目录
https请求
代理设置
请求头设置
获取状态码
接收响应头
https协议(Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) :
安全超文本传输协议, HTTPS以保密为目标研发, 简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议, 其安全基础是SSL协议, 因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。 全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。 用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP, 但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层(在HTTP与TCP之间)。
HTTPS和HTTP的区别:
一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书, 一般免费证书很少, 需要交费。
二、 http是超文本传输协议, 信息是明文传输, https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。
三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式, 用的端口也不一样, 前者是80,后者是443。
四、 http的连接很简单, 是无状态的; HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议, 比http协议安全。
https访问博客园中的新闻页面,实现代码如下:
1 package com.httpclient;
2
3 import java.io.IOException;
4 import java.security.KeyManagementException;
5 import java.security.KeyStoreException;
6 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
7 import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
8 import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
9
10 import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
11
12 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
13 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
14 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
15 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
16 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
17 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;
18 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;
19 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
20 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
21 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
22
23 public class yihuqingjiu_https {
24
25 public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){
26 try {
27 SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){
28 //信任所有
29 public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{
30 return true;
31 }
32 }).build();
33 SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext);
34 return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();
35 } catch (KeyManagementException e) {
36 e.printStackTrace();
37 } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
38 e.printStackTrace();
39 } catch (KeyStoreException e) {
40 e.printStackTrace();
41 }
42 return HttpClients.createDefault();
43 }
44
45 public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
46 CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault();
47 HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/");
48 CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg);
49 HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
50 String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8");
51 System.out.println(content);
52 hp.close();
53
54 }
55
56 }
若不添加信任,createSSLClientDefault()方法,会访问失败
代理,也称网络代理,是一种特殊的网络服务, 允许一个网络终端(一般为客户端) 通过这个服务与另一个网络终端(一般为服务器) 进行非直接的连接。 一些网关、 路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。 一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全, 防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候, 出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。
fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1:8888,但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例,但在fiddler中抓取不到,这就需要进行代理设置了。
代码实现如下:
1 package com.httpclient;
2
3 import java.io.IOException;
4
5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
14
15 public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy {
16
17 public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
18 //创建httpclient对象
19 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
20 //代理对象
21 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
22 //配置对象
23 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
24 //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
25 HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
26 //使用配置
27 httpget.setConfig(config);
28 CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
29 HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
30 String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
31 System.out.println(content);
32 httpClient.close();
33
34 }
35
36 }
有很多服务器,会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器,若不是浏览器,会拒绝访问,所以就需要设置请求头
当我们打开一个网页时, 浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头, 然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求, 响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、 请求头、 响应头和实体头四个部分。 每个头域由一个域名, 冒号(:) 和域值三部分组成。
部分请求头属性介绍:
accept:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它所支持的数据类型。 如: text/html,image/jpeg
accept-Charset:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它支持哪种字符集
accept-encoding:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它支持哪种压缩格式
accept-language:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它的语言环境
host:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它想访问哪台主机
Connection:表示客户端与服务连接类型
User-Agent(用户代理),简称 UA, 它是一个特殊字符串头, 使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、 浏览器及版本、 浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、 浏览器插件等
首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处
httpclient访问:
浏览器访问:
可以很清楚的看出,各自的请求头不同
设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法:
第一种实现代码如下
package com.httpclient;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
public class yihuqingjiu_header {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
//创建httpclient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//代理对象
HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
//配置对象
RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
//创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
//使用配置
httpget.setConfig(config);
//设置请求头
httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36");
CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
System.out.println(content);
httpClient.close();
}
}
然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息,和浏览器访问一样了,如下图所示:
第二中实现方式,创建代理对象,代码如下:
1 package com.httpclient;
2
3 import java.io.IOException;
4
5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
11 import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
14 import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
15 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
16
17 import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;
18
19 public class yihuqingjiu_header1 {
20
21 public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
22 //创建httpclient对象
23 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
24 //代理对象
25 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
26 //配置对象
27 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
28 //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
29 HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
30 //使用配置
31 httpget.setConfig(config);
32 //设置请求头,对象实现
33 BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
34 httpget.setHeader(a);
35 CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
36 HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
37 String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
38 System.out.println(content);
39 httpClient.close();
40
41 }
42
43 }
第三种实现方式,数组实现,代码如下:
package com.httpclient;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;
public class yihuqingjiu_header2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
//创建httpclient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//代理对象
HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
//配置对象
RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
//创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
//使用配置
httpget.setConfig(config);
//设置请求头,数组实现
BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2];
//写法1
//BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
//header[0]=a;
//写法2
header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
httpget.setHeaders(header);
CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
System.out.println(content);
httpClient.close();
}
}
可以获取Headers中的信息,也就是Headers中的第一行数据,获取状态码实现代码如下:
1 package com.httpclient;
2
3 import java.io.IOException;
4
5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
14
15 public class yihuqingjiu_response1 {
16
17 public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
18 //创建httpclient对象
19 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
20 //代理对象
21 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
22 //配置对象
23 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
24 //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
25 HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
26 //使用配置
27 httpget.setConfig(config);
28 CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
29 HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
30 String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
31 System.out.println(content);
32 System.out.println("------------------------------------");
33 //获取响应状态码
34 int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
35 System.out.println("code:"+code);
36 String a = response.getStatusLine().toString();
37 System.out.println("a:"+a);
38 httpClient.close();
39 }
40
41 }
响应头也是Headers中的内容,如下图所示:
实现代码如下所示,里面包含多种实现方式,但输出的内容都差不多
1 package com.httpclient;
2
3 import java.io.IOException;
4
5 import org.apache.http.Header;
6 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
7 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
8 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
9 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
11 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
14 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
15
16 public class yihuqingjiu_response {
17
18 public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
19 //创建httpclient对象
20 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
21 //代理对象
22 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
23 //配置对象
24 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
25 //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
26 HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
27 //使用配置
28 httpget.setConfig(config);
29 CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
30 HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
31 String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
32 System.out.println(content);
33 System.out.println("------------------------------------");
34 //接收响应头
35 //获取一个响应头,first和last两个方法指的是,当里面有两个一样的响应时,就去第一个或最后一个
36 String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString();
37 System.out.println(server);
38 //获取所有响应头
39 Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders();
40 //遍历输出所有
41 for(Header as:header){
42 System.out.println(as.toString());
43 }
44 System.out.println("------------------------------------");
45 //输出name
46 for(Header name:header){
47 System.out.println(name.getName());
48 }
49 System.out.println("------------------------------------");
50 //输出value
51 for(Header value:header){
52 System.out.println(value.getValue());
53 }
54 //输出第一个
55 //System.out.println(header[0].toString());
56 //输出数组大小
57 Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server");
58 System.out.println(ha.length);
59 httpClient.close();
60
61 }
62
63 }
遍历输出所有响应头内容,如下所示: