《自然》（20240404出版）一周論文導讀

編譯 | 李言

Nature, 4 April 2024, Volume 628 Issue 8006

《自然》2024年4月4日，第628卷，8006期

天文學Astronomy

The Radcliffe Wave is oscillating

拉德克裡夫波在振蕩

▲ 作者：Ralf Konietzka, Alyssa A. Goodman et al.

▲ 連結：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07127-3

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們提供的證據表明，拉德克裡夫波在穿過銀道面振蕩的同時，也在從銀道中心徑向漂移。

我們使用12CO的視距速度測量和年輕星團的3D速度顯示在空間上與拉德克利夫波相關的最大規模的恒星形成區域（包括獵戶座、仙父座、北美和天鵝座X）的運動，就好像它們是由銀河系勢能重力加速度驅動的振蕩波中的一部分。

通過将拉德克裡夫波視為相幹振蕩結構，我們可以獨立于銀河系局部品質分布推導出它的運動，并直接測量銀河系勢的局部性質以及太陽的垂直振蕩周期。

此外，我們測量到的拉德克利夫波從銀河系中心徑向向外的漂移表明，其超新星可能誕生于拉德克利夫波中，由不斷膨脹的局部氣泡的星團所形成。

▲ Abstract：

Here we present evidence that the Radcliffe Wave is oscillating through the Galactic plane while also drifting radially away from the Galactic Centre. We use measurements of line-of-sight velocity for 12CO and three-dimensional velocities of young stellar clusters to show that the most massive star-forming regions spatially associated with the Radcliffe Wave (including Orion, Cepheus, North America and Cygnus X) move as though they are part of an oscillating wave driven by the gravitational acceleration of the Galactic potential. By treating the Radcliffe Wave as a coherently oscillating structure, we can derive its motion independently of the local Galactic mass distribution, and directly measure local properties of the Galactic potential as well as the Sun’s vertical oscillation period. In addition, the measured drift of the Radcliffe Wave radially outwards from the Galactic Centre suggests that the cluster whose supernovae ultimately created today’s expanding Local Bubble may have been born in the Radcliffe Wave.

實體學Physcis

Rotating curved spacetime signatures from a giant quantum vortex

巨型量子漩渦的旋轉彎曲時空特征

▲ 作者：Patrik Švančara, Pietro Smaniotto et al.

▲ 連結：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07176-8

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們證明盡管多重量子化渦旋本身具有不穩定性，但靜止的巨型量子渦旋卻能在超流體4He中保持穩定。它緊湊的核心攜帶了數千個循環量子，超越了目前其他實體系統（如磁振子、原子雲和極化子）的限制。

我們還介紹了一種新穎的、最小侵入式的方法，通過利用超流體界面上微米尺度的波與背景速度場的互相作用，來表征渦旋流動。

我們還觀察到複雜的波渦漩互相作用，包括束縛态的檢測和獨特的模拟黑洞振鈴特征。這些研究結果為探索量子到經典的渦旋相變，和使用超流氦作為旋轉彎曲時空的有限溫度量子場論模拟器開辟了新途徑。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate that, despite the inherent instability of multiply quantized vortices, a stationary giant quantum vortex can be stabilized in superfluid 4He. Its compact core carries thousands of circulation quanta, prevailing over current limitations in other physical systems such as magnons, atomic clouds and polaritons. We introduce a minimally invasive way to characterize the vortex flow by exploiting the interaction of micrometre-scale waves on the superfluid interface with the background velocity field. Intricate wave–vortex interactions, including the detection of bound states and distinctive analogue black hole ringdown signatures, have been observed. These results open new avenues to explore quantum-to-classical vortex transitions and use superfluid helium as a finite-temperature quantum field theory simulator for rotating curved spacetimes.

材料科學Materials Science

Double-side 2D/3D heterojunctions for inverted perovskite solar cells

雙面2D/3D異質結的倒置鈣钛礦太陽能電池

▲ 作者：Randi Azmi, Drajad Satrio Utomo et al.

▲ 連結：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07189-3

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們證明長烷基胺配體可以在頂部和底部三維鈣钛礦界面生成接近相純的二維鈣钛礦。

在後接觸側，我們發現烷基胺配體通過與來自有機空穴運輸自組裝單層分子的磷酸基的酸堿反應加強了與底層的互相作用，進而得以調節二維鈣钛礦的形成過程。

由此，具有雙面2D/3D異質結的倒置鈣钛礦太陽能電池的功率轉換效率達到25.6%，在85度的空氣中照射1000小時後，其初始功率轉換效率仍能保持在95%。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate that long alkyl amine ligands can generate near-phase-pure 2D perovskites at the top and bottom 3D perovskite interfaces and effectively resolve these issues. At the rear-contact side, we find that the alkyl amine ligand strengthens the interactions with the substrate through acid–base reactions with the phosphonic acid group from the organic hole-transporting self-assembled monolayer molecule, thus regulating the 2D perovskite formation. With this, inverted perovskite solar cells with double-side 2D/3D heterojunctions achieved a power conversion efficiency of 25.6% (certified 25.0%), retaining 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1,000 h of 1-sun illumination at 85 °C in air.

化學Chemistry

Alkene dialkylation by triple radical sorting

通過三線态自由基烯烴實作的烯烴的雙烷基化

▲ 作者：Johnny Z. Wang, William L. Lyon & David W. C. MacMillan

▲ 連結：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07165-x

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們報告使用雙分子均溶取代催化在非活化烯烴上對親電自由基和親核自由基的分選。這一反應包括原位形成三種不同的自由基，并通過大小和電性來區分，允許區域選擇性地形成所需的雙烷基化産物。這項研究加速了藥學上相關的富含C(sp3)分子的合成，并定義了一種獨特的烯烴雙烷基化方法。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report the use of bimolecular homolytic substitution catalysis to sort an electrophilic radical and a nucleophilic radical across an unactivated alkene. This reaction involves the in situ formation of three distinct radical species, which are then differentiated by size and electronics, allowing for regioselective formation of the desired dialkylated products. This work accelerates access to pharmaceutically relevant C(sp3)-rich molecules and defines a distinct mechanistic approach for alkene dialkylation.

生物學Biology

The hidden fitness of the male zebra finch courtship song

雄性斑胸草雀求偶之歌的隐蔽适應性

▲ 作者：Danyal Alam, Fayha Zia & Todd F. Roberts

▲ 連結：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07207-4

▲ 摘要：

在此，通過将降維技術應用于斑胸草雀的歌唱行為，我們證明了低維特征空間中的音節傳播可以解釋單個曲調，是如何作為适應性的忠實名額發揮作用的。

我們發現這種行為的Gestalt測量捕捉到斑胸草雀調音節的譜時獨特性：雌性斑胸草雀強烈傾向于占據更多潛在空間的曲調；而在低維空間中比對路徑長度對年輕雄性斑胸草雀來說是很困難的。

我們的研究結果闡明了鳴禽如何進化出簡單的曲調，并指出了性選擇影響“聲樂學習”的不同政策。

▲ Abstract：

Here, by applying dimensionality-reduction techniques to the singing behaviour of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), we show that syllable spread in low-dimensional feature space explains how single songs function as honest indicators of fitness. We find that this Gestalt measure of behaviour captures the spectrotemporal distinctiveness of song syllables in zebra finches; that females strongly prefer songs that occupy more latent space; and that matching path lengths in low-dimensional space is difficult for young males. Our findings clarify how simple vocal repertoires may have evolved in songbirds and indicate divergent strategies for how sexual selection can shape vocal learning.

Collective sensing in electric fish

電魚的集體感應

▲ 作者：Federico Pedraja & Nathaniel B. Sawtell

▲ 連結：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07157-x

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們提供了來自模組化、神經記錄和行為實驗的證據，證明非洲弱電魚利用同類的電脈沖來擴大其電定位範圍、區分物體和增加資訊傳輸。

這些研究結果為一種集體的新主動感覺模式提供了證據。在這種模式中，個體的感覺通過附近群體成員的能量釋放而增強。

▲ Abstract：

Here we provide evidence from modelling, neural recordings and behavioural experiments that the African weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii utilizes the electrical pulses of conspecifics to extend its electrolocation range, discriminate objects and increase information transmission. These results provide evidence for a new, collective mode of active sensing in which individual perception is enhanced by the energy emissions of nearby group members.