文章目錄
- 1. 軟體包管理工具
- 2. 軟體包命名規則
- 3. 添加軟體源
- 4. 安裝常用軟體
1. 軟體包管理工具
Debian Linux 發行版(Debian、Ubuntu、Kali 等)選用 Advanced Package Tools (APT) 作為預設的軟體包管理工具,軟體包以 .deb 格式釋出。.deb 是 Debian 軟體包的标準發行格式,是 Ubuntu 軟體包管理的存儲基礎。
dpkg
是最基本的軟體包管理指令,它的直接作用對象是 .deb 軟體包,可以執行軟體包的安裝、更新、解除安裝等操作,缺點是無法自動處理依賴。
apt-get
是
dpkg
的替代品,它的直接作用對象是包名,而非軟體包本身。
apt-get
可以自動從預定的來源(實體CD光牒或網絡軟體源)同步軟體資源清單并執行相關操作,同時自動處理依賴。
2. 軟體包命名規則
Linux 軟體包遵循一定的命名規則:
名稱-版本号-修正号.類型
,例如:
- abc-1.2.3-1.tar.gz,gzip 歸檔壓縮檔案;
- abc-1.2.3-1.i386.rpm,rpm 是 RedHat Linux 軟體包标準發行格式;
- abc-1.2.3-1.deb,deb 是 Debian Linux 軟體包标準發行格式。
3. 添加軟體源
/etc/apt/sources.list
用于配置預設軟體源,
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/
目錄下的每個 *.list 檔案也具有相同的功能,在獨立檔案中配置軟體源,可以減少使用者操作對系統本身的影響,通常用于安裝第三方軟體。
Linux 支援配置多個軟體源,在同步軟體資源清單時,依次向各個軟體源發送請求,直到成功擷取所需資源。是以,備援軟體源會降低軟體管理效率。推薦的做法是,保留預設軟體源,定期更新常用軟體源。
國内軟體源,推薦清華源、網易源和# tsinghua
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# 163
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# aliyun
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
4. 安裝常用軟體
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y vim screen gcc g++ git git-core make cmake curl unzip openssh-client openssh-server
sudo apt-get install -y aptitude build-essential clang libpcre3 libpcre3-dev openssl libssl-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libtool
sudo apt-get install -y python python3 python-dev python3-dev python-pip python3-pip