《Web接口开发与自动化测试基于Python语言》–读书笔记
第6章 Django测试
这章来到本书的正题了。
Web应用的难点在于： HTTP层面的请求处理、表单验证和处理、模板渲染；
Django框架的测试模块解决的问题： 模拟请求、插入测试数据、检查应用输出。
6.1 unittest单元测试框架
6.1.1 单元测试框架
误区：
不用单元测试框架一样可以编写单元测试，单元测试本质上就是通过一段代码去测试另一段代码；
单元测试框架不仅可以用于程序单元级别的测试，同样可以用于UI自动化测试、接口自动化测试，以及移动APP自动化测试。
单元测试框架：
提供用例编写规范与执行： 单元测试框架提供了统一的用例编写规范，灵活指定不同级别的测试，如针对一个测试方法、一个测试类、一个测试文件，或者一个测试目录等不同级别的测试。
提供专业的比较方法： 测试用例最关键的步骤，实际测试结果与预期结果的比较，单元测试将这个比较过程命名为“断言”，单元测试框架提供了丰富的断言方法，eg：相等/不相等，包含/不包含，True/False等。
提供丰富的测试日志： 单元测试框架提供了丰富的执行日志，当测试用例执行失败的时候会抛出明确的失败信息，测试完成后提供结果信息，失败用例数、成功用例数、执行时间等。
单元测试框架可帮助我们完成不同级别测试的自动化：
- 单元测试：unittest
- HTTP接口自动化测试：unittest+Requests
- Web UI自动化测试：unittest+Selenium
- 移动自动化测试：unittest+Appium
6.1.2 编写单元测试用例
简单示例：
对两个整数的简单计算module.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#880000">#! /usr/bin python</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span>
<span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">Calculator</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">()</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">"""实现两个数的加、减、乘、除"""</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">__init__</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self, a, b)</span>:
self.a = int(a)
self.b = int(b)
<span style="color:#880000"># 加法</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">add</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">return</span> self.a + self.b
<span style="color:#880000"># 减法</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">sub</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">return</span> self.a - self.b
<span style="color:#880000"># 乘法</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">mul</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">return</span> self.a * self.b
<span style="color:#880000"># 除法</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">div</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">return</span> self.a / self.b</code></span>
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编写对应的测试文件test.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#880000">#! /usr/bin python</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span>
<span style="color:#000088">import</span> unittest
<span style="color:#000088">from</span> module <span style="color:#000088">import</span> Calculator
<span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">ModuleTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(unittest.TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">setUp</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
self.cal = Calculator(<span style="color:#006666">8</span>, <span style="color:#006666">4</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">tearDown</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">pass</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_add</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
result = self.cal.add()
self.assertEqual(result, <span style="color:#006666">12</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sub</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
result = self.cal.sub()
self.assertEqual(result, <span style="color:#006666">4</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_mul</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
result = self.cal.mul()
self.assertEqual(result, <span style="color:#006666">32</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_div</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
result = self.cal.div()
self.assertEqual(result, <span style="color:#006666">2</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#009900">"__main__"</span>:
<span style="color:#880000"># unittest.main()</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># 构造测试集</span>
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
suite.addTest(ModuleTest(<span style="color:#009900">"test_add"</span>))
suite.addTest(ModuleTest(<span style="color:#009900">"test_mul"</span>))
suite.addTest(ModuleTest(<span style="color:#009900">"test_sub"</span>))
suite.addTest(ModuleTest(<span style="color:#009900">"test_div"</span>))
<span style="color:#880000"># 执行测试</span>
runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
runner.run(suite)</code></span>
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通过unittest单元测试框架编写的测试用例，更加规范和整洁。
对代码进行解释：
- 首先，import导入unittest单元测试框架；
- 其次，创建ModuleTest类继承unittest.TestCase类；
- setUp()方法，用于测试用例执行前的初始化工作，eg：初始化变量、生成数据库测试数据、打开浏览器等；
- tearDown()方法，用于测试用例执行之后的善后工作，eg：清除数据库测试数据、关闭文件、关闭浏览器等；
- 然后，创建具体的测试用例，包含被测试数据、预期测试结果；
- 接下来，调用unittest.TestSuite()类的addTest()方法，向测试套件中添加测试用例，所谓测试套件可以理解为测试用例的集合；
- 最后，通过unittest.TextTestRunner()类的run()方法运行测试套件中的测试用例。
注意：
- 根据unittest单元测试框架的要求，测试用例必须以“test”开头，eg：test_add、test_mul；
- 如果想默认运行当前测试文件中的所有测试用例，可以使用：unittest.main()方法。
测试结果如下：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:~# python test.py
<span style="color:#009900">....
----------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
Ran 4 tests in 0.001s
OK
[email protected]:~# </code></span>
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执行结果中的“.”代表一条运行通过的用例。
6.2 Django测试
django.test.TestCase从unittest.TestCase继承而来。
6.2.1 一个简单的例子
Django创建应用时，默认创建了test.py文件，查看/guest/sign/tests.py。
针对模型编写测试用例：
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#000088">from</span> django.test <span style="color:#000088">import</span> TestCase
<span style="color:#000088">from</span> sign.models <span style="color:#000088">import</span> Guest, Event
<span style="color:#880000"># Create your tests here.</span>
<span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">ModelTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">setUp</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
Event.objects.create(id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, name=<span style="color:#009900">"oneplus 3 event"</span>, status=<span style="color:#000088">True</span>, limit=<span style="color:#006666">2000</span>, address=<span style="color:#009900">"shenzhen"</span>, start_time=<span style="color:#009900">"2016-08-31 02:18:22"</span>)
Guest.objects.create(id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, event_id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, realname=<span style="color:#009900">"alen"</span>, phone=<span style="color:#009900">'13711001101'</span>,email=<span style="color:#009900">"[email protected]"</span>, sign=<span style="color:#000088">False</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_event_models</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
result = Event.objects.get(name=<span style="color:#009900">"oneplus 3 event"</span>)
self.assertEqual(result.address, <span style="color:#009900">"shenzhen"</span>)
self.assertTrue(result.status)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_guest_models</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
result = Guest.objects.get(phone=<span style="color:#009900">"13711001101"</span>)
self.assertEqual(result.realname, <span style="color:#009900">"alen"</span>)
self.assertFalse(result.sign)</code></span>
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对上述代码进行分析：
- 首先，还是创建ModelTest类继承django.test.TestCase测试类；
- 然后，setUp()方法，初始化针对发布会表和嘉宾表的测试数据；
- 最后，通过test_event_models()、test_guest_models()测试方法，分别查询创建的数据，并对返回结果进行断言是否符合预期；
注意：
千万不要单独执行tests.py文件，Django专门提供了test命令来运行测试，效果如下：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pymysql/cursors.py:<span style="color:#006666">166</span>: Warning: (<span style="color:#006666">3135</span>, u<span style="color:#009900">"'NO_ZERO_DATE', 'NO_ZERO_IN_DATE' and 'ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO' sql modes should be used with strict mode. They will be merged with strict mode in a future release."</span>)
result = self._query(query)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pymysql/cursors.py:<span style="color:#006666">166</span>: Warning: (<span style="color:#006666">3090</span>, u<span style="color:#009900">"Changing sql mode 'NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER' is deprecated. It will be removed in a future release."</span>)
result = self._query(query)
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">2</span> tests <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>025s
OK
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span></code></span>
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Ps：这里的两个警告，也困扰了自己很久，本来是写了一个详细的排查和解决过程的，但是一不小心没保存，结果全没了，也懒得再重写了，这里就简单给大家介绍一下如何去掉这两个警告吧！
- 第一个警告，需要修改Django的配置文件settings.py，将数据库的配置里设置SQL_MODES的地方注释掉：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>DATABASES = {
<span style="color:#009900">'default'</span>: {
<span style="color:#009900">'ENGINE'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">'django.db.backends.mysql'</span>,
<span style="color:#009900">'HOST'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">'127.0.0.1'</span>,
<span style="color:#009900">'PORT'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">'3306'</span>,
<span style="color:#009900">'NAME'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">'guest'</span>,
<span style="color:#009900">'USER'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">'root'</span>,
<span style="color:#009900">'PASSWORD'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">'nsfocus'</span>,
#<span style="color:#009900">'OPTIONS'</span>: {
# <span style="color:#009900">'init_command'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">"SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'"</span>,
#},
}
}</code></span>
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然后修改MySQL数据库的配置文件：/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf，增加配置：
sql_mode = ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
- 第二个警告就简单了，只需要将提示的内容直接从配置里去掉即可。
6.2.2 运行测试用例
test命令，提供了可以控制测试用例执行的级别。
运行sign应用下的所有测试用例：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test sign</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">2</span> tests <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>041s
OK
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span></code></span>
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运行sign应用下的tests.py测试文件：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test sign.tests</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">2</span> tests <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>040s
OK
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span></code></span>
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运行sign应用tests.py测试文件下的ModelTest测试类：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test sign.tests.ModelTest</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">2</span> tests <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>027s
OK
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span></code></span>
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运行sign应用tests.py测试文件下ModelTest测试类下面的test_event_models测试方法：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test sign.tests.ModelTest.test_event_models</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">1</span> test <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>058s
OK
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span> </code></span>
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使用-p（或–pattern）参数模糊匹配测试文件：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test -p test*.py</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">2</span> tests <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>029s
OK
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span></code></span>
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6.3 客户端测试
django.test.Client类，可以模拟一个虚拟的网络浏览器，可以测试视图views与Django的应用程序以编程方式交互：
- 模拟“GET”和“POST”请求，观察响应结果，从HTTP（headers、status code）到页面内容；
- 检查重定向链（如果有的话），再每一步检查URL和status code；
- 用一个包括特定值得模板context来测试一个request被Django模板渲染。
示例：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>root<span style="color:#006666">@TEST:/home/test/guest# python manage.py shell</span>
Python <span style="color:#006666">2.7</span><span style="color:#006666">.12</span> (default, Nov <span style="color:#006666">19</span> <span style="color:#006666">2016</span>, <span style="color:#006666">06</span>:<span style="color:#006666">48</span>:<span style="color:#006666">10</span>)
[GCC <span style="color:#006666">5.4</span><span style="color:#006666">.0</span> <span style="color:#006666">20160609</span>] on linux2
Type <span style="color:#009900">"help"</span>, <span style="color:#009900">"copyright"</span>, <span style="color:#009900">"credits"</span> <span style="color:#000088">or</span> <span style="color:#009900">"license"</span> <span style="color:#000088">for</span> more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span><span style="color:#000088">from</span> django.test.utils <span style="color:#000088">import</span> setup_test_environment <span style="color:#880000"># 导入setup_test_environment方法</span>
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span>setup_test_environment() <span style="color:#880000"># 用于测试前初始化测试环境</span>
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span><span style="color:#000088">from</span> django.test <span style="color:#000088">import</span> Client <span style="color:#880000"># 导入Client类</span>
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span>c = Client()
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span>response = c.get(<span style="color:#009900">'/index/'</span>) <span style="color:#880000"># 通过get()请求/index/路径</span>
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span>response.status_code <span style="color:#880000"># 打印HTTP返回的状态码200代表请求成功</span>
<span style="color:#006666">200</span>
<span style="color:#006666">>>> </span></code></span>
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6.3.1 测试首页
使用上面的方法对发布会首页进行测试，修改/guest/sign/tests.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#880000">#! /usr/bin python</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span>
<span style="color:#000088">from</span> django.test <span style="color:#000088">import</span> TestCase
<span style="color:#880000"># Create your tests here.</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># 测试sign应用的视图</span>
<span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">IndexPageTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_index_page_renders_index_template</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试index视图'''</span>
response = self.client.get(<span style="color:#009900">'/index/'</span>) <span style="color:#880000"># 虽然没有导入django.test.Client类，但是self.client最终调用的依然是django.test.Client类的方法，请求/index/路径</span>
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>) <span style="color:#880000"># status_code获取HTTP返回的状态码，使用assertEqual断言状态码是否为200</span>
self.assertTemplateUsed(response, <span style="color:#009900">'index.html'</span>) <span style="color:#880000"># 使用assertTemplateUsed()断言服务器是否使用的是index.html模板进行响应</span></code></span>
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6.3.2 测试登录动作
继续使用上面的方法对首页的登录动作进行测试，修改/guest/sign/tests.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">LoginActionTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试登录动作'''</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">setUp</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>: <span style="color:#880000"># 初始化，调用User.objects.create_user创建登录用户数据</span>
User.objects.create_user(<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_add_admin</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试添加的用户数据是否正确'''</span>
user = User.objects.get(username=<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>)
self.assertEqual(user.username, <span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>)
self.assertEqual(user.email, <span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>) <span style="color:#880000"># 注意这里书中有误，user表里的字段是email而不是mail，否则会报错</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_login_action_username_password_null</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试用户名密码为空'''</span>
test_data = {<span style="color:#009900">'username'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">''</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'password'</span>: <span style="color:#009900">''</span>}
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=test_data) <span style="color:#880000"># 通过post()方法请求'/login_aciton/'路径测试登录功能</span>
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'username or password error!'</span>, response.content) <span style="color:#880000"># assertIn()方法断言返回的HTML页面中是否包含指定的提示字符串</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_login_action_username_password_error</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试用户名密码错误'''</span>
test_data = {<span style="color:#009900">'username'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'abc'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'password'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'123'</span>}
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=test_data)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'username or password error!'</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_login_action_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试登录成功'''</span>
test_data = {<span style="color:#009900">'username'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'password'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>}
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=test_data)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">302</span>) <span style="color:#880000"># 这里为什么断言的是302，是因为登录成功后，通过HttpResponseRedirect()跳转到了'/event_manage/'路径，这是一个重定向</span></code></span>
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6.3.3 测试发布会管理
继续使用上面的方法对发布会管理视图进行测试，修改/guest/sign/tests.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">EventManageTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">"""测试发布会管理"""</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">setUp</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''初始化测试数据，包括登录用户数据，发布会数据'''</span>
User.objects.create_user(<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>)
Event.objects.create(name=<span style="color:#009900">'xiaomi5'</span>, limit=<span style="color:#006666">2000</span>, address=<span style="color:#009900">'beijing'</span>, status=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, start_time=<span style="color:#009900">'2017-08-10 12:30:00'</span>)
self.login_user = {<span style="color:#009900">'username'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'password'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>} <span style="color:#880000"># 定义登录变量</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_event_manage_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试发布会：xiaomi5'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/event_manage/'</span>)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'xiaomi5'</span>, response.content)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'beijing'</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_event_manage_search_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试发布会搜索'''</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># 这里自己给自己挖了个坑，post登录请求的时候少写了一个/，当时写成了'/login_action'，我擦一执行测试就返回302，排查了好半天才发现，哎，需要认真仔细啊</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/search_name/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">'name'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'xiaomi5'</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'xiaomi5'</span>, response.content)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'beijing'</span>, response.content)</code></span>
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注意：
由于发布会管理event_manage和发布会名称搜索search_name两个视图都被@login_required装饰器修饰，所以想测试这两个功能，必须要先登录成功，并且需要构造登录用户的数据。
6.3.4 测试嘉宾管理
继续使用上面的方法对嘉宾管理视图进行测试，修改/guest/sign/tests.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">GuestManageTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">"""测试嘉宾管理"""</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">setUp</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''还是使用setUp初始化一些测试数据'''</span>
User.objects.create_user(<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>)
Event.objects.create(id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, name=<span style="color:#009900">'xiaomi5'</span>, limit=<span style="color:#006666">2000</span>, address=<span style="color:#009900">'beijing'</span>, status=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, start_time=<span style="color:#009900">'2017-08-10 12:30:00'</span>)
Guest.objects.create(realname=<span style="color:#009900">'alen'</span>, phone=<span style="color:#006666">18611001100</span>, email=<span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, sign=<span style="color:#006666">0</span>, event_id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>)
self.login_user = {<span style="color:#009900">'username'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'password'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>}
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_event_manage_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试嘉宾信息：alen'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/guest_manage/'</span>)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'alen'</span>, response.content)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'18611001100'</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_guest_manage_search_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试嘉宾搜索功能'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
<span style="color:#880000"># 这里就是坑了，我们根据书中描述一步一步来得话，我们在views.py里定义的搜索功能是根据名字来搜索的，而不是根据手机号，下面应该修改为('/search_realname/', {'realname':'alen'})</span>
<span style="color:#880000"># response = self.client.post('/search_phone/', {'phone':'18611001100'})</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/search_realname/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">'realname'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'alen'</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'alen'</span>, response.content)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b'18611001100'</span>, response.content)</code></span>
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上面的代码，虫师给大家挖了很多坑，如果只编写了测试代码而未进行实际测试，是不会发现有问题的，我已经备注了，大家参见上面的备注吧。
其他知识点没有什么，基本和上面的类似，都是setUp初始化测试数据，然后分别对两个视图函数进行测试。
6.3.5 测试用户签到
继续使用上面的方法对签到管理视图进行测试，修改/guest/sign/tests.py：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#000088">class</span> <span style="color:#4f4f4f">SignIndexActionTest</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(TestCase)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">"""测试发布会签到"""</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">setUp</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
User.objects.create_user(<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>)
Event.objects.create(id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, name=<span style="color:#009900">"xiaomi5"</span>, limit=<span style="color:#006666">2000</span>, address=<span style="color:#009900">'beijing'</span>, status=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, start_time=<span style="color:#009900">'2017-8-10 12:30:00'</span>)
Event.objects.create(id=<span style="color:#006666">2</span>, name=<span style="color:#009900">"oneplus4"</span>, limit=<span style="color:#006666">2000</span>, address=<span style="color:#009900">'shenzhen'</span>, status=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, start_time=<span style="color:#009900">'2017-6-10 12:30:00'</span>)
Guest.objects.create(realname=<span style="color:#009900">"alen"</span>, phone=<span style="color:#006666">18611001100</span>, email=<span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, sign=<span style="color:#006666">0</span>, event_id=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>)
Guest.objects.create(realname=<span style="color:#009900">"una"</span>, phone=<span style="color:#006666">18611011101</span>, email=<span style="color:#009900">'[email protected]'</span>, sign=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>, event_id=<span style="color:#006666">2</span>)
self.login_user = {<span style="color:#009900">'username'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">'password'</span>:<span style="color:#009900">'admin123456'</span>}
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_event_models</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试添加的发布会数据'''</span>
result1 = Event.objects.get(name=<span style="color:#009900">'xiaomi5'</span>)
self.assertEqual(result1.address, <span style="color:#009900">'beijing'</span>)
self.assertTrue(result1.status)
result2 = Event.objects.get(name=<span style="color:#009900">'oneplus4'</span>)
self.assertEqual(result2.address, <span style="color:#009900">'shenzhen'</span>)
self.assertTrue(result2.status)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_guest_models</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试添加的嘉宾数据'''</span>
result = Guest.objects.get(realname=<span style="color:#009900">'alen'</span>)
self.assertEqual(result.phone, <span style="color:#009900">'18611001100'</span>)
self.assertEqual(result.event_id, <span style="color:#006666">1</span>)
self.assertFalse(result.sign)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sign_index_action_phone_null</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试手机号为空'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/sign_index_action/1/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"phone"</span>:<span style="color:#009900">""</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b"phone error."</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sign_index_action_phone_or_event_id_error</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试手机号或发布会id错误'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/sign_index_action/2/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"phone"</span>:<span style="color:#009900">"18611001100"</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b"event id or phone error."</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sign_index_action_user_sign_has</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试嘉宾已签到'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/sign_index_action/2/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"phone"</span>:<span style="color:#009900">"18611011101"</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b"user has sign in."</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sign_index_action_sign_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试嘉宾签到成功'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/sign_index_action/1/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"phone"</span>:<span style="color:#009900">"18611001100"</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b"sign in success!"</span>, response.content)</code></span>
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测试嘉宾签到功能只是在数据初始化构造上内容多了，测试的点覆盖了签到功能全部分支，都比较好理解，只是在最终执行测试结果的时候，我崩溃了，6个测试用例中出现了2个失败，详细失败原因见下面：
<span style="color:#000000"><code>[email protected]:/home/test/guest<span style="color:#880000"># python manage.py test sign.tests.SignIndexActionTest</span>
Creating test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span>
..F18611001100
.F18611011101
.
======================================================================
FAIL: test_sign_index_action_phone_null (sign.tests.SignIndexActionTest)
测试手机号为空
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File <span style="color:#009900">"/home/test/guest/sign/tests.py"</span>, line <span style="color:#006666">150</span>, <span style="color:#000088">in</span> test_sign_index_action_phone_null
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
AssertionError: <span style="color:#006666">404</span> != <span style="color:#006666">200</span>
======================================================================
FAIL: test_sign_index_action_sign_success (sign.tests.SignIndexActionTest)
测试嘉宾签到成功
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File <span style="color:#009900">"/home/test/guest/sign/tests.py"</span>, line <span style="color:#006666">171</span>, <span style="color:#000088">in</span> test_sign_index_action_sign_success
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
AssertionError: <span style="color:#006666">404</span> != <span style="color:#006666">200</span>
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran <span style="color:#006666">6</span> tests <span style="color:#000088">in</span> <span style="color:#006666">0.</span>617s
FAILED (failures=<span style="color:#006666">2</span>)
Destroying test database <span style="color:#000088">for</span> alias <span style="color:#009900">'default'</span><span style="color:#000088">...</span></code></span>
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我了个去的，为什么完全照搬书中代码还会出现404错误，感觉会不会是虫师又在哪给我们挖坑了呢？
错误提示的很清晰，就是“测试手机号为空”、“测试嘉宾签到成功”这两个用例，在判断返回页面的status_code的时候出错了，预期是返回200，但实际返回了404。
WHY？怎么会在这两个地方出现404错误，查看测试代码：
<span style="color:#000000"><code> <span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sign_index_action_phone_null</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试手机号为空'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/sign_index_action/1/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"phone"</span>:<span style="color:#009900">""</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b"phone error."</span>, response.content)
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">test_sign_index_action_sign_success</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(self)</span>:
<span style="color:#009900">'''测试嘉宾签到成功'''</span>
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/login_action/'</span>, data=self.login_user)
response = self.client.post(<span style="color:#009900">'/sign_index_action/1/'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"phone"</span>:<span style="color:#009900">"18611001100"</span>})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, <span style="color:#006666">200</span>)
self.assertIn(<span style="color:#009900">b"sign in success!"</span>, response.content)</code></span>
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发现了一个共同点，这两个测试用例都是针对测试数据发布会id=1的，而与之关联的测试嘉宾的签到sign值在初始化的时候是sign=0，也就是未签到的状态。
将涉及到的两个值，分别做修改，如果我把这两个用例里的发布会id从1改为2，会发现再次执行的结果里“测试手机号为空”执行成功了，但是“测试嘉宾签到成功”依然还是失败的，捋一下，改成2，也就是对应的嘉宾已经签到了，所以“测试嘉宾签到成功”失败也是自然的。
如果我们把初始化数据里的嘉宾alen的sign改为1已签到，再次执行的时候，发现结果和上面一样，都是“测试手机号为空”能通过，但是“测试嘉宾签到成功”失败。
这里也真的是奇怪了，为什么会出现这种情况，我现在抛开测试数据，直接去看下真实的数据情况，因为之前为了验证嘉宾签到代码，已经全部都签到了，只能通过修改数据库的方式，将sign从1改为0，点击发布会页面的sign链接，发现的确会报404错误，奇怪了，为什么没嘉宾签到，就返回404错误呢？按理来说，即使没有嘉宾签到，从发布会点击签到页面，也应该展示签到页面，只不过显示的已签到数为0。
自己在这段时间里，跑偏了很久，想过是不是签到功能不完善，难道需要先将sign从初始化的0update为1，再执行测试用例？或者是提示404，找不到页面，那我就单独把sign_index_action的html从sign_index.html里独立出来？……
自己真的是跑偏了太久，休假前到休假后，中间隔了快一周时间，再次查看views.py里的签到功能代码才发现问题所在：
并不是虫师给大家挖坑，而是自己给自己挖了一个大坑！自己在做虫师的作业的时候，也就是在签到页面显示总的嘉宾数和已签到嘉宾数的时候，使用了一个擅自查资料使用的方法：get_list_or_404，一切的罪过都是由它而来，我们来看下面的代码就：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#880000"># 签到页面</span>
<span style="color:#006666">@login_required</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">sign_index</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(request, eid)</span>:
username = request.session.get(<span style="color:#009900">'user'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">''</span>)
event = get_object_or_404(Event, id=eid)
guest_list = len(get_list_or_404(Guest, event_id=eid))
guest_sign = len(get_list_or_404(Guest, event_id=eid, sign=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>))
<span style="color:#000088">return</span> render(request, <span style="color:#009900">'sign_index.html'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"user"</span>: username, <span style="color:#009900">"event"</span>: event, <span style="color:#009900">'guest_list'</span>: guest_list, <span style="color:#009900">'guest_sign'</span>: guest_sign})</code></span>
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这里使用的get_list_or_404()方法，当sign=1的时候并没有问题，因为始终都能获取到已经签到的嘉宾数量，但是一旦sign=0，就会导致get_list_or_404方法直接返回404错误，而不是返回0个已签到嘉宾，自己当时以为查找到了一个类似get_object_or_404相类似的好方法去获取嘉宾数量，但是没想到当获取不到嘉宾数量的时候应该怎样展示！聪明反被聪明误啊！
那么该如何去修改呢？其实很简单，只要正常去查询数据库，获取到嘉宾总数和已签到嘉宾数量就可以了，修改后的代码如下：
<span style="color:#000000"><code><span style="color:#880000"># 签到页面</span>
<span style="color:#006666">@login_required</span>
<span style="color:#000088">def</span> <span style="color:#009900">sign_index</span><span style="color:#4f4f4f">(request, eid)</span>:
username = request.session.get(<span style="color:#009900">'user'</span>, <span style="color:#009900">''</span>)
event = get_object_or_404(Event, id=eid)
guest_list = len(Guest.objects.filter(event_id=eid))
guest_sign = len(Guest.objects.filter(event_id=eid, sign=<span style="color:#006666">1</span>))
<span style="color:#000088">return</span> render(request, <span style="color:#009900">'sign_index.html'</span>, {<span style="color:#009900">"user"</span>: username, <span style="color:#009900">"event"</span>: event, <span style="color:#009900">'guest_list'</span>: guest_list, <span style="color:#009900">'guest_sign'</span>: guest_sign})</code></span>
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修复后，再去执行测试用例，就全部通过了。
6.4 总结
至此，本章关于Django测试的内容就结束了，总结起来，就是如下几点：
- Django的test库，提供了丰富的单元测试方法；
- test库中的TestCase方法可以测试模型、视图；
- 每个测试用例必须以test命名开头；
- 一些断言关键字如：assertEqual判断是否相等、assertFalse判断为否、assertTrue判断为是、assertIn判断包含；
- 基本的测试套路就是构造数据，对指定测试内容传递数据进行测试，对返回结果进行判断。
更多关于Django测试方法技巧请参见官方文档：
Django测试部分官方文档
![自动化测试的定位以及一些思考是什么样的，你知道吗？[图]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)