第四章需求分析和Model設計

1、建立Django-APP

建立MxOnline Django項目

第四章需求分析和Model設計

擴充Django預設表達到自定義userprofile表的目的

建立users APP，==所有網站的設計應該都從users開始設計==

第四章需求分析和Model設計

用makemigration和migrate指令建立預設資料庫，自動建立的使用者表為==auth_user==

第四章需求分析和Model設計

編寫models.py檔案,==注意一定要寫utf-8格式==

#_*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

# Create your models here.


class UserProfile(AbstractUser):
    nick_name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"昵稱", default="")
    birthday = models.DateField(verbose_name=u"生日", null=True, blank=True)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=, choices=(("male",u"男"), ("female",u"女")), default="female")
    address = models.CharField(max_length=, default=u"")
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=, null=True, blank=True)
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="image/%Y/%m",default=u"image/default.png", max_length=)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "使用者資訊"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.username、

執行過程中出現此問題，需要傳回虛拟環境安裝==Pillow庫==

ERRORS:
users.UserProfile.image: (fields.E210) Cannot use ImageField because Pillow is not installed.
    HINT: Get Pillow at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pillow or run command "pip install Pillow".

運作後提示

ValueError: Dependency on app with no migrations: users

此時要做一下users的migration，打開manage.py

[email protected] > makemigrations users
bash -cl "/home/liang/.virtualenvs/mxonline/bin/python2.7 /home/liang/pycharm-2017.2.4/helpers/pycharm/django_manage.py makemigrations users /home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline"
Migrations for 'users':

[email protected] > migrate users
bash -cl "/home/liang/.virtualenvs/mxonline/bin/python2.7 /home/liang/pycharm-2017.2.4/helpers/pycharm/django_manage.py migrate users /home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline"
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: users
Running migrations:
  Rendering model states... DONE
  Applying users_initial... OK
The following content types are stale and need to be deleted:

    auth | user

Any objects related to these content types by a foreign key will also
be deleted. Are you sure you want to delete these content types?
If you're unsure, answer 'no'.

    Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel:  yes

Process finished with exit code

再次打開資料庫的users_profile表，顯示建立成功

第四章需求分析和Model設計

makemigrations隻是生成一個比對記錄，migrate才是把更改應用到資料庫當中。

user models.py設計

User models.py 和Courses models.py存在循環引用

第四章需求分析和Model設計

解決循環import最常用的方法是分層設計：

1. django app設計

2. users models.py編寫

3. courses models.py編寫

4. organization models.py編寫

5. operaion models.py編寫(最上層)

第四章需求分析和Model設計

users models.py

自定義usersprofile覆寫預設user表
EmailVerifyRecord-郵箱驗證碼（儲存到資料庫中）
PageBanner-輪播圖

編輯Django檔案時，應注意遵循PEP8規範的==導入順序==

#_*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
#第一個區域，放Python自帶的包
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from datetime import datetime

#第二個區域，放第三方的包
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

# Create your models her第三個區域，自己定義的model

class UserProfile(AbstractUser):
    nick_name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"昵稱", default="")
    birthday = models.DateField(verbose_name=u"生日", null=True, blank=True)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=, choices=(("male",u"男"), ("female",u"女")), default="female")
    address = models.CharField(max_length=, default=u"")
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=, null=True, blank=True)
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="image/%Y/%m",default=u"image/default.png", max_length=)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "使用者資訊"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.username

class EmailVerifyRecord(models.Model):
    code = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"驗證碼")
    email = models.EmailField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"郵箱")
    send_type = models.CharField(choices=(("register",u"注冊"),("forget",u"找回密碼")),max_length=)
    send_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
    #now加括号的話會生成實際編譯的時間，不加括号的話生成類執行個體化的時間

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"郵箱驗證碼"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

class Banner(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"标題")
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="banner/%Y/%m",verbose_name=u"輪播圖",max_length=)
    #image在資料庫當中存取的是圖檔的路徑位址
    url = models.URLField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"通路位址")
    index = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"順序")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:#表的名字
        verbose_name = u"輪播圖"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

形成以下結構圖：

第四章需求分析和Model設計

courses models.py

設計内容：

Course - 課程基本資訊
Lesson - 章節資訊
Video - 視訊
CourseResource - 課程資源

課程存在多層嵌套關系

graph LR
課程-->章節
章節-->視訊

代碼如下：

#_*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Course(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"課程名")
    desc = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"課程描述")
    detail = models.TextField(verbose_name=u"課程詳情")
    degree = models.CharField(choices=(("cj",u"初級"),("zj",u"中級"),("gj",u"進階")),max_length=)
    learn_times = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"學習時長（分鐘數）")
    students = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"學習人數")
    fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"收藏人數")
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="courses/%Y%m", verbose_name=u"封面數", max_length=)
    click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"點選數")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"課程"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Lesson(models.Model):
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"課程")
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"章節名")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"章節"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Video(models.Model):
    lesson = models.ForeignKey(Lesson, verbose_name=u"章節")
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"視訊名")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"視訊"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class CourseResource(models.Model):
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"課程")
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"視訊名")
    download = models.FileField(upload_to="course/resource/%Y/%m", verbose_name=u"資源檔案", max_length=)
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"課程資源"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

organization models.py 設計

課程機構結構如下：

1. CourseOrg - 課程機構基本資訊

2. Teacher - 教師基本資訊

3. CityDictionary - 城市資訊

#_*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class CityDict(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"城市")
    desc = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"描述")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name =u"城市"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class CourseOrg(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"機構名稱")
    desc = models.TextField(verbose_name=u"機構描述")
    click_num = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"點選數")
    fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"收藏數")
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="org/%Y%m", verbose_name=u"封面數", max_length=)
    address = models.CharField(max_length=,verbose_name=u"機構位址")
    city = models.ForeignKey(CityDict, verbose_name=u"所在城市")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"課程機構"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Teacher(models.Model):
    org = models.ForeignKey(CourseOrg, verbose_name=u"所屬機構")
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"教師名")
    work_year = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"工作年限")
    work_company = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"就職公司")
    work_position = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"公司職位")
    points = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"教學特點")
    click_num = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"點選數")
    fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"收藏數")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"教師"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

operation models.py

設計結構：

1. UserAsk - 使用者咨詢

2. CourseComments - 使用者評論

3. UserFavorite - 使用者收藏

4. UserMessage - 使用者消息

5. UserCourse - 使用者學習的課程

設計代碼如下：

#_*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models

from users.models import UserProfile
from courses.models import Course
# Create your models here.


class UserAsk(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"姓名")
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"手機")
    course_name = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"課程名")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now,verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"使用者咨詢"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class CourseComments(models.Model):#課程評論
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u"使用者")
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"課程")
    comments = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"評論")
    add_time =models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"課程評論"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class UserFavorite(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u"使用者")
    fav_id = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"資料ID")
    fav_type = models.IntegerField(choices=((,u"課程"),(,u"課程機構"),(,u"講師")),default=, verbose_name=u"收藏類型")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"使用者收藏"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class UserMessage(models.Model):
    user = models.IntegerField(default=, verbose_name=u"接收使用者")
    message = models.CharField(max_length=, verbose_name=u"消息内容")
    has_read = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name=u"是否已讀")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"使用者消息"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class UserCourse(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u"使用者")
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"課程")
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加時間")

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u"使用者課程"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

資料庫生成以及apps目錄建立

打開manage.py task

[email protected] > makemigrations
bash -cl "/home/liang/.virtualenvs/mxonline/bin/python2.7 /home/liang/pycharm-2017.2.4/helpers/pycharm/django_manage.py makemigrations /home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline"
Migrations for 'courses':
  0001_initial.py:
    - Create model Course
    - Create model CourseResource
    - Create model Lesson
    - Create model Video
Migrations for 'operation':
  0001_initial.py:
    - Create model CourseComments
    - Create model UserAsk
    - Create model UserCourse
    - Create model UserFavorite
    - Create model UserMessage
Migrations for 'users':
  0002_banner_emailverifyrecord.py:
    - Create model Banner
    - Create model EmailVerifyRecord
Migrations for 'organization':
  0001_initial.py:
    - Create model CityDict
    - Create model CourseOrg
    - Create model Teacher
Following files were affected 
 /home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline/organization/migrations/0001_initial.py
/home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline/courses/migrations/0001_initial.py
/home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline/operation/migrations/0001_initial.py
/home/liang/PycharmProjects/MxOnline/users/migrations/0002_banner_emailverifyrecord.py
Process finished with exit code 0

此時每個app檔案夾下會生成migrations檔案夾

第四章需求分析和Model設計

當app數量過多時，應該把他們單獨放入一個檔案夾便于管理

第四章需求分析和Model設計

然後執行==右擊apps檔案夾 > Mark Directory as > Sources Root==，這樣，在根目錄下找不到的表可以在apps目錄下繼續尋找，但是這樣仍然不夠，在指令行下運作python manage.py runserver 時，仍然會報錯找不到users

[email protected]:~/PycharmProjects/MxOnline$ python manage.py runserver
Unhandled exception in thread started by <function wrapper at 0x7ff40c02cc80>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line , in wrapper
    fn(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py", line , in inner_run
    autoreload.raise_last_exception()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line , in raise_last_exception
    six.reraise(*_exception)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line , in wrapper
    fn(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/__init__.py", line , in setup
    apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line , in populate
    app_config = AppConfig.create(entry)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/apps/config.py", line , in create
    module = import_module(entry)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line , in import_module
    __import__(name)
ImportError: No module named users

此時要編輯MxOnline/settings.py檔案，将根目錄注冊到settings檔案中

import os
import sys

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
sys.path.insert(,os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'apps'))

此時，用PyCharm Debug該項目，正常

第四章需求分析和Model設計

停止運作，在指令行中運作該項目,正常

(mxonline) liang@l:~/PycharmProjects/MxOnline$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues ( silenced).

November ,  - ::
Django version , using settings 'MxOnline.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

第四章需求分析和Model設計