The Jim twins were just one of 137 sets of separated twins Bouchard tested. When they compared the twins' IQ scores, Bouchard and his team reached a surprising conclusion.
They concluded that intelligence was mostly connected to genes rather than to training or education. It seemed the differences in family and environment had little effect.
However, genes can't control everything, argues geneticist Danielle Reed, who also studies twins.
Reed's research shows that though nothing can truly change our DNA, environmental differences that a child experiences before birth and in their first year can sometimes affect the way the DNA behaves, making even identical twins into very different people.
"What l like to say is that Mother Nature writes some things in peneil and some things in pen," she explains. Things written in pen you can't change. That's DNA. But things written in pencil you can.
吉姆双胞胎只是布沙尔测试的137对分离双胞胎中的一例。当他们比较这对双胞胎的智商分数时，Bouchard和他的团队得出了一个令人惊讶的结论。
他们的结论是，智力主要与基因有关，而不是与训练或教育有关。家庭和环境的差异似乎没有什么影响。
然而，同样研究双胞胎的遗传学家丹妮尔·里德认为，基因不能控制一切。
里德的研究表明，虽然没有什么能真正改变我们的DNA，但孩子在出生前和出生第一年所经历的环境差异，有时候会影响DNA的行为方式，甚至使同卵双胞胎会变成截然不同的人。
“我想说的是，大自然母亲用铅笔写一些东西，也用钢笔写一些东西，”她解释说。用钢笔写的东西是无法改变的。这是DNA。但用铅笔写的东西你可以。
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