MySql中的變量定義
根據mysql手冊，mysql的變量分為兩種：系統變量和使用者變量。但是在實際使用中，還會遇到諸如局部變量、會話變量等概念。根據個人感覺，mysql變量大體可以分為四種類型：
一、局部變量。
局部變量一般用在sql語句塊中，比如存儲過程的begin/end。其作用域僅限于該語句塊，在該語句塊執行完畢後，局部變量就消失了。
局部變量一般用declare來聲明，可以使用default來說明預設值。
例如在存儲過程中定義局部變量：
drop procedure if exists add;
create procedure add
(
in a int,
in b int
)
begin
declare c int default 0;
set c = a + b;
select c as c;
end;
在上述存儲過程中定義的變量c就是局部變量
二、使用者變量。
使用者變量的作用域要比局部變量要廣。使用者變量可以作用于目前整個連接配接，但是當目前連接配接斷開後，其所定義的使用者變量都會消失。
使用者變量使用如下(這裡我們無須使用declare關鍵字進行定義，可以直接這樣使用):
select @變量名
對使用者變量指派有兩種方式，一種是直接用"="号，另一種是用":="号。其差別在于使用set指令對使用者變量進行指派時，兩種方式都可以使用；當使用select語句對使用者變量進行指派時，隻能使用":="方式，因為在select語句中，"="号被看作是比較操作符。
示例程式如下：
drop procedure if exists math;
create procedure math
(
in a int,
in b int
)
begin
set @var1 = 1;
set @var2 = 2;
select @sum:=(a + b) as sum, @dif:=(a - b) as dif;
end;
mysql> call math(3, 4);
+------+------+
| sum | dif |
+------+------+
| 7 | -1 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @var1; //var1為使用者變量
+-------+
| @var1 |
+-------+
| 1 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @var2; //var2為使用者變量
+-------+
| @var2 |
+-------+
| 2 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3、會話變量
伺服器為每個連接配接的用戶端維護一系列會話變量。在用戶端連接配接時，使用相應全局變量的目前值對用戶端的會話變量進行初始化。設定會話變量不需要特殊權限，但用戶端隻能更改自己的會話變量，而不能更改其它用戶端的會話變量。會話變量的作用域與使用者變量一樣，僅限于目前連接配接。當目前連接配接斷開後，其設定的所有會話變量均失效。
設定會話變量有如下三種方式：
set session var_name = value;
set @@session.var_name = value;
set var_name = value;
檢視一個會話變量也有如下三種方式：
select @@var_name;
select @@session.var_name;
show session variables like "%var%";
mysql> show session variables;
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
| automatic_sp_privileges | ON |
| back_log | 50 |
| basedir | /usr/ |
| bdb_cache_size | 8388600 |
| bdb_home | /var/lib/mysql/ |
| bdb_log_buffer_size | 32768 |
| bdb_logdir | |
| bdb_max_lock | 10000 |
| bdb_shared_data | OFF |
| bdb_tmpdir | /tmp/ |
| binlog_cache_size | 32768 |
| bulk_insert_buffer_size | 8388608 |
| character_set_client | latin1 |
| character_set_connection | latin1 |
| character_set_database | latin1 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | latin1 |
| character_set_server | latin1 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
| collation_connection | latin1_swedish_ci |
| collation_database | latin1_swedish_ci |
| collation_server | latin1_swedish_ci |
| completion_type | 0 |
| concurrent_insert | 1 |
| connect_timeout | 5 |
| datadir | /var/lib/mysql/ |
| date_format | %Y-%m-%d |
| datetime_format | %Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s |
| default_week_format | 0 |
| delay_key_write | ON |
| delayed_insert_limit | 100 |
| delayed_insert_timeout | 300 |
| delayed_queue_size | 1000 |
| div_precision_increment | 4 |
| keep_files_on_create | OFF |
| engine_condition_pushdown | OFF |
| expire_logs_days | 0 |
| flush | OFF |
| flush_time | 0 |
| ft_boolean_syntax | + -><()~*:""&| |
| ft_max_word_len | 84 |
| ft_min_word_len | 4 |
| ft_query_expansion_limit | 20 |
| ft_stopword_file | (built-in) |
| group_concat_max_len | 1024 |
| have_archive | NO |
| have_bdb | YES |
| have_blackhole_engine | NO |
| have_compress | YES |
| have_crypt | YES |
| have_csv | NO |
| have_dynamic_loading | YES |
| have_example_engine | NO |
| have_federated_engine | NO |
| have_geometry | YES |
| have_innodb | YES |
| have_isam | NO |
| have_merge_engine | YES |
| have_ndbcluster | NO |
| have_openssl | DISABLED |
| have_ssl | DISABLED |
| have_query_cache | YES |
| have_raid | NO |
| have_rtree_keys | YES |
| have_symlink | YES |
| hostname | localhost |
| init_connect | |
| init_file | |
| init_slave | |
| innodb_additional_mem_pool_size | 1048576 |
| innodb_autoextend_increment | 8 |
| innodb_buffer_pool_awe_mem_mb | 0 |
| innodb_buffer_pool_size | 8388608 |
| innodb_checksums | ON |
| innodb_commit_concurrency | 0 |
| innodb_concurrency_tickets | 500 |
| innodb_data_file_path | ibdata1:10M:autoextend |
| innodb_data_home_dir | |
| innodb_doublewrite | ON |
| innodb_fast_shutdown | 1 |
| innodb_file_io_threads | 4 |
| innodb_file_per_table | OFF |
| innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit | 1 |
| innodb_flush_method | |
| innodb_force_recovery | 0 |
| innodb_lock_wait_timeout | 50 |
| innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog | OFF |
| innodb_log_arch_dir | |
| innodb_log_archive | OFF |
| innodb_log_buffer_size | 1048576 |
| innodb_log_file_size | 5242880 |
| innodb_log_files_in_group | 2 |
| innodb_log_group_home_dir | ./ |
| innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct | 90 |
| innodb_max_purge_lag | 0 |
| innodb_mirrored_log_groups | 1 |
| innodb_open_files | 300 |
| innodb_rollback_on_timeout | OFF |
| innodb_support_xa | ON |
| innodb_sync_spin_loops | 20 |
| innodb_table_locks | ON |
| innodb_thread_concurrency | 8 |
| innodb_thread_sleep_delay | 10000 |
| interactive_timeout | 28800 |
| join_buffer_size | 131072 |
| key_buffer_size | 8388600 |
| key_cache_age_threshold | 300 |
| key_cache_block_size | 1024 |
| key_cache_division_limit | 100 |
| language | /usr/share/mysql/english/ |
| large_files_support | ON |
| large_page_size | 0 |
| large_pages | OFF |
| lc_time_names | en_US |
| license | GPL |
| local_infile | ON |
| locked_in_memory | OFF |
| log | OFF |
| log_bin | OFF |
| log_bin_trust_function_creators | OFF |
| log_error | |
| log_queries_not_using_indexes | OFF |
| log_slave_updates | OFF |
| log_slow_queries | OFF |
| log_warnings | 1 |
| long_query_time | 10 |
| low_priority_updates | OFF |
| lower_case_file_system | OFF |
| lower_case_table_names | 0 |
| max_allowed_packet | 1048576 |
| max_binlog_cache_size | 4294967295 |
| max_binlog_size | 1073741824 |
| max_connect_errors | 10 |
| max_connections | 100 |
| max_delayed_threads | 20 |
| max_error_count | 64 |
| max_heap_table_size | 16777216 |
| max_insert_delayed_threads | 20 |
| max_join_size | 4294967295 |
| max_length_for_sort_data | 1024 |
| max_prepared_stmt_count | 16382 |
| max_relay_log_size | 0 |
| max_seeks_for_key | 4294967295 |
| max_sort_length | 1024 |
| max_sp_recursion_depth | 0 |
| max_tmp_tables | 32 |
| max_user_connections | 0 |
| max_write_lock_count | 4294967295 |
| multi_range_count | 256 |
| myisam_data_pointer_size | 6 |
| myisam_max_sort_file_size | 2147483647 |
| myisam_recover_options | OFF |
| myisam_repair_threads | 1 |
| myisam_sort_buffer_size | 8388608 |
| myisam_stats_method | nulls_unequal |
| net_buffer_length | 16384 |
| net_read_timeout | 30 |
| net_retry_count | 10 |
| net_write_timeout | 60 |
| new | OFF |
| old_passwords | ON |
| open_files_limit | 1024 |
| optimizer_prune_level | 1 |
| optimizer_search_depth | 62 |
| pid_file | /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid |
| port | 3306 |
| preload_buffer_size | 32768 |
| profiling | OFF |
| profiling_history_size | 15 |
| protocol_version | 10 |
| query_alloc_block_size | 8192 |
| query_cache_limit | 1048576 |
| query_cache_min_res_unit | 4096 |
| query_cache_size | 0 |
| query_cache_type | ON |
| query_cache_wlock_invalidate | OFF |
| query_prealloc_size | 8192 |
| range_alloc_block_size | 2048 |
| read_buffer_size | 131072 |
| read_only | OFF |
| read_rnd_buffer_size | 262144 |
| relay_log_purge | ON |
| relay_log_space_limit | 0 |
| rpl_recovery_rank | 0 |
| secure_auth | OFF |
| secure_file_priv | |
| server_id | 0 |
| skip_external_locking | ON |
| skip_networking | OFF |
| skip_show_database | OFF |
| slave_compressed_protocol | OFF |
| slave_load_tmpdir | /tmp/ |
| slave_net_timeout | 3600 |
| slave_skip_errors | OFF |
| slave_transaction_retries | 10 |
| slow_launch_time | 2 |
| socket | /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock |
| sort_buffer_size | 2097144 |
| sql_big_selects | ON |
| sql_mode | |
| sql_notes | ON |
| sql_warnings | OFF |
| ssl_ca | |
| ssl_capath | |
| ssl_cert | |
| ssl_cipher | |
| ssl_key | |
| storage_engine | MyISAM |
| sync_binlog | 0 |
| sync_frm | ON |
| system_time_zone | CST |
| table_cache | 64 |
| table_lock_wait_timeout | 50 |
| table_type | MyISAM |
| thread_cache_size | 0 |
| thread_stack | 196608 |
| time_format | %H:%i:%s |
| time_zone | SYSTEM |
| timed_mutexes | OFF |
| tmp_table_size | 33554432 |
| tmpdir | /tmp/ |
| transaction_alloc_block_size | 8192 |
| transaction_prealloc_size | 4096 |
| tx_isolation | REPEATABLE-READ |
| updatable_views_with_limit | YES |
| version | 5.0.51a |
| version_bdb | Sleepycat Software: Berkeley DB 4.1.24: (January 11, 2008) |
| version_comment | Source distribution |
| version_compile_machine | i386 |
| version_compile_os | redhat-linux-gnu |
| wait_timeout | 28800 |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
234 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4、全局變量
全局變量影響伺服器整體操作。當伺服器啟動時，它将所有全局變量初始化為預設值。這些預設值可以在選項檔案中或在指令行中指定的選項進行更改。要想更改全局變量，必須具有SUPER權限。全局變量作用于server的整個生命周期，但是不能跨重新開機。即重新開機後所有設定的全局變量均失效。要想讓全局變量重新開機後繼續生效，需要更改相應的配置檔案。
要設定一個全局變量，有如下兩種方式：
set global var_name = value; //注意：此處的global不能省略。根據手冊，set指令設定變量時若不指定GLOBAL、SESSION或者LOCAL，預設使用SESSION
set @@global.var_name = value; //同上
要想檢視一個全局變量，有如下兩種方式：
select @@global.var_name;
show global variables like "%var%";
mysql> show global variables;
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
| automatic_sp_privileges | ON |
| back_log | 50 |
| basedir | /usr/ |
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