“汤总”刷屏一周，江疏影爆仓上热搜，“雪球”究竟是什么？

上周一张“汤总”雪球产品爆仓，一个“嗯”字的截图刷屏，让人感叹股民的辛酸与无奈后，市场又传出了知名女星江疏影投资雪球产品爆仓的消息。

知名女星江疏影亏到爆仓？

22日午后社交平台上“疯传”江疏影的雪球爆仓，并跑去申万宏源总部的消息。

随后一张似模似样的照片传出，但很快就有网友指出，这明显就是拍戏，照片边上还有摄影机。还有网友指出，前几天大寒全国降温，就连深圳都降到10多度，而照片里还有人在穿短袖，明显不是今天。

对此，有媒体核实称江疏影此前确有在申万宏源投资过雪球产品，但是网传因“爆了”而去电万宏源集团总部的消息是假消息，所谓“现场”的相关图片，也是某拍摄现场，而非拍摄于申万宏源。

申万宏源衍生品副总康钟予也在朋友圈回应称，“紧日子不知道，江疏影没来。”

此前“雪球”这个概念就曾因为“淡定的汤总”小火一段时间。

根据截图显示，一家百亿私募参与的4倍杠杆雪球产品到期，面临着200万本金全无的结果，截图中的“汤总”只是回复一个“嗯”字，淡定程度非常人能及。据中证报报道，“汤总”疑似属于铸锋资产管理（北京）有限公司，为该期权产品的交易对手方。

频上热搜的“雪球”究竟是什么？

据了解，“雪球”产品已有近20年的发展历程，其诞生于海外，法国巴黎银行在2003年首次推出“雪球”产品。2017年年末，中金公司做了第一个吃螃蟹的人，创设了第一个“雪球”产品。自2020年起，“雪球”产品逐渐进入各大财富公司和三方平台。中证报价指出，目前“雪球”产品的投资者全部为专业投资者，包括银行理财、私募基金等产品及机构投资者。

据了解，雪球产品是一种结构化金融衍生品，它结合了期权的特征和固定收益产品的某些特点，设计上较为复杂且非线性。投资者购买雪球产品，实际上是在参与一种奇异期权策略，这种期权通常设有敲入价格（Barrier Knock-in）和敲出价格（Barrier Knock-out）两个关键条件。

产品的收益取决于挂钩标的资产的表现和是否触发敲入和敲出。通常雪球结构产品会设置一个“敲出价格”，一个“敲入价格”，一旦触发到自动赎回条件，产品就会自动终止，收益也会落袋为安，这也就是“敲出”。而如果相反，相应的价格跌破了敲入价格，也就会产生出“敲入”的风险。

而购买“雪球”产品本质上相当于卖出了看跌期权，本质上是与看跌期权的买方对赌未来的行情走势。

具体来说：

敲入价格：若挂钩标的资产的价格下跌至设定的敲入价格以下，则触发敲入事件，此时投资者可能面临潜在的较大损失，因为这等同于其卖出的看跌期权被激活。

敲出价格：若挂钩标的资产的价格上涨并达到或超过敲出价格，则触发敲出事件，投资者可以提前结束产品，并获得约定的票息收益或部分本金返还。

在正常市场条件下（即标的资产价格没有跌破敲入价格且曾触及过敲出价格），雪球产品能够为投资者提供相对较高的固定收益回报。然而，在熊市或者大幅波动行情下，如果标的价格持续下跌并触发敲入但未触发敲出，投资者可能会损失部分甚至全部本金。

雪球产品因其收益结构像滚雪球一样逐渐累积而得名，但如果雪球“融化”（即标的资产价格下跌触碰到敲入价格），则累积的收益可能会消失。这类产品通常具有高风险属性，适合对挂钩标的有一定看涨预期及能承受一定风险的投资者。

有市场人士表示，“雪球”产品分为全保证金“雪球”和保证金“雪球”，前者是没有杠杆的，也叫限亏“雪球”；而后者有杠杆，也叫不追保“雪球”。这只产品为不追保25%保证金“雪球”，跟踪挂钩中证500指数，因加了4倍杠杆，票息和亏损都会放大四倍，即-26.83%*4=-107.32%，因此投资者损失了全部本金和票息。

会不会引发多米诺骨牌效应？

中证机构间报价系统股份有限公司（简称中证报价）于1月18日通过公众号发布消息称，对于近日网上流传的某微信聊天截图所提到的“雪球”期权交易，经核查，该交易是某证券公司按客户需求定制的限亏型产品，最大亏损额为客户所交保证金。该笔交易于2022年4月已发生敲入，且于近日到期才了结，不属于“爆仓强平”，客户对合约损益情况已有预期，该类产品在“雪球”产品中占比不高。

中证报价指出，前期，中证报价依托交易报告库收集了包括“雪球”产品在内的场外衍生品逐笔交易信息。在此基础上，支持监管部门从投资者适当性、证券公司风控能力、敲入敲出集中度、风险敞口限额管理等方面对“雪球”等产品全面加强管理。目前“雪球”产品整体风险可控。

雪球敲入高峰来了吗？

据长城证券估算，目前挂钩中证500的雪球产品集中敲入区间在4900点以下，平均每下跌100点，敲入15%左右的存续产品，而雪球产品在4900点左右的敲入速度达到顶峰。目前挂钩中证1000的雪球产品集中敲入区间在5200点以下，平均每下跌100点，敲入13%左右的存续产品，在5200点左右的敲入速度达到顶峰。

据信达金工团队近期测算，目前挂钩中证500与中证1000的“雪球”产品集中敲入区间分别在4800和5200点以下，在该区间内，平均每100点跌幅导致100亿元左右中证500“雪球”和130亿中证1000“雪球”产品敲入。当前，挂钩中证500的“雪球”距离集中敲入还有8%的缓冲空间，挂钩中证1000的“雪球”的集中敲入尚有7.3%的缓冲空间。

信达金工团队研报分析，雪球的敲入和对冲对现货市场影响较为有限，主要有以下原因：

1)绝大部分的雪球对冲操作是在股指期货市场而非现货市场中进行的，因此雪球仅会对期货价格产生影响，进而影响到期指基差的变动，对现货市场的影响较为有限。

2)从体量来看，雪球存量总规模2000亿左右，可以撬动的股指期货名义本金最高为3200亿左右，而目前IC与IM股指期货总持仓额接近6000亿，A股市场的总市值在75万亿，雪球自身通过股指期货市场传导至现货市场的影响几乎可以忽略。

3)雪球的对冲操作在股指期货市场中的净仓位仍是多单，这部分资金在市场中起到一定的稳定作用，且在指数窄幅波动时，雪球的对冲持续与市场反向操作，起到了稳定期货基差波动的作用。

4)随着价格的临近敲入，雪球的对冲操作会持续买，并在敲入后再卖出多余的仓位，但雪球发行的时间分布较为分散，敲入价格也随之分散，股指期货市场的买卖压力会得到一定程度的相互抵消。

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#3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:#191919;background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and 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.1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: 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rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}

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