Wadang, is an important component of ancient Chinese architecture, refers to the cover of the front end of the tube tile covering the eaves of the building, it declares the unique artistic aesthetics and cultural pursuit of the Chinese nation with ornamentation, text, pattern and shape changes. Although Wadang is small, it condenses the wisdom and sweat of the ancients, helps us understand the history, customs, and thoughts of the ancients, and has high academic value.
Located in the Xinxing, Wutun, Guanshan sub-district office area of Yanliang District, Xi'an City, the ruins of Liyang City, according to the literature, here has been built three times, is the Qin Xiangong filial piety period, the end of the Qin Dynasty, Chu and Han Dynasty when the time of the Saiwang Sima Xin, the early Han Dynasty Liu Bang capital. A lot of tiles have been found in the ruins of the No. 3 ancient city of Liyang City, many of which are unique, and there are two tiles with the word "gong" on them. One of them is the deer-patterned "gong" character tile, the character "gong" appears on the left side of the tile, which is the earliest two examples of writing decoration on the tile found so far, and the earliest appearance of the text on the tile is advanced to the Warring States period.
Another "male" pattern tile in Liyang, when the diameter is 14.8 cm, beware of the diameter of 5.1 cm. Face to face single grid, quarter face to face through the mind. Beware of the four compartments, three of which contain 1 small breast nail, and one of which contains the word "male". On the inside, each lattice is decorated with a single moire, and the end is connected to the side wheels, and the decorative lines are very slender.
The word "gong" was not only found on the animal pattern tile, but also found to be decorated with the word "gong" on the moire tile. In the previous catalogue and research results, although there have been many cases of writing on Qin Wadang, these Wadang are missing the excavation site and clear excavation strata. Since archaeology has not yet found that other characters other than "gong" were used for tiles, the two pieces of "gong" character pattern tiles found in Liyang can be regarded as the earliest Qin people's "text" ornamented tiles seen now. The character "Gong" has become the earliest "text" used in the Qin tiles, which should be an important "Liyang innovation" in the Qin people's architectural civilization.
"The Book of Rites and Rites" contains: "The journey of the avenue is also the world for the public." "Gong, the Jewish Communist Party. "The world is for the public, which is Confucius's ideal social and political vision, and it is the most beautiful social scene of Confucius. From the perspective of Liyang as the capital of the reform, and from the perspective of emphasizing the "credibility" of "Tumu Lixin" before the Shang Dynasty reform, the appearance of the word "gong" on the tile is not accidental.
As an important type of pattern tile, animal pattern tile has appeared soon after the tile began to appear and continued until the Ming and Qing dynasties. During the Yongcheng period, the Qin people achieved a very high level of image tiles, and the animal ornaments on the tiles gave people a sense of simplicity and long-lasting. From a historical point of view, the Qin people were in the transition stage from nomadic civilization to agricultural civilization during the Yongcheng period, and their ornaments all had the characteristics of grassland culture. Nearly 300 years after the capital of Yongcheng, the Qin people moved the capital to Liyang, because they have entered the era of agricultural civilization, therefore, the practice of copying the animal images that were exposed to nomadic hunting in the past to the tile has also been changed, and the animal patterns in the tile are less, and the cloud pattern and leaf pattern are more.
Therefore, no matter from the comparison of the number of types of oak yang tiles, or from the discovery of tile dang in Xianyang, Afang Palace, Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and other sites, the disappearance of animal pattern tile should have begun in Liyang, and the prevalence of cloud pattern, sunflower pattern and other tile has also generally begun in Liyang. The use of the word "gong" seen in Liyang Wadang has become an important node in the development of ancient Wadang, and has a key position in the study of the evolution from Yongcheng Wadang in the Qin capital to Xianyang Wadang. (Correspondent walks)
[Editor in charge: Liang Commission for Discipline Inspection]