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English——让步状语从句(一般现在时表将来)(三)

让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种,其本身也是状语从句。

一般翻译为“尽管……”或“即使……”,就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说……”的感觉。

1连词

2用法

▪ ⑴though,although

▪ ⑵as,though

▪ ﹙3﹚“no matter+疑问词

▪ ⑷whether...or...

3语法

连词

引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though,although,while,as; even if,eventhough; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever,regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句,despite,in spite of。切记although,though不可与but连用,但可以与still和yet连用。

用法

(1)though,although

表示“虽然,纵然”之意

这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet,still或never,the less连用,但不能与but连用。例如:

I will remains firm though I must lowermy physical sights.尽管我得降低体育(锻炼)的目标,但我的意志是坚强的。

Though I believe it,yet I must consider.尽管我相信这一点,但我还得考虑考虑。

Although/Though he was exhausted,(still)he kept on working.虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。

Although/Though he is very old,(yet) heis quite strong.他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。

值得注意的是,although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如:

She passed the examination though shehad not studied very hard.她虽然不用功学习,考试却及格了。

(2)as,though

表示“虽然…但是”,“纵使…”之意

as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。例如:

Object as you may,I’llgo.(=Though/Although you may object,I’ll go.)纵使你反对,我也要去。

Hard as/ though he works,he makes littleprogress. (=Though he works hard,he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。

Child as/though he was,he knew what wasthe right thing to do.(=Though he was a child,he knew what wasthe right thing to do.)虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。

Fast as you read,you can’t finish thebook so soon.纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。

Lover of towns as I am ,I realize that Iowe a debt to my early country life.尽管我爱城市,但我知道,以往的乡村生活使我受益匪浅。

Small as atome are,they are made up ofstill smaller units.尽管原子很小,但它们由更小的单位构成。

由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果,所以它的语气是比较强烈的,从而也更加坚定了主句的内容。例如:

You'll have to attend the ceremonywhether you're free or busy.不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。

Whether you believe it or not,it's true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。

Whether or not they win this battle,theywon't win the war.不管他们是否能赢得这次战役,他们绝不会赢得这场战争。

(3)"no matter + 疑问词

或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……”

它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:

No matter what happened,he would notmind. (=Whatever happened,he would not mind.)无论发生了什么事情,他都不会介意的。

No matter who you are,you must keep thelaw.(=Whoever you are,you must keep the law.)不管你是谁,你都需要遵纪守法。

When anyone does something for you,no matterhow samll and no matter whether he's a superior or servant,it's proper tosay“Thank you”.只要任何人替你做了一件事,不管事情多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上司还是你的仆人,你都应该说声“谢谢”。

但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如:

Whatever (=No matter what) you say,Iwon’t believe you. (Whatever引导让步状语句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。

I'll eat whatever(≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。

Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever引导主语从句)不管谁来都受到欢迎。

此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。例如:

While I like the colour,I don't like theshape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。

综上所述,我们可以看出,学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用;其次,要注意的是由as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。

让步状语从句表示:虽然,尽管,即使等概念,由although,though(尽管,即使),however(无论怎样),whatever(无论什么),whoever(无论谁),whomever(无论谁),whichever(无论哪个),whenever(无论何时),wherever(无论哪里),whether(是否),no matter (who,what,where,when,etc) (无论……),even if(即使),even though(即使)等词引导。

如:We won’t be discouraged even if(=eventhough) we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。

It was an exciting game,though /although no goals were scored.那是一场精彩的球赛,尽管一个球都没进。(though,although不能与 but连用)

Whether you believe it or not,it’s true.不管你信不信,这是真的。

However (=No matter how) expensive itmay be,I’ll take it.无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。

Don’t let them in,whoever(=no matterwho) they are.不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。

No matter what I say or how I say it,healways thinks I’m wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说,他总认为是我错。

(4)whether...or...

表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。

even if 与even though 的区别:

1.even if与even though的区别 两者均可用于引导让步状语从句,其细微区别是:

1. even if引导的从句是往往是假设性的,相当于汉语的“即使”“纵然”“就算”“哪怕”。如:

They’ll stand by you even if you don’tsucceed.即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。

Even if I have to walk all the way I’llget there.即使我得一路走着去,我也要走到那里。

Even if it rains tomorrow, we won’tchange our plan.即使明天下雨,我们也决不改变计划。

For my part, I plan to go to the partyeven if you decide not to go.至于我,即使你决定不去参加晚会我也会去的。

Even if you saw him pick up the money,you can’t be sure he stole it.就算你看见是他拾起的钱,你也不能肯定钱就是他偷的。

正因为even if从句的内容通常是假设性的,所以有时还可用于虚拟语气;这样用的even if与单独使用的if比较接近。如:

Even if he had the money, he wouldn’tbuy it.他即使有钱也不会买它。

I would have married her even if she hadbeen penniless.即使她身无分文,我也会和她结婚。

2. even though引导的从句内容往往是真实的,主要用于引出不利用于主句情况的信息,相当于汉语的“尽管”“虽然”。如:

He went out even though it was raining.尽管在下雨,他还是出去了。

Even though it’s hard work, I enjoy it.虽然工作艰苦,我还是很喜欢。

He’s the best teacher even though he hasthe least experience.他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。

Even though I didn’t know anybody at theparty, I had a nice time.尽管这次聚会上我谁也不认识,我也玩得挺痛快。

这样用的even though与though或although的意思比较接近,许多时候可以互换(注意:英语可以说though和even though,但不能说even although)。如:

Even though [Thought, Although] I feltsorry for him, l was secretly pleased tha t he was having difficulties.虽然我为他感到惋惜,但对他的困难却暗自高兴。

Even though [Thought, Although] we alltried our best, we lost the game.虽然我们已尽了最大的力量,但还是输了。

3.不过,在实际语言运用中,even if与even though有时也可不加区别地混用。如:

Even if [Even though] she laughs at him,he likes her.尽管她嘲笑他,他还是很喜欢她。

We thoroughly understand each other,even if [even though] we don’t always agree.我们彼此非常了解,虽然有时候也有一些分歧。

语法

1. no matter

what(who,which,when,etc.)与whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc.)的区别:

当引导引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换(what=the thing, whatever = anyting),但当引导名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)时则只能用whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc)。如上面最后两个例句可改为:

However pure the water looks,I do notwant to drink it.

I want to marry the man I love,no matterwho he may be.

下面句子不能用no matter结构(no matter不能引导名词性从句):

Whoever comes back first is supposed towin the prize.(主语从句)

I am ready to do whatever you want me to.(宾语从句)

例证:

Whatever you did,I will accept.为让步状语从句.

I will accept whatever you did.为宾语从句.

2. as引导让步状语从句的用法

引导让步状语从句时,as意为“虽然,尽管”,通常从句要倒装,倒装的方法是将从句的表语或状语放在as之前,而用though引导让步状语从句时句字则不必倒装(口语中也可倒装)。

e.g. Heavily as it was rainingoutside,they started out very early.

Young as he is,he knows a lot=Though heis young或Young though he is,he….

他虽然年轻,但懂得很多。(though也有这种用法,可以替换as,但although没有这种用法)

注意,名词提句首时,不加冠词:

e.g:teacher as he is,he likes Chinese verymuch(teacher前不加a或the)。

though还可以用作副词,放在句末。如:

It was a hard work;; I enjoyedit,though=It was a hard work,but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦,但是我喜欢干。

3.用though/although,as引导让步状语从句时,句中不能用but表示转折语气。

不能说:Though he looks weak,but he is healthy.

而要说:Though he looks weak,he is healthy.

或者说:He looks weak,but he is healthy.

我自己认为让步就是存在一定条件下的说法.

4 . however 用作副词,不可连接句子。但可置于第二句的句首、句末或句中。要特别注意标点的使用。

eg: Alice is a good student.However,she has one shortcoming.爱丽丝是一个很好的学生,但她仍有缺点。He has not arrived. He may,however,comelater. The composition is all right. There is room for improvement,however.

⒌除以上提到的从句连词外,表示让步的介词短语有despite,in spite of,后接名词。eg. Despite all these facts,we cannotignore the advantages of learning through internet.

though和although引导让步状语从句时,不可以与but连用。汉语中用"虽然……但是……”,但英语中只用though,although或but即可。

although/though he is very old,he stillworks very hard.=(he is very old,he still works very hard)虽然他老了,但他仍然很努力地工作。不可说:although/though he is very old,but hestill works very hard。

though和although可以与yet连用。此处yet虽与but同义,但它不是连词,而是副词。

though l knew the fact,yet l didnt say anything。尽管我知道,但我什么都没说。

哪些从句可用一般现在时表示将来

当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,以下类型的状语从句可以用一般现在时表将来:

一、时间状语从句

I’ll write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。

Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。

二、条件状语从句

If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。

Tell me in case you get into trouble. 遇到麻烦请告诉我。

三、让步状语从句

I’ll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿,我就跟着去哪儿。

Whatever you say, I won’t pay. 无论你说什么,我都不会付钱。

Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否,他都会失败。

I’ll have a good time whether I win orlose. 赢也好,输也好,我都将会玩好。

四、比较状语从句

I will come earlier than you do. 我会比你先到。

He will do it better than we expect.  他会比我们预料的做得好。

五、比例状语从句

The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖。

The more difficult the questions are, theless likely I’ll be able to answer them. 题目越难我越答不出。

一般现在时表将来的若干情形

     一、用于时间和条件状语从句

  当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。如:

  I’ll write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。

  Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。

  If we hurry,we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。

  Tell me in case you get into trouble. 遇到麻烦请告诉我。

  二、用于让步和相似状语从句

  当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表示将来。如:

  I’ll followhim wherever he goes. 他去哪儿,我就跟着去哪儿。

  Whatever yousay, I won’t pay. 无论你说什么,我都不会付钱。

  Whether wehelp him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否,他都会失败。

  I’ll have agood time whether I win or lose. 赢也好,输也好,我都将会玩好。

  The more youeat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖。

  三、用于定语从句中

  当主句为将来时态时,定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来。如:

  I’ll giveyou anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你。

  You can haveanything I find. 我找到的任何东西你都可以拿去。

  Everyone whocomes first will get a present. 每个先来的人都可得到一份礼物。

  四、用于简化时态的场合

  按照英语习惯,一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间,那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间,而往往使用一个比较简单的时态,如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。比较:

  Thisdiscovery means that we will spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。

  Thisdiscovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。

  五、用于某些短语后

  在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(弄清楚),take care(注意,当心),be careful(注意,当心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that从句中通常也只用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:

  Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。

  We must take care that no onesees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。

  Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。

  Be careful that you don’t hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。

  Watchthat the baby doesn’t go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。

  Mind youread the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答题前要注意仔细阅读考题。

  六、用于某些句式中

  在it doesn’t matter, I don’t care, I don’t mind 等结构(以及类似结构)后的名词性从句也通常用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:

  It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday. 我们去哪儿度假都行。

  Does it matter who goes first? 谁先去这有关系吗?

  I don’t care whether we win or lose. 我不在乎我们是赢还是输。

  Don’t you care what happens to them? 难道你不关心他他们出什么事了?

  七、用于某些特殊表达中

  在I hope , I bet, see (to it) 等后的宾语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来意义,但有时也可直接用将来时态。如:

  I hope that you like [will like] it. 你希望你会喜欢它。

  I bet it rains [will rain] tomorrow. 我打赌明天会下雨。

  See (to it) that children don’t catch cold. 当心别让孩子感冒。

  I’ll seethat nobody disturbs [will disturb] you. 我将确保没人打扰你。

  注意:see (toit) 后的that从句通常用一般现在时表将来,直接用将来的情形较少见。

  八、用于as, than后

  在as, than 引出的比较状语从句中可用一般现在时表示将来,也可直接用将来时态。如:

  We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到,我们就到。

  We’ll probably drive faster than you do [will]. 我们开车很可能比你快。

  九、表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。如:

  Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你值班吗?

  The train leaves at 12:00. 火车12点开出。

  Where do we go now? 我们现在到哪里去?

  注意:在此用法中,句中通常有具体的时间状语。

  十、用于by the time后

  当主句为将来时态时,与之相关的by the time后接的从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:

  By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到时,我会已离开了。

  The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema.我们到电影院时电影会已经开始了。

  十一、表示现在将要宣布某事

  I declare the meeting open. 我宣布会议开始。

  We learn Lesson Ten today. 今天我们学习第10课。

  十二、表示客观性很强的将来

  Today is Friday, so tomorrow is Saturday. 今天是星期五,所以明天是星期六。

  My birthday is on a Sunday this year. 我今年的生日在星期天。

  注意:有时说话者对某一将来事实非常肯定,也用一般现在时。如:

  The future is bright. 前途是光明的。

  Final victory is ours. 最后的胜利是我们的。

补充:如何区分定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句 (什么是定语从句??)

首先看是名词性从句还是状语从句。如果从句是一个完整的句子,没有差任何成分,就是状语从句,如果从句缺了成分,就是名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句)

如果是名词性从句,就接着看从句在主句中做什么成分。

如果做主语,就是主语从句。例如:what he said was very interesting.这个句子中what he said 做主语,所以是主语从句。

在系动词后面的从句是表语从句。系动词包括:be动词,感官动词等等

在及物动词或者介词后面的从句往往是宾语从句。

如果从句前面有个先行词,由关系副词或者关系代词引导从句并且关系代词或者关系副词在从句中充当成分(这块还不太明白),而且从句和先行词构成修饰(偏正)关系,就是定语从句。

http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=ZJW7llAp0Eq1sl-NGWE0OYMEanHWvUGeqUA3vakuHLEbHTX-wju5kimZhnX2u1_C (好好看着页内容!!!定语从句)

http://www.fyeedu.net/info/100078-1.htm

定语从句分为限制性定从和非限制性定从。

when引导的定语从句:I still remember the days when I lived in that village. ???无法分析句子成分

(关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。)

when引导的主语从句:When the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.

出处:http://ask.koolearn.com/topic/show/377644.page

补充:及物动词与不及物动词的区别

1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。(及物动词)
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?(不及物动词)
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people whole heartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务      
出处:http://zhidao.baidu.com/link?url=6TIjt3I3cy4zSyVM7gkyaasnLoehF6MiEfydmL1LLJFU4NnJv8NaUVFfk3bNfH4AYVI9lmyXzNM3nuIz0Yjvi_      
 illumination (il一再+lumin+ate→给予光明→照亮) illumination n 阐明;明亮(illuminate+ion...