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mysql数据库联合查询讲解,MySQL学习(四) SQL连接查询详解

更多情况下,我们查询的数据来源于多张表,所有有必要了解一下MySQL中的连接查询。

SQL中将连接查询分成四类:交叉连接,内连接,外连接和自然连接。

数据准备

student表

-- ----------------------------

-- Table structure for `student`

-- ----------------------------

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;

CREATE TABLE `student` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,

`age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL,

`classId` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=7 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------

-- Records of student

-- ----------------------------

INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('1', 's1', '20', '1');

INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('2', 's2', '22', '1');

INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('3', 's3', '22', '2');

INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('4', 's4', '22', null);

class表

-- ----------------------------

-- Table structure for `class`

-- ----------------------------

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;

CREATE TABLE `class` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

`cname` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------

-- Records of class

-- ----------------------------

INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('1', '一班');

INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('2', '二班');

INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('3', '');

score表

-- ----------------------------

-- Table structure for `score`

-- ----------------------------

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;

CREATE TABLE `score` (

`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,

`score` decimal(4,1) DEFAULT NULL,

`studentId` int(11) DEFAULT NULL

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------

-- Records of score

-- ----------------------------

INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('1', '语文', '90.0', '1');

INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('2', '数学', '95.0', '1');

INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('3', '语文', '92.0', '2');

INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('4', '数学', '88.0', '2');

INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('5', '语文', '96.0', '3');

INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('6', '数学', null, '3');

交叉连接

交叉连接(CROSS JOIN)是用左表中的每一行与右表中的每一行进行连接,不能使用ON关键字。所得到的结果将是这两个表中各行数据的所有组合,即这两个表所有数据的笛卡尔积。如果A表有4条记录,B表有3条,则结果有4*3=12条记录。

mysql> SELECT * FROM student CROSS JOIN class;

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 2 | 二班 |

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 3 | |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 二班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 3 | |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 3 | |

| 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | 1 | 一班 |

| 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | 2 | 二班 |

| 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | 3 | |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

12 rows in set

如果给交叉连接加上WHERE关键字,此时将返回符合条件的结果集,这时候与内连接的执行结果一样。

mysql> SELECT * FROM student CROSS JOIN class WHERE student.classId = class.id;

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

3 rows in set

内连接

内连接(INNER JOIN)是用左表中的每一行与右表中的所有记录进行匹配,查询的结果为两个表经过ON条件过滤后的笛卡尔积

mysql> SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id; -- 推荐写法,INNER可写可不写

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+

3 rows in set

等价于

mysql> SELECT * FROM student, class WHERE student.classId = class.id;

+----+------+-----+---------+----+------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | name |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+------+

3 rows in set

可以连接多张表

mysql> SELECT * FROM student

-> JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id

-> JOIN score ON student.id = score.studentId;

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+----+------+-------+-----------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname | id | name | score | studentId |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+----+------+-------+-----------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 1 | 语文 | 90 | 1 |

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 2 | 数学 | 95 | 1 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 3 | 语文 | 92 | 2 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 4 | 数学 | 88 | 2 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 | 5 | 语文 | 96 | 3 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 | 6 | 数学 | NULL | 3 |

+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+----+------+-------+-----------+

6 rows in set

外连接

左外连接

左外连接包含LEFT JOIN左表所有行,如果左表中某行在右表没有匹配,则结果中对应行右表的部分全部为空(NULL)。

mysql> SELECT * FROM student LEFT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id; -- 或者LEFT OUTER JOIN

+----+------+-----+---------+------+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |

+----+------+-----+---------+------+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

| 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+----+------+-----+---------+------+-------+

4 rows in set

右外连接

右外连接包含RIGHT JOIN左表所有行,如果右表中某行在左表没有匹配,则结果中对应行左表的部分全部为空(NULL)。

mysql> SELECT * FROM student RIGHT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id; -- 或者RIGHT OUTER JOIN

+------+------+------+---------+----+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |

+------+------+------+---------+----+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | |

+------+------+------+---------+----+-------+

4 rows in set

全外连接

如果左表中某行在右表没有匹配,则结果中对应行右表的部分全部为空(NULL),如果右表中某行在左表没有匹配,则结果中对应行左表的部分全部为空(NULL)。MySQL不支持FULL JOIN,但是我们可以对左连接和右连接的结果做UNION操作来实现

mysql> SELECT * FROM student LEFT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id

-> UNION

-> SELECT * FROM student RIGHT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id;

+------+------+------+---------+------+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |

+------+------+------+---------+------+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |

| 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | |

+------+------+------+---------+------+-------+

5 rows in set

自然连接

自然连接无需指定连接列,SQL会检查两个表中是否有相同名称的列,且相同的列名称只能有一个,自然连接基本不用。

mysql> SELECT * FROM student NATURAL JOIN class;

+----+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id | name | age | classId | cname |

+----+------+-----+---------+-------+

| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 一班 |

| 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 二班 |

| 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | |

+----+------+-----+---------+-------+

3 rows in set

可以看到只有一列id了,因为student与class两张表中相同的id列自动合并了,相当于内连接

SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN class ON student.id = class.id

如果更改class表的cname字段名称为name会出现什么情况呢?

mysql> ALTER TABLE class CHANGE cname name VARCHAR(10);

Query OK, 3 rows affected

Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * FROM student NATURAL JOIN class; -- 因为两张表同名字段有两个,所有结果为空

Empty set

由于现在student与class表有两个同名的字段,所有结果为空