and town level place names - "Zhejiang Fenglin" of Mr. Yongjia Mr. Xu Dingchao's hometown "Zhejiang Fenglin" named Fenglin Road and Fenglin Bridge.
In September 1949, the Yongjia County Government was stationed in Fenglin Town. On February 18, 2000, Fenglin was approved by the Zhejiang Provincial Government to be named as the second batch of provincial historical and cultural reserves.
It can really be described as "a Fenglin Zhi, half of the Yongjia History".
With the passage of a thousand years, today's Fenglin still preserves a considerable number of Ming and Qing Dynasty and Republic of China period buildings, and the cultural relics are relatively well preserved. In particular, the Shengzhimen Street in the middle of Fenglin Village is named after the Shengzhimen Gate built on the street. In the twentieth year of Ming Chenghua (1484), Emperor Xianzong built the Sacred Gate in recognition of the Spirit of Shangyi of Xu Yinpei, a sage of Fenglin Township. In its heyday, there were nearly a thousand shops on Shengzhimen Street, and some shops also opened semicolons in Wenzhou City. During the Ming and Qing dynasties and the Republic of China, Shengzhimen Street was one of the most prosperous commercial streets in Nanxi, and can be said to be the "Wuma Street" of Nanxi.
Strolling down The Street of St. Will Gate, you can find that it still maintains its appearance from the 1920s and 1930s. No wonder some experts say that Fenglin Ancient Town not only preserves living specimens of Ming Dynasty shops, but also preserves the most traditional and complete farming and reading mode in China.
Fertile soil for the Yongjia School
In the Song Dynasty of the Fifth Dynasty of the Tang Dynasty, the north of Fenglin Baoxi Village belonged to the forty-seven capitals of Xianju Township, and the south of The Village of Baoxi belonged to the forty-two capitals of Qingtong Township, and there were more than 30 surnames such as Ding, Liu, Wang, Mu, Fang, Lu, Li, Bao, Ke, Zhu, Lou, Xu, and Huang.
The families living in Maplewood work together to create a splendid culture of cultivation and reading. Especially in the Song Dynasty, Fenglin had educational facilities such as Drunken Scripture Academy, Fahui Academy, Huang's Academy, and Yutang Academy, and the peony book club held by literati and inkers was famous in the countryside, which was a fertile land for nurturing the Yongjia school's doctrine of meritorious service.
Drunken Scripture Plaque
From the song and yuanfeng years of the brothers Yushi Liu Anjie and Liu Anshang, to the first year of Longxing (1163), the official to the Libu Shangshu of the Mu Zhiqing, to the late Qing Dynasty inspector Yushi Xu Dingchao, Fenglin has walked out of more than 20 jinshi.
Ding Changqi and Drunken Scripture Academy
During the Tang Dynasty (904-907), Ding Kai of Putian in Minxinghua Province moved to the Baziqiao of Xinhe Street (present-day Xinhe Street) in Yongjia County, and then moved to the eastern suburbs of Nanxi Fenglin, where his family set up a library. His great-grandson Ding Changqi was one of the "Emperor Yousan" of the Song Dynasty.
Ding Changqi took the Ming Jingxing Examination, was not admitted, returned to the eastern suburbs of Fenglin, built the Drunken Scripture Academy, taught students and apprentices, and scholars called "Mr. Jingxing". Ding Changqi's third son, Ding Zhifu, and Sun Ding Changqing, Ding Kangchen, and Ding Kangshi were the first developed keju family in Fenglin. Ding Changqi had a direct influence on Zhou Xingji, Liu Anjie, Liu Anshang, Xu Jingheng and other scholars of the younger generation of in-laws in "Mr. Yuanfengjiu".
Images of DingChang Period
Liu Anjie, Liu Anshang
Liu Anjie (1068~1116) and Liu Anshang (1069~1128) brothers studied under Ding Changqi and once lived in seclusion in Fenglin Shixi and lived a life of farming and reading. "Mr. Yuanfeng Jiu" vigorously developed the culture of the Yongjia area and gave birth to the Yongjia School on this basis. The Southern Song Dynasty Shixi Liu clan also included Liu Yi and Liu Chundengjinshi, of whom Liu Yi was also Mu's teacher.
Liu Jinzhi and Fahui Academy
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wenzhou Xuezheng and Liu Jinzhi, a native of The Western Song Dynasty, also founded the Fahui Academy to promote the prosperity of Xishan scholarship. Ye Shi's "Liu Ziyi Epitaph" has a saying: "In the two countrysides of Xianju and Qingtong, there is a hermit Liu Jun, whose name is healed, and the character is entered." Xue Jixuan and Ye Shi, who studied under Liu Shi, were famous scholars of the Yongjia School. In their biographies and epitaphs written for Liu Yue, it is said that the Nanxi literary style was at its peak, and it was driven alongside the county town from the time of Liu Yue.
Portrait of Liu Yu and his seven sons
Wood to ask:
In the Song Dynasty, the Mu clan of Fenglin Zhaopu Mukantou included Mu Junren, Mu Beiwen, Mu Yuanzhi (1190), Mu Xun (1229), and Mu Sichuan (1193).
Mu Beiwen (1140-1211) was a southern Song Dynasty Emperor Xiaozong Longxing in the first year (1163) of the Crown Prince, the official to the Rebbe Shangshu. In the southeast of Fenglin Town, between the Lavender Gate and the Zilai Gate, there was once a Wooden Zhuangyuan Mansion, covering an area of 7600 square meters, and the layout of the four-to-four-to-the-range stone steps and the central axis of the Stone Steps Dragon Road is still clearly distinguished.
Song Jiang Tried "Qimu Zhan Shi (to be asked):"Out of Guo turned to Xiao Ser, Hanxi ShengSubo." The thatched eaves warm up to the sun, and the maples occupy more autumn. From the eunuch to the lazy, the flow of years Nell Ho. The return should not be far away, and the new chrysanthemum has been sloped. "Hanxi and Fengxiu refer to Nanxi and Fenglin."
Qing Daoguang 《Qu Clan Genealogy》
Fenglin Xu's celebrities are numerous
In addition to the above celebrities, Fenglin has stepped out of the famous Xu family, and celebrities have emerged.
During the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Xu Wenquan, the second son of the Fenglin Xu clan, founded the Shutang Academy, with many apprentices. His son Xu Ziming (徐自明), a fifth-year (1178) scholar of the Yongjia School of the Southern Song Dynasty, was a well-known scholar of the Yongjia School of the Southern Song Dynasty, who studied the study of scriptures, and his "Book of Rites" was valued by the people of the time. The "Chronicle of Song Zaifu" is a masterpiece of historiography of the Yongjia School, which is an important material for the study of Song history.
Xu Shugui, Shao Xi (1190~1194) Jinshi, Taichang Temple Judge. Pan Tao's poem "The Judgment of Jian Xu" has "Feng Yi Zheng Rong has not been kissed in the past, and is hanging on a bed waiting for a high person." In those years, I once received the words of Dong Lai, and today I would rather be poor in the north of Ruan", Dong Lai refers to Lü Zuqian. Jiang Teli's "And Xu Judge (Shu Gui) See Hui Psalm": "Yao Wei who taught mixed grass Lai, the old eye of the present dynasty is Junkai." Jian'an has his own personal mantle and knows that Shi Weng is not surnamed Mei. This refers to the fact that Fenglin Xu Shugui has a family origin, and the great-grandfather Xu Gongyi was recruited by the Ke family as a son-in-law for his "Wing Peony" and passed on the family with poetry. Grandfather Xu Wenquan, Guan Guozi supervised the sacrifice of wine. Father Berlin, the official Wu Wei all envoys. Shu Xu Ziming official Ling Zhizhou, the article work for a while.
In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Yunchu (1425~1491) of Fenglin Puting Street set up the Fenglin Book House and invited famous teachers to teach. Bao Ao Chen Wenyi (1453~1534) set up Juxingtang Academy at home, and asked his cousin Zhu Mozhen (1438~1519) to teach. At that time, there was also the Fenglin Poetry Society, which became the cultural activity center for wenzhou and Taizhou literati and inkers to travel and exchange, such as Yueqing Zhu Zhen, Zhang Lun, Hou Yiyuan and Yongjiachang Wang Zhan, Zhang Zhang, Wang Ji and others all had poems of rewarding Fenglin's relatives and friends.
Puting Street Yunchu House Maplewood Book House
In the late Qing Dynasty, Fenglin Xushi stepped out of a heavyweight - Xu Dingchao. Xu Dingchao was a mid-level jinshi in the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), and served as the chief teacher of the Medical Hall of Beijing Normal University, the imperial history of the Gyeonggi Province' palm seal supervision, etc.; in the first year of Xuantong (1909), he served as the superintendent of the zhejiang two-level normal school and the chairman of the Zhejiang Provincial Academic Affairs Council, presiding over the zhejiang academic affairs; after the Xinhai Revolution, he served as the governor of the Wenzhou Military and Political Branch and edited the "Zhejiang Tongzhi". After Xu Dingchao's death, Cai Yuanpei wrote couplets for the Xu Gong Ancestral Hall and the Fenglin Yushi Ancestral Hall located in Jiangxinyu: Nian zu Loutai is 100 feet high; the Ancestral Hall of the Counselor Yu Zhuang Qianqiu.
Xu Dingchao once wrote a poem "Tea Pavilion Overlooking the Distance", poem Yun: The family lives in the maple forest rare maple, in the late autumn strolling in the sunset, the good scenery here is unknown, and the black trees are frosted with mangroves. Xu Dingchao's nephews Hu Buxiong, Hu Huimin, Hu Gongmian, and cousin Zheng Yichen were all sons-in-law of the Fenglin Xu clan, nephew Jin Shengzhen and cousin Xie Wenjin, as well as relatives and friends of xie Xuexuan (grandson of Xu Dingchao's cousin Xie Wenbo), Hu Zhiyin (Xie Xuexuan's cousin), Dai Baochun, Xu Dingbiao (Jinbo, Banglan), and others, during their period of education or industrial salvation, they participated in the new democratic revolution, established an independent branch of the CPC in Wenzhou City, and then infiltrated Nanxi. Using Fenglin Shuxiangmendi as a base, they carried out revolutionary activities and established secret party organizations. The Eight-Room Ancestral Hall and the Huiri Temple Barracks Garden of the Nanxi Defense Camp have become the cradles for cultivating guerrilla cadres of the Red Army in southern Zhejiang.
Maplewood Barracks Garden Old Look
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Republic, Fenglin was the official school center on the north bank of the Oujiang River, echoing the north and south of Wenzhou City. Nanxi Higher Primary School is the earliest public school established in Oubei District, Yongjia County. In the early years of the Republic of China, Xu Dingchao's nephew Xu Xiangyan and proud protégé Chen Yingru served as the principals of the two schools.
Xu Dingchao's wife, Hu Deshu, founded the First Girls' Higher Primary School in Yongjia County (now Washi Primary School) and served as the principal. Fenglin Xu Xiangyan, Xu Hongtao, Xu Dingdu and others founded the Wenzhou Brocade School and the Yongjia Poor People's Art Institute in the Daohou Guandi Temple, which is the earliest vocational school in Wenzhou, training light textile technicians and developing the team of wenzhou industrial workers, such as Lei Gaosheng, commander of the first regiment of the Red Thirteenth Army in southern Zhejiang, and Zhou Qiyou, the squadron leader, who are students of the school. Yongjia County Private Jishi Middle School and Yongjia County Simple Normal School were successively established in Fenglin to cultivate rural social construction talents.
Nanxi Higher Primary School
The ancient city is deeply branded with "red marks"
During the Republic of China period, Fenglin was the forefront of the fiercest struggle between the two parties in southern Zhejiang.
In 1925, the Fenglin Party Branch was established in Fenglin Primary School, and xu Xianbi (1890-1963), a primary school teacher, held the Fenglin Farmers' Association under the leadership of the party organization.
On May 9, 1930, in accordance with the spirit of the Red Thirteenth Army's number and instructions stipulated in the "Military Work Outline of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China" of April 15, more than 3,200 Red Army guerrillas from Wenzhou, Taizhou, and Chuzhou (Lishui) in southern Zhejiang were gathered in Fenglin Huiri Temple (the old campus of Fenglin Middle School) to formally establish the Thirteenth Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, which is one of the fourteen Red Army units under the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.
Maplewood Keiri-ji Temple
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Fenglin was stationed in the Office of the Administrative Inspector of the Eighth District of Zhejiang Province, the First Branch of the Zhejiang High Court, the Yongjia County District Court, the Jiangbei Branch of Zhejiang Ou Daily, the Party Department and County Government of Yongjia County, Zhejiang Province, the 21st Division of the Army, and the 33rd Division of the Provisional Division. The garrison reached 8,000 people at its peak, as well as a large number of people living here in the urban area of Wenzhou, and the foreign population far exceeded the local residents.
During the Liberation War, Fenglin was stationed in the Kuomintang's Cang Appeasement Office, commanding the military forces of Yongjia, Yueqing, Linhai, Huangyan, Xianju, Qingtian, and Jinyun counties in wenzhou, Taizhou, and Chuzhou (Lishui) in southern Zhejiang. On April 1, 1949, Maplewood was liberated ahead of schedule.
Contemporary Maplewood residences are home to many overseas celebrities. Xu Dingchao's grandson Xu Xianxiu, the founder of Taiwan Hsinchu Hi-Tech Industrial Park, and his great-grandson Xu Xianxiu, president of the American Astronomical Society, are Xu's science double stars, and his father and son have successively served as the president of Tsinghua University in Taiwan, and are internationally famous. Huang Jiannan, first vice minister of commerce under the Clinton administration, and Jin Weichun, president of Taiwan's "Business Weekly" media group, enjoyed a high reputation in the international financial and media circles respectively.
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Author: Xu Yilong