Effective C++ 目錄

目 錄

1 讓自己習慣C++(View Yourself to C++)    1

1.1 條款1：視C++為一個語言聯邦(View C++ as a federation of language)    1

1.2 條款2：盡量使用consts，enums和inlines，少用#define (Prefer consts,enums and inlines to #define)    1

1.3 條款3：盡可能使用const(Use const whenever possible)    2

1.3.1 const與指針    2

1.3.2 const與疊代器    2

1.3.3 const與成員函數    3

1.4 條款4：關于“将對象初始化”這事，C++似乎反複無常(Make sure that object are initialized before they’re used)    3

2 構造、析構和指派運算(Constructors,Destructors and Assignment Operators)    5

2.1 條款5：了解C++預設編寫并調用哪些函數(Know what functions C++ silently writes and calls)    5

2.2 條款6：若不想使用編譯器自動生成的函數，就該明确拒絕(Explicitly disallow the use of compiler-generated function you do not want)    5

2.3 條款7：為多态基類聲明virtual析構函數(Declare destructors virtual in polymorphic base class)    6

2.4 條款8：别讓異常逃離析構函數(Prevent exception from leaving destructors)    7

2.5 條款9：絕不在構造和析構函數過程中調用virtual函數(Never call virtual function during construction or destruction)    9

2.6 條款10：令operator=傳回一個refernce to *this (Have assignment operators return a reference to *this)    9

2.7 條款11：在operator=中處理“自我指派”(Handle assignment to self in operator=)    9

2.8 條款12：複制對象時無妄其每一個成分(Copy all parts of an object)    11

3 資源管理(Resource Management)    13

3.1 條款13：以對象管理資源(Use object to manage resource)    13

3.2 條款14：在資源管理類中小心copying行為(Think carefully about copying behavior in resource-managing classes)    14

3.3 條款15：在資源管理類中提供對原始資源的通路(Provide access to raw resource in resource-managing classes)    15

3.4 條款16：成對使用new和delete時要采用相同形式(Use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete)    15

3.5 條款17：以獨立語句将newed對象置于智能指針(Store newed objects in smart pointers in standalone statement)    16

4 設計與聲明    16

4.1 條款18：讓接口容易被正确使用，不易被誤用(Make interfaces easy to use correctly and hard to use incorrectly)    16

4.2 條款19：設計class猶如設計type(Treat class design as type design)    17

4.3 條款20：甯以pass-by-reference-to-const 替換pass-by-value (Prefer pass-by-reference-to-const to pass-by-value)    17

4.4 條款21：必須傳回對象時，别妄想傳回其reference(Don 't try to return a reference when you must return an object)    18

4.5 條款22：将成員變量聲明為private(Declare data members private)    20

4.6 條款23：甯以non-member、non-friend替換member函數 (Prefer non-member non-friend functions to member functions)    20

4.7 條款24：若所有參數皆需類型轉換，請為此采用non-member 函數(Declare non-member functions when type conversions should apply to all parameters)    21

4.8 條款25：考慮寫出一個不抛異常的swap函數 (Consider support for non-throwing swap)    23

5 實作(Implementation)    26

5.1 條款26：盡可能延後變量定義式的出現時間(Postpone variable definitions as long as possible)    26

5.2 條款27：盡量少做轉型動作 (Minimize casting)    27

5.3 條款28：避免傳回Handles指向對象内部成分 (Avoid returning “handles” to object internals)    30

5.4 條款29：為” 異常安全”而努力是值得的 (Strive for exception-safe code)    32

5.5 條款30：透切了解inlining的裡裡外外 (Understand the ins and outs of inlining)    34

5.6 條款31：将檔案間的編譯依存關系降至最低 (Minimize compilation dependencies between files)    35

6 繼承與面向對象(Inheritance and Object-Oriented Design)    37

6.1 條款32：确定你的public繼承塑模出is-a關系 (Make sure public inheritance models “is-a”)    37

6.2 條款33：避免遮掩繼承而來的名稱 (Avoid hiding inherited names)    38

6.3 條款34：區分借口繼承和實作繼承 (Differentiate between inheritance of interface and inheritance of implementation)    41

6.4 條款35：考慮virtual函數以外的其他選擇 (consider alternatives to virtual functions)    42

6.5 條款36：絕不重新定義繼承而來的non-virtual函數 (Never redefine a function 's inherited non-virtual function)    46

6.6 條款37：絕不重新定義繼承而來的預設參數值(Never redefine a function 's inherited default parameter value)    47

6.7 條款38：通過複合塑模出has-a或“根據某實物實作出” (Mode "has-a" or  " is-implementation-in-terms-of" through composition)    48

6.8 條款39：明智而審慎地使用private繼承(Use private inheritance judiciously)    48

6.9 條款40：明智而審慎地使用多重繼承 (Use multiple inheritance judiciously)    50

7 模闆與泛型程式設計 (Templates and Generic Programming)    53

7.1 條款41：了解隐式接口和編譯期多态 (Understand implicit interface and compile-time polymorphism)    53

7.2 條款42：了解typename的雙重意義 (Understand the two meaning of typename)    54

7.3 條款43：學習處理模闆化基類内的名稱 (Know how to access names in templatized base class)    56

7.4 條款44：将與參數無關的代碼抽離templates (Factor parameter-independent code out of templates)    59

7.5 條款45：運用成員函數模闆介紹所有相容類型 (Use member function templates to accept "all compatible types")    61

7.6 條款46：需要類型轉換時請為目标定義非成員函數 (Define non-member functions inside templates when type conversions are desired) 62

7.7 條款47：請使用traits classes表現類型資訊 (Use traits classes for information about types)    64

7.8 條款48：認識template元程式設計 (Be aware of template metaprogramming)    67

8 定制new和delete(Customizing new and delete)    68

8.1 條款49：了解new-handler行為 (Understand the behavior of the new-handler)    68

8.2 條款50：了解new和delete的合理替換時機 (Understand when it makes sense to replace new and delete)    72

8.3 條款51：編寫new和delete時需要固守成規 (Be aware of template metaprogramming)    72

8.4 條款52：寫了placement new也要寫placement delete (Be aware of template metaprogramming)    74

9 其他(Others)    77

9.1 C++關鍵字explicit    77