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Python:defaultdict的defaultdict?

本文翻译自:Python: defaultdict of defaultdict?

Is there a way to have a

defaultdict(defaultdict(int))

in order to make the following code work?

有没有一种方法使

defaultdict(defaultdict(int))

可以使以下代码正常工作?
for x in stuff:
    d[x.a][x.b] += x.c_int
           

d

needs to be built ad-hoc, depending on

xa

and

xb

elements.

d

需要临时构建,具体取决于

xa

xb

元素。

I could use:

我可以使用:
for x in stuff:
    d[x.a,x.b] += x.c_int
           

but then I wouldn't be able to use:

但后来我将无法使用:
d.keys()
d[x.a].keys()
           

#1楼

参考:https://stackoom.com/question/l6vY/Python-defaultdict的defaultdict

#2楼

Yes like this:

是这样的:
defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(int))
           

The argument of a

defaultdict

(in this case is

lambda: defaultdict(int)

) will be called when you try to access a key that doesn't exist.

当您尝试访问不存在的键时,将调用

defaultdict

的参数(在本例中为

lambda: defaultdict(int)

)。

The return value of it will be set as the new value of this key, which means in our case the value of

d[Key_doesnt_exist]

will be

defaultdict(int)

.

它的返回值将设置为该键的新值,这意味着在我们的示例中

d[Key_doesnt_exist]

的值将为

defaultdict(int)

If you try to access a key from this last defaultdict ie

d[Key_doesnt_exist][Key_doesnt_exist]

it will return 0, which is the return value of the argument of the last defaultdict ie

int()

.

如果您尝试从最后一个defaultdict即

d[Key_doesnt_exist][Key_doesnt_exist]

访问密钥,它将返回0,这是最后一个defaultdict即

int()

的参数的返回值。

#3楼

The parameter to the defaultdict constructor is the function which will be called for building new elements.

defaultdict构造函数的参数是用于构建新元素的函数。

So let's use a lambda !

因此,让我们使用lambda!
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> d = defaultdict(lambda : defaultdict(int))
>>> print d[0]
defaultdict(<type 'int'>, {})
>>> print d[0]["x"]
0
           

Since Python 2.7, there's an even better solution using Counter :

从Python 2.7开始, 使用Counter有了一个更好的解决方案 :
>>> from collections import Counter
>>> c = Counter()
>>> c["goodbye"]+=1
>>> c["and thank you"]=42
>>> c["for the fish"]-=5
>>> c
Counter({'and thank you': 42, 'goodbye': 1, 'for the fish': -5})
           

Some bonus features

一些额外功能
>>> c.most_common()[:2]
[('and thank you', 42), ('goodbye', 1)]
           

For more information see PyMOTW - Collections - Container data types and Python Documentation - collections

有关更多信息,请参见PyMOTW-集合-容器数据类型和Python文档-集合

#4楼

I find it slightly more elegant to use

partial

:

我发现使用

partial

稍微优雅

partial

import functools
dd_int = functools.partial(defaultdict, int)
defaultdict(dd_int)
           

Of course, this is the same as a lambda.

当然,这与lambda相同。

#5楼

Others have answered correctly your question of how to get the following to work:

其他人已经正确回答了您有关如何使以下内容正常工作的问题:
for x in stuff:
    d[x.a][x.b] += x.c_int
           

An alternative would be to use tuples for keys:

一种替代方法是使用元组作为键:
d = defaultdict(int)
for x in stuff:
    d[x.a,x.b] += x.c_int
    # ^^^^^^^ tuple key
           

The nice thing about this approach is that it is simple and can be easily expanded.

这种方法的好处是它很简单并且可以轻松扩展。

If you need a mapping three levels deep, just use a three item tuple for the key.

如果您需要三个层次的映射,只需使用一个三项元组作为键。

#6楼

For reference, it's possible to implement a generic nested

defaultdict

factory method through:

作为参考,可以通过以下方式实现通用的嵌套

defaultdict

工厂方法:
from collections import defaultdict
from functools import partial
from itertools import repeat


def nested_defaultdict(default_factory, depth=1):
    result = partial(defaultdict, default_factory)
    for _ in repeat(None, depth - 1):
        result = partial(defaultdict, result)
    return result()
           

The depth defines the number of nested dictionary before the type defined in

default_factory

is used.

在使用

default_factory

定义的类型之前,深度定义了嵌套字典的数量。

For example:

例如:
my_dict = nested_defaultdict(list, 3)
my_dict['a']['b']['c'].append('e')