1、kubnertes逻辑运行环境
如下面的架构图
2、kubnertes的设计理念—分层架构
3、kubernetes-API设计原则
对于云计算系统,系统API实际上处于系统设计的统领地位,kubernetes集群系统每支持一项新功能,引入一项新技术,一定会新引入对应的API对象,支持对该功能的管理操作,理解掌握的API,就好比抓住了kubernetes系统的牛鼻子。kubernetes系统API的设计有以下几条原则:
- 所有的API应该是声明式的。正如前文所说,声明式的操作,相对于命令式操作,对于重复操作的效果是稳定的,这对于容易出现数据丢失或重复的分布式环境来说是很重要的。另外,声明式操作更容易被用户使用,可以使系统向用户隐藏实现的细节,隐藏实现的细节的同时,也就保留了系统未来持续优化的可能性。此外,声明式的API,同时隐含了所有的API对象都是名词性质的,例如Service、Volume这些API都是名词,这些名词描述了用户所期望得到的一个目标分布式对象。
- API对象是彼此互补而且可组合的。这里面实际是鼓励API对象尽量实现面向对象设计时的要求,即“高内聚,松耦合”,对业务相关的概念有一个合适的分解,提高分解出来的对象的可重用性。事实上,K8s这种分布式系统管理平台,也是一种业务系统,只不过它的业务就是调度和管理容器服务。
- 高层API以操作意图为基础设计。如何能够设计好API,跟如何能用面向对象的方法设计好应用系统有相通的地方,高层设计一定是从业务出发,而不是过早的从技术实现出发。因此,针对K8s的高层API设计,一定是以K8s的业务为基础出发,也就是以系统调度管理容器的操作意图为基础设计。
- 低层API根据高层API的控制需要设计。设计实现低层API的目的,是为了被高层API使用,考虑减少冗余、提高重用性的目的,低层API的设计也要以需求为基础,要尽量抵抗受技术实现影响的诱惑。
- 尽量避免简单封装,不要有在外部API无法显式知道的内部隐藏的机制。简单的封装,实际没有提供新的功能,反而增加了对所封装API的依赖性。内部隐藏的机制也是非常不利于系统维护的设计方式,例如PetSet和ReplicaSet,本来就是两种Pod集合,那么K8s就用不同API对象来定义它们,而不会说只用同一个ReplicaSet,内部通过特殊的算法再来区分这个ReplicaSet是有状态的还是无状态。
- API操作复杂度与对象数量成正比。这一条主要是从系统性能角度考虑,要保证整个系统随着系统规模的扩大,性能不会迅速变慢到无法使用,那么最低的限定就是API的操作复杂度不能超过O(N),N是对象的数量,否则系统就不具备水平伸缩性了。
- API对象状态不能依赖于网络连接状态。由于众所周知,在分布式环境下,网络连接断开是经常发生的事情,因此要保证API对象状态能应对网络的不稳定,API对象的状态就不能依赖于网络连接状态。
- 尽量避免让操作机制依赖于全局状态,因为在分布式系统中要保证全局状态的同步是非常困难的。
查看kubernetes API的方法
#查询token的方法
curl --cacert /etc/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem -H "Authorization: Bearer TOKEN" https://127.0.0.1:6443
#查询API接口
root@k8s-master:~# curl --cacert /etc/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem -H "Authorization: Bearer 上面所得的TOKEN" https://127.0.0.1:6443
{
"paths": [
"/.well-known/openid-configuration",
"/api",
"/api/v1",
"/apis",
"/apis/",
"/apis/admissionregistration.k8s.io",
"/apis/admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/apiextensions.k8s.io",
"/apis/apiextensions.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/apiregistration.k8s.io",
"/apis/apiregistration.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/apps",
"/apis/apps/v1",
"/apis/authentication.k8s.io",
"/apis/authentication.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/authorization.k8s.io",
"/apis/authorization.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/autoscaling",
"/apis/autoscaling/v1",
"/apis/autoscaling/v2",
"/apis/autoscaling/v2beta1",
"/apis/autoscaling/v2beta2",
"/apis/batch",
"/apis/batch/v1",
"/apis/batch/v1beta1",
"/apis/certificates.k8s.io",
"/apis/certificates.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/coordination.k8s.io",
"/apis/coordination.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/discovery.k8s.io",
"/apis/discovery.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/discovery.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"/apis/events.k8s.io",
"/apis/events.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/events.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"/apis/flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io",
"/apis/flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"/apis/flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta2",
"/apis/networking.k8s.io",
"/apis/networking.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/node.k8s.io",
"/apis/node.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/node.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"/apis/policy",
"/apis/policy/v1",
"/apis/policy/v1beta1",
"/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io",
"/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/scheduling.k8s.io",
"/apis/scheduling.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/storage.k8s.io",
"/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1",
"/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"/apis/velero.io",
"/apis/velero.io/v1",
"/healthz",
"/healthz/autoregister-completion",
"/healthz/etcd",
"/healthz/log",
"/healthz/ping",
"/healthz/poststarthook/aggregator-reload-proxy-client-cert",
"/healthz/poststarthook/apiservice-openapi-controller",
"/healthz/poststarthook/apiservice-registration-controller",
"/healthz/poststarthook/apiservice-status-available-controller",
"/healthz/poststarthook/bootstrap-controller",
"/healthz/poststarthook/crd-informer-synced",
"/healthz/poststarthook/generic-apiserver-start-informers",
"/healthz/poststarthook/kube-apiserver-autoregistration",
"/healthz/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-config-consumer",
"/healthz/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-config-producer",
"/healthz/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-filter",
"/healthz/poststarthook/rbac/bootstrap-roles",
"/healthz/poststarthook/scheduling/bootstrap-system-priority-classes",
"/healthz/poststarthook/start-apiextensions-controllers",
"/healthz/poststarthook/start-apiextensions-informers",
"/healthz/poststarthook/start-cluster-authentication-info-controller",
"/healthz/poststarthook/start-kube-aggregator-informers",
"/healthz/poststarthook/start-kube-apiserver-admission-initializer",
"/livez",
"/livez/autoregister-completion",
"/livez/etcd",
"/livez/log",
"/livez/ping",
"/livez/poststarthook/aggregator-reload-proxy-client-cert",
"/livez/poststarthook/apiservice-openapi-controller",
"/livez/poststarthook/apiservice-registration-controller",
"/livez/poststarthook/apiservice-status-available-controller",
"/livez/poststarthook/bootstrap-controller",
"/livez/poststarthook/crd-informer-synced",
"/livez/poststarthook/generic-apiserver-start-informers",
"/livez/poststarthook/kube-apiserver-autoregistration",
"/livez/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-config-consumer",
"/livez/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-config-producer",
"/livez/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-filter",
"/livez/poststarthook/rbac/bootstrap-roles",
"/livez/poststarthook/scheduling/bootstrap-system-priority-classes",
"/livez/poststarthook/start-apiextensions-controllers",
"/livez/poststarthook/start-apiextensions-informers",
"/livez/poststarthook/start-cluster-authentication-info-controller",
"/livez/poststarthook/start-kube-aggregator-informers",
"/livez/poststarthook/start-kube-apiserver-admission-initializer",
"/logs",
"/metrics",
"/openapi/v2",
"/openid/v1/jwks",
"/readyz",
"/readyz/autoregister-completion",
"/readyz/etcd",
"/readyz/informer-sync",
"/readyz/log",
"/readyz/ping",
"/readyz/poststarthook/aggregator-reload-proxy-client-cert",
"/readyz/poststarthook/apiservice-openapi-controller",
"/readyz/poststarthook/apiservice-registration-controller",
"/readyz/poststarthook/apiservice-status-available-controller",
"/readyz/poststarthook/bootstrap-controller",
"/readyz/poststarthook/crd-informer-synced",
"/readyz/poststarthook/generic-apiserver-start-informers",
"/readyz/poststarthook/kube-apiserver-autoregistration",
"/readyz/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-config-consumer",
"/readyz/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-config-producer",
"/readyz/poststarthook/priority-and-fairness-filter",
"/readyz/poststarthook/rbac/bootstrap-roles",
"/readyz/poststarthook/scheduling/bootstrap-system-priority-classes",
"/readyz/poststarthook/start-apiextensions-controllers",
"/readyz/poststarthook/start-apiextensions-informers",
"/readyz/poststarthook/start-cluster-authentication-info-controller",
"/readyz/poststarthook/start-kube-aggregator-informers",
"/readyz/poststarthook/start-kube-apiserver-admission-initializer",
"/readyz/shutdown",
"/version"
]
kubernetes中的API大致分为如下几类,请看下图
4、kubernetes内置资源对象简介
资源类型 | 资源名称 |
资源对象 | Pod、ReplicaSet、ReplicationController、Deployment、StatefulSet、DaemonSet、Job、CronJob、HorizontalPodAutoscaling、Node、Namespace、Service、Ingress、Label、CustomResourceDefinition |
存储对象 | Volume、PersistentVolume、PersistentVolumeClaim、Secret、ConfigMap |
策略对象 | SecurityContext、ResourceQuota、LimitRange |
身份对象 | ServiceAccount、Role、ClusterRole |
5、kubernetes 资源对象操作命令
下表整理了一些常用的命令,更多请kubernetes官方文档查询
命令集 | 命令 | 用途 |
基础命令 | create/delete/edit/get/describe/logs/exec/scale | 增删改查 |
explain | 命令说明 | |
配置命令 | Label:给node标记label,实现亲pod与node亲和性 | 标签管理 |
apply | 动态配置 | |
集群管理命令 | cluster-info/top | 集群状态 |
cordon:警戒线,标记node不被调度 uncordon:取消警戒标记为cordon的node drain:驱逐node上的pod,用于node下线等场景 taint:给node标记污点,实现反亲pod与node反亲和性 | node节点管理 | |
api-resources/api-versions/version | api资源 | |
config | 客户端kube-config配置 |