自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

一、知识剖析

ansible简介：

ansible是新出现的自动化运维工具，基于Python开发，集合了众多运维工具（puppet、cfengine、chef、func、fabric）的优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。

ansible是基于模块工作的，本身没有批量部署的能力。真正具有批量部署的是ansible所运行的模块，ansible只是提供一种框架。

ansible特性：

模块化：调用特定的模块，完成特定任务

有Paramiko，PyYAML，Jinja2（模板语言）三个关键模块
支持自定义模块
基于Python语言实现
部署简单，基于python和SSH(默认已安装)，agentless
安全，基于OpenSSH
支持playbook编排任务
幂等性：一个任务执行1遍和执行n遍效果一样，不因重复执行带来意外情况
无需代理不依赖PKI（无需ssl）
可使用任何编程语言写模块
YAML格式，编排任务，支持丰富的数据结构
较强大的多层解决方案

Ansible的架构

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

由以下几个核心组件构成：

ansible（主体）：ansible的核心程序，提供一个命令行接口给用户对ansible进行管理操作；
Host Inventory（主机清单）：为Ansible定义了管理主机的策略。一般小型环境下我们只需要在host文件中写入主机的IP地址即可，但是到了中大型环境我们有可能需要使用静态inventory或者动态主机清单来生成我们所需要执行的目标主机。
Core Modules（核心模块）：Ansible执行命令的功能模块，多数为内置的核心模块。
Custom Modules（拓展模块）：如何ansible自带的模块无法满足我么你的需求，用户可自定义相应的模块来满足自己的需求。
Connection Plugins（连接插件）：模块功能的补充，如连接类型插件、循环插件、变量插件、过滤插件等，该功能不常用
Playbook（任务剧本）：编排定义ansible任务集的配置文件，由ansible顺序依次执行，通常是JSON格式的* YML文件
API：供第三方程序调用的应用程序编程接口

Ansible工作原理：

管理端支持local 、ssh、zeromq 三种方式连接被管理端，默认使用基于ssh的连接－－－这部分对应基本架构图中的连接模块；
可以按应用类型等方式进行Host Inventory（主机群）分类，管理节点通过各类模块实现相应的操作－－－单个模块，单条命令的批量执行，我们可以称之为ad-hoc；
管理节点可以通过playbooks 实现多个task的集合实现一类功能，如web服务的安装部署、数据库服务器的批量备份等。playbooks我们可以简单的理解为，系统通过组合多条ad-hoc操作的配置文件。

二、ansible的安装

实验环境

server1 172.25.19.1

server2 172.24.19.2
ansible的配置文件：

/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 主配置文件，配置ansible工作特性
/etc/ansible/hosts 主机清单
/etc/ansible/roles/ 存放角色的目录

安装软件

[[email protected] ~]# cd ansible/
[[email protected] ansible]# ls
ansible-2.7.8-1.el7.noarch.rpm
ansible-tower-setup-bundle-3.4.2-1.el7.tar.gz
libtomcrypt-1.17-25.el7.x86_64.rpm
libtommath-0.42.0-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
python2-crypto-2.6.1-13.el7.x86_64.rpm
python2-jmespath-0.9.0-1.el7.noarch.rpm
python-httplib2-0.9.2-0.1.el7.noarch.rpm
python-keyczar-0.71c-2.el7.noarch.rpm
python-paramiko-2.1.1-0.9.el7.noarch.rpm
sshpass-1.06-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[[email protected] ansible]# yum install -y *.rpm

配置主机清单

[[email protected] ansible]# cd /etc/ansible/
[[email protected] ansible]# ls
ansible.cfg  hosts  roles
[[email protected] ansible]# vim hosts   ##最后添加
[web]     #定义一个主机组
server1   #将主机名加进去

[db]
server2

测试ping模块：先ping——>输入yes，再加-k参数

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server1 -m ping    ##-m 调用模块
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server1 -m ping -k

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

以下是错误顺序示例

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -m ping -k   ##直接加-k，则报错

应该先ping——>输入yes，再加-k参数
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -m ping    ##先允许连接
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -m ping -k   ##再加-k参数输入密码连接

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

制作免密连接

[[email protected] ansible]# ssh-keygen   ##一路回车即可
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
fb:77:6b:fa:07:30:e3:64:72:e0:5e:23:4e:d0:31:7c [email protected]
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
|         oo.     |
|        . +.E    |
|         o o     |
|          = X    |
|        S+ O =   |
|         .o . .  |
|        .      . |
|         .  . o .|
|          ...=oo |
+-----------------+
[[email protected] ansible]# 
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh-copy-id server1
[email protected]'s password: 
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh-copy-id server2
[email protected]'s password:

免密连接测试

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server1 -m ping 
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -m ping 
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m ping 
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible web -m ping 
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible db -m ping

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

ansible-doc -l ##列出所有模块
ansible-doc user ##查看user模块的使用方法

测试user模块：给所有主机添加用户

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m user -a "name=hui password=westos"

[[email protected] ~]# id hui
uid=1000(hui) gid=1000(hui) groups=1000(hui)
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/shadow   ##密码会以明文显示
hui:westos:17979:0:99999:7:::

##明文的密码导致不能做免密认证
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh-copy-id [email protected]
Permission denied, please try again.

##给server1和server2手动更改密码，再做免密
[[email protected] ansible]# passwd hui
[[email protected] ~]# passwd hui
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh-copy-id [email protected]
[email protected]'s password: 
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh-copy-id [email protected]
[email protected]'s password: 

##测试免密登陆
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh [email protected]
[[email protected] ~]$ logout
Connection to server1 closed.
[[email protected] ansible]# ssh [email protected]
[[email protected] ~]$ logout
Connection to server2 closed.

##添加用户授权
[[email protected] ansible]# vim /etc/sudoers
92 hui     ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL
[[email protected] ansible]# vim /etc/sudoers
92 hui     ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL

#此时以hui这个用户登陆，并切换成root用户成功
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible all -m ping -u hui -b     ##-b切换成root用户

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

测试其他模块

查看主机

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

2. 安装服务

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m yum -a "name=httpd state=present"
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -q httpd    ##查看已经安装上
httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.x86_64

开启服务

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m service -a "name=httpd state=started"
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl status httpd

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

拷贝文件

[[email protected] ansible]# vim index.html
[[email protected] ansible]# cat index.html 
www.westos.org
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m copy -a "src=index.html dest=/var/www/html/index.html"

[[email protected] ~]# curl 172.25.19.2
www.westos.org

创建软连接

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m file -a "src=/etc/fstab dest=/tmp/fstab state=link"
[[email protected] ~]# ll /tmp/fstab 
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Mar 24 10:45 /tmp/fstab -> /etc/fstab

##删除链接
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m file -a "dest=/tmp/fstab state=absent"
[[email protected] ~]# ll /tmp/fstab 
ls: cannot access /tmp/fstab: No such file or directory

[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m file -a "dest=/tmp/dir1/dir2 state=directory mode=755"

[[email protected] ~]# cd /tmp/
[[email protected] tmp]# ls
dir1  systemd-private-e04e5b99a713433d887e04c35a247c48-httpd.service-c4W0KH
[[email protected] tmp]# cd dir1/
[[email protected] dir1]# ls
dir2

##删除目录
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible server2 -u hui -b -m file -a "dest=/tmp/dir1/dir2 state=absent"     ##后面可以加-f参数，指定多少个线程
[[email protected] ~]# cd /tmp
[[email protected] tmp]# cd dir1/
[[email protected] dir1]# ls
[[email protected] dir1]#

给server2安装mysql服务

##安装MySQL-python和mariadb-server
[[email protected] ~]# ansible server2 -m yum -a "name=MySQL-python state=present"
[[email protected] ~]# ansible server2 -m yum -a "name=mariadb-server state=present"
[[email protected] ~]# ansible server2 -m service -a "name=mariadb state=started"

##添加mysql用户并授权
[[email protected] ~]# ansible server2 -m mysql_user -a "name=hyg password=westos priv=test.*:ALL state=present"
server2 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "user": "hyg"
}

##测试，可以登录
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uhyg -pwestos test
MariaDB [test]> quit
Bye

三、自动化部署httpd服务

编写playbooks

[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/ansible/
[[email protected] ansible]# mkdir playbooks
[[email protected] ansible]# cd playbooks/
[[email protected] playbooks]# mkdir httpd
[[email protected] playbooks]# cd httpd/
[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.yml
---
# httpd部署
- hosts: server2
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd
      yum: name=httpd state=present
    - name: config httpd
      copy: src=httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
      notify: restart httpd

    - name: start httpd
      service: name=httpd state=started
  handlers:
    - name: restart httpd
      service: name=httpd state=restarted

传一个httpd.conf文件（没有的话安装一个httpd服务）

[[email protected] conf]# scp  /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 172.25.19.1:/etc/ansible/playbooks/httpd

进行相关检测

[[email protected] httpd]# pwd
/etc/ansible/playbooks/httpd
 ##检测语法错误
[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml --syntax-check   

##查看主机
playbook: httpd.yml
[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml --list-host   

playbook: httpd.yml

  play #1 (server2): server2	TAGS: []
    pattern: [u'server2']
    hosts (1):
      server2
## 查看任务
[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml --list-task   

playbook: httpd.yml

  play #1 (server2): server2	TAGS: []
    tasks:
      install httpd	TAGS: []
      config httpd	TAGS: []
      start httpd	TAGS: []

执行

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

以某一个任务开始执行

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

5. 修改端口（改为8080）

此时两端文件的加密串一样
[[email protected] httpd]# md5sum httpd.conf 
f5e7449c0f17bc856e86011cb5d152ba  httpd.conf

[[email protected] conf]# pwd
/etc/httpd/conf
[[email protected] conf]# ls
httpd.conf  magic
[[email protected] conf]#  md5sum httpd.conf 
f5e7449c0f17bc856e86011cb5d152ba  httpd.conf

 对文件进行修改
[[email protected] httpd]# pwd
/etc/ansible/playbooks/httpd
[[email protected] httpd]# ls
httpd.conf  httpd.yml
[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.conf 
 42 Listen 8080     #

测试server1端加密串改变了
[[email protected] httpd]# md5sum httpd.conf 
04e9239e7bd5d5b9b85864226d60eee5  httpd.conf

再次执行，就会引发触发
[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml   

server2端口改变了
[[email protected] conf]# netstat -antlp
tcp6       0      0 :::8080                 :::*                    LISTEN      13719/httpd

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

server1再次执行，就不会再做任何改变了

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）
添加变量，修改端口

[[email protected] httpd]# mv httpd.conf httpd.conf.j2
[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.conf.j2 
 42 Listen  {{ http_port }}
[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.yml 
---
# httpd部署
- hosts: server2
  vars:    ##添加变量
    http_port: 80
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd
      yum: name=httpd state=present
    - name: config httpd
      template: src=httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf   ##添加模板
      notify: restart httpd

    - name: start httpd
      service: name=httpd state=started
  handlers:
    - name: restart httpd
      service: name=httpd state=restarted

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml
[[email protected] ~]# netstat -antlp
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      15455/httpd

直接在/etc/ansible/hosts文件修改

[[email protected] httpd]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[web]
server1 http_port=80

[db]
server2 http_port=8080


[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.yml  ##删除vars,修改hosts: all
---
# httpd部署
- hosts: all
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd
      yum: name=httpd state=present
    - name: config httpd
      template: src=httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf   
      notify: restart httpd

    - name: start httpd
      service: name=httpd state=started
  handlers:
    - name: restart httpd
      service: name=httpd state=restarted
[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml
##server2端口变为8080,server1端口变成80

设置监听主机

第一种

[[email protected] httpd]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts 
[web]
server1 http_host=172.25.19.1
[db]
server2 http_host=172.25.19.2
[webserver:children]
web
db
[webserver:vars]
http_port=80

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml

第二种

[[email protected] httpd]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[web]
server1 

[db]
server2 

[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.conf.j2
Listen  {{  ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }}:{{ http_port }}
##或者Listen  {{ ansible_eth0['ipv4']['address'] }}:{{ http_port }}

[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.yml 
---
# httpd部署
- hosts: all
  vars:
    host_port: 80
  remote_user: root
  
[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml

第三种：

[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.conf.j2 
Listen  {{ http_host }}:{{ http_port }}

[[email protected] httpd]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts 
[web]
server1
[db]
server2
[all:vars]
http_host={{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }}

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml

如果各节点的系统版本不一样，又该如何自动化部署服务呢？

这里我们以rhel7.3和rhel6.5两个版本的主机自动化部署httpd服务为例

首先安装一个rhel6.5的虚拟机server3，做免密

[[email protected] httpd]# ssh-copy-id server3
添加server3主机到清单中，测试能否ping通

[[email protected] httpd]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts 
[web]
server1
server3
[db]
server2

[all:vars]
http_host={{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }}

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible all -m ping
server2 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
server1 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
server3 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

给server3安装httpd服务

[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.yml
---
# httpd部署
- hosts: all
  vars:
    http_port: 80
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd
      yum: name=httpd state=present
      tags: install

    - name: config httpd
      template: src=httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
      notify: restart httpd
      tags: config
    - name: start httpd
      service: name=httpd state=started
      tags: start
  handlers:
    - name: restart httpd
      service: name=httpd state=restarted
yml 

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml -t install

将server3（rhel6.5）的httpd服务配置文件发给server1，修改对应文件名

[[email protected] ~]# scp /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf server1:/etc/ansible/playbooks/httpd
[[email protected] httpd]# mv httpd.conf httpd.conf6.j2
[[email protected] httpd]# mv httpd.conf.j2 httpd.conf7.j2

修改文件，运行

[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.conf6.j2 
Listen {{ http_host }}:{{ http_port }}


[[email protected] httpd]# vim httpd.yml
---
# httpd部署
- hosts: all
  vars:
    http_port: 80
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd
      yum: name=httpd state=present
      tags: install

    - name: config httpd
      template: src=httpd.conf6.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
      notify: restart httpd
      when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "6"
      tags: config

    - name: config httpd
      template: src=httpd.conf7.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
      notify: restart httpd
      when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7"
      tags: config

    - name: start httpd
      service: name=httpd state=started
      tags: start
  handlers:
    - name: restart httpd
      service: name=httpd state=restarted

[[email protected] httpd]# ansible-playbook httpd.yml -C

httpd.yml的第二种写法

---
# httpd部署
- hosts: all
  vars:
    http_port: 80
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: install httpd
      yum: name=httpd state=present
      tags: install

    - name: config httpd
      template: src=httpd.conf{{ ansible_distribution_major_version }}.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
      notify: restart httpd
      tags: config

    - name: start httpd
      service: name=httpd state=started
      tags: start
  handlers:
    - name: restart httpd
      service: name=httpd state=restarted

四、用ansible自动化部署zabbix

创建mariadb， zabbix-server角色

[[email protected] roles]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles
[[email protected] roles]# mkdir mariadb
[[email protected] roles]# cd mariadb/
[[email protected] mariadb]# mkdir files tasks handlers vars templates meta defaults
[[email protected] mariadb]# cd ..
[[email protected] roles]# mkdir zabbix-server/{files,tasks,templates,vars} -p

编写相应的文件

[[email protected] zabbix4.0]# ls
zabbix-server-mysql-4.0.5-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
zabbix-web-mysql-4.0.5-1.el7.noarch.rpm 
zabbix-web-4.0.5-1.el7.noarch.rpm 
zabbix-agent-4.0.5-1.el7.x86_64.rpm php-bcmath-5.4.16-42.el7.x86_64.rpm 
php-mbstring-5.4.16-42.el7.x86_64.rpm 
fping-3.10-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
iksemel-1.4-2.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm

[[email protected] files]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles/zabbix-server/files
[[email protected] files]# vim zabbix.repo
[zabbix]
name=zabbix4.0
baseurl=http://172.25.19.250/zabbix4.0
gpgcheck=0

[[email protected] files]# vim my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
# Settings user and group are ignored when systemd is used.
# If you need to run mysqld under a different user or group,
# customize your systemd unit file for mariadb according to the
# instructions in http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd
#
#
character-set-server=utf8

[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid

#
# include all files from the config directory
#
!includedir /etc/my.cnf.d

[[email protected] tasks]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles/mariadb/tasks
[[email protected] tasks]# vim main.yml
- name: install mariadb server
  yum: name=mariadb-server,MySQL-python state=present

- name: config mariadb
  copy: src=my.cnf dest=/etc/my.cnf
  notify: restart mariadb 

- name: start mariadb server
  service: name=mariadb state=started


[[email protected] handlers]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles/mariadb/handlers
[[email protected] handlers]# vim main.yml
- name: restart mariadb
  service: name=mariadb state=restarted

##server2安装zabbix-server为了获取配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y zabbix-server

[[email protected] ~]# scp  /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf server1:/etc/ansible/roles/zabbix-server/files

/etc/ansible/roles/zabbix-server/files
[[email protected] files]# vim zabbix_server.conf
DBPassword=zabbix

[[email protected] zabbix-server]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles/zabbix-server
[[email protected] zabbix-server]# mkdir handlers
[[email protected] zabbix-server]# cd handlers/
[[email protected] handlers]# pwd
/etc/ansible/roles/zabbix-server/handlers
[[email protected] handlers]# vim main.yml
- name: create datbase
  mysql_db: name=zabbix state=present
  listen: "init zabbix db"

- name: create zabbix user
  mysql_user: name=zabbix password=zabbix priv=zabbix.*:ALL state=present
  listen: "init zabbix db"

- name: import create.sql.gz
  mysql_db: name=zabbix state=import target=/usr/share/doc/zabbix-server-mysql-4.0.5/create.sql.gz
  listen: "init zabbix db"

- name: restart zabbix server
  service: name=zabbix-server state=restarted


[[email protected] zabbix-server]# cd tasks/
[[email protected] tasks]# ls
[[email protected] tasks]# vim main.yml
- name: copy zabbix.repo
  copy: src=zabbix.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/zabbix.repo

- name: install zabbix-server
  yum: name=zabbix-server,zabbix-agent state=present
  notify: "init zabbix db"

- name: config zabbix server
  copy: src=zabbix_server.conf dest=/etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf
  notify: restart zabbix server

- name: start zabbix server
  service: name={{ item }} state=started
  with_items:
    - zabbix-server
    - zabbix-agent

[[email protected] zabbix-server]# cd /etc/ansible/
[[email protected] ansible]# ls
ansible.cfg  hosts  index.html  playbooks  roles
[[email protected] ansible]# vim zabbix-server.yml
---
#zabbix-server部署
- hosts: server2
  roles:
    - mariadb
    - zabbix-server

##执行
[[email protected] ansible]# ansible-playbook zabbix-server.yml

在server2端查看zabbix日志，显示enabling则自动化部署成功

[[email protected] ~]# cat /var/log/zabbix/zabbix_server.log

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

一、知识剖析

二、ansible的安装

三、自动化部署httpd服务

如果各节点的系统版本不一样，又该如何自动化部署服务呢？

四、用ansible自动化部署zabbix

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自动化运维——ansible（部署httpd，zabbix）

一、知识剖析

二、ansible的安装

三、 自动化部署httpd服务

如果各节点的系统版本不一样，又该如何自动化部署服务呢？

四、用ansible自动化部署zabbix

继续阅读

三、自动化部署httpd服务