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軟體測試|pip常用指令總結

軟體測試|pip常用指令總結

當使用Python進行開發時,pip是一個非常有用的包管理工具,它可以幫助我們友善地安裝、更新和管理Python包。本文将介紹一些常用的pip指令,以幫助您更好地使用pip。

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  1. 檢視幫助文檔

運作pip --help運作這個指令将幫助我們更好地了解pip的使用,pip指令的參數會完整展示出來,如下:

cmd複制代碼pip --help

Usage:
  pip <command> [options]

Commands:
  install                     Install packages.
  download                    Download packages.
  uninstall                   Uninstall packages.
  freeze                      Output installed packages in requirements format.
  inspect                     Inspect the python environment.
  list                        List installed packages.
  show                        Show information about installed packages.
  check                       Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
  config                      Manage local and global configuration.
  search                      Search PyPI for packages.
  cache                       Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.
  index                       Inspect information available from package indexes.
  wheel                       Build wheels from your requirements.
  hash                        Compute hashes of package archives.
  completion                  A helper command used for command completion.
  debug                       Show information useful for debugging.
  help                        Show help for commands.

General Options:
  -h, --help                  Show help.
  --debug                     Let unhandled exceptions propagate outside the main subroutine, instead of logging them
                              to stderr.
  --isolated                  Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.
  --require-virtualenv        Allow pip to only run in a virtual environment; exit with an error otherwise.
  -v, --verbose               Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.
  -V, --version               Show version and exit.
  -q, --quiet                 Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to
                              WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
  --log <path>                Path to a verbose appending log.
  --no-input                  Disable prompting for input.
  --proxy <proxy>             Specify a proxy in the form scheme://[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
  --retries <retries>         Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).
  --timeout <sec>             Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
  --exists-action <action>    Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup,
                              (a)bort.
  --trusted-host <hostname>   Mark this host or host:port pair as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any
                              HTTPS.
  --cert <path>               Path to PEM-encoded CA certificate bundle. If provided, overrides the default. See 'SSL
                              Certificate Verification' in pip documentation for more information.
  --client-cert <path>        Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the
                              certificate in PEM format.
  --cache-dir <dir>           Store the cache data in <dir>.
  --no-cache-dir              Disable the cache.
  --disable-pip-version-check
                              Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for
                              download. Implied with --no-index.
  --no-color                  Suppress colored output.
  --no-python-version-warning
                              Silence deprecation warnings for upcoming unsupported Pythons.
  --use-feature <feature>     Enable new functionality, that may be backward incompatible.
  --use-deprecated <feature>  Enable deprecated functionality, that will be removed in the future.
           
  1. 檢視版本
python複制代碼pip --version    # python2.x指令
#############
pip3 --version   # python3.x指令
           
  1. 更新pip版本

我們在安裝第三方庫時,有時會提醒我們要對pip進行更新,下面的指令就可以更新pip指令,指令如下:

cmd複制代碼pip install -U pip
           
  1. 檢視已經安裝的庫
cmd複制代碼pip list

# 查找某個具體的庫
pip list | grep 庫名 # mac系統或者Linux系統
pip list | findstr 庫名 # Windows系統
           

安裝第三方庫

安裝第三方庫需要運作pip install 這一條指令,下面是安裝庫名的幾條具體指令:

python複制代碼  pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
  pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
  pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
  pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
  pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...
           

直接安裝

直接運作pip install [options] [package-index-options] 這一條指令,即可安裝自己想要的庫,示例如下:

python複制代碼 pip install selenium
           

指定版本安裝

有時候我們需要指定安裝庫的版本,是以我們就需要在指令中加上版本限制

python複制代碼pip install package              # 預設安裝最新版本
pip install package==3.141.0       # 指定版本
pip install package>=3.141.0     # 最小版本
           

指定源安裝

pip預設是使用https://pypi.python.org/simple這個官方源位址,但是這個源安裝庫可能會比較慢,是以我們可以指定境内源進行安裝,加快速度,常用的境内源位址如下:

python複制代碼清華:https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

阿裡雲:http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/

中國科技大學 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/

山東理工大學:http://pypi.sdutlinux.org/ 

豆瓣:http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
           

安裝指令如下:

python複制代碼pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ package
           

通過 requirements 檔案批量安裝第三方庫

我們從GitHub等倉庫中拉取代碼之後,需要在本地運作項目時,如果項目帶有requirements檔案,我們隻需要通過這個檔案就可以一次性安裝這個項目所需要的第三方庫了。

python複制代碼pip install [options] -r [package-index-options]
           

示例如下:

python複制代碼pip install -r requirements.txt
           

下載下傳包但不安裝

python複制代碼pip install <包名> -d <目錄>
pip install -d <目錄> -r requirements.txt
           

解除安裝包

python複制代碼pip uninstall package
pip uninstall -r requirements.txt
           

更新包

python複制代碼pip install --upgrade package
pip install -U  package   # --upgrade 可簡寫為 -U
           

顯示包所在的目錄

python複制代碼pip show -f <包名>
           

查詢可更新的包

python複制代碼pip list --outdated   # 列出所有過期的庫
pip list -o               # --outdated的簡寫,列出所有過期的庫
           

解除安裝 pip

python複制代碼python -m pip uninstall pip           

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