c++的virtual和override作用

一、概述

c++的virtual提供了运行时的多态，可以用基类的指针调用子类对象的函数，通过override可以强制要求基类有对应的虚函数。

二、测试代码

#pragma once
#include <stdio.h>
class Base
{
public:
	void A_1() 
	{
		printf("Base::A_1\n");
	};
	virtual void A_2() 
	{
		printf("Base::A_2\n");
	}
	virtual void A_3() 
	{
		printf("Base::A_3\n");
	}

	virtual void A_4()
	{
		printf("Base::A_4\n");
	}

	void A_5() 
	{
		printf("Base::A_5\n");
	}
};

class Drived : public Base
{
public:
	void A_1() //覆盖了基类的函数，用基类指针调用时调用到的时基类的A_1，用子类指针调用时调用到的时子类的A_1
	{
		printf("Drived::A_1\n");
	};
	virtual void A_2() //用基类或子类指针都调用到的是子类的A_2,之类的virtual说明的是是子类的A_2还可以被virtual
	{
		printf("Drived::A_2\n");
	}
	void A_3() //用基类或子类指针都调用到的是子类的A_2
	{
		printf("Drived::A_3\n");
	}

	virtual void A_4() override //子类加上override，如果基类没有对应virtual函数就会编译错误。避免拼错和记错没有重写基类函数
	{
		printf("Drived::A_4\n");
	}
	/*
	void A_5() override //编译错误 'Drived::A_5': method with override specifier 'override' did not override any base class methods	
	{ 
		printf("Drived::A_5\n");
	}
	*/
};

class Drived2 : public Drived
{
public:
	void A_2() override 
	{
		printf("Drived2::A_2\n");
	}
	void A_3()  override//用基类或子类指针都调用到的是子类的A_2
	{
		printf("Drived2::A_3\n");
	}
};

class VirtualTest
{
public:
	void DoTest()
	{
		Drived *drived = new Drived();
		Base *base = drived;
		base->A_1();
		drived->A_1();
		printf("\n");

		base->A_2();
		drived->A_2();
		printf("\n");

		base->A_3();
		drived->A_3();
		printf("\n");

		base->A_4();
		drived->A_4();
		printf("\n");

		Drived2 *drived2 = new Drived2();
		base = drived2;
		drived = drived2;
		
		base->A_2();
		drived->A_2();
		drived2->A_2();
		printf("\n");

		base->A_3();
		drived->A_3();
		drived2->A_3();

	}
};
           

三、输出

Base::A_1
Drived::A_1

Drived::A_2
Drived::A_2

Drived::A_3
Drived::A_3

Drived::A_4
Drived::A_4

Drived2::A_2
Drived2::A_2
Drived2::A_2

Drived2::A_3
Drived2::A_3
Drived2::A_3
           

四、总结

1、基类函数没加virtual，子类有相同函数，实现的是覆盖。用基类指针调用时，调用到的是基类的函数；用子类指针调用时，调用到的是子类的函数。

2、基类函数加了virtual时，实现的时重写。用基类指针或子类指针调用时，调用到的都是子类的函数。

3、函数加上override，强制要求基本相同函数需要是虚函数，否则会编译报错。

4、子类的virtual可加可不加，建议加override不加virtual。