<col>
Samurai and samurai groups
background
After the new century of dahua reform, land privatization and land annexation prevailed, and manors appeared.
founder
The place is strong
member
It is composed of young and middle-aged men from the powerful family and servants
quality
A military bloc that combines kinship and master-servant system
Establish a purpose
It was to protect their own estate
Power
In the late 12th century, the Genji samurai clique, led by the Genrai Dynasty, became the largest samurai group, receiving the title of "Shogun of Seiyi" and establishing the shogunate in Kamakura. It had military and political power independent of the imperial court.
effect
(1) Japan entered the 700-year-long period of shogunate rule. State power was in the hands of the samurai class.
(2) The Emperor became a ceremonial ornament. (3) Bushido was formed, in which the samurai were loyal only to their lords, not to the state.
【Lesson 12: The Arab Empire】
The rise of Islam
Founding background
At the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, the Arabian Peninsula was not unified, there were many tribes, and polytheism prevailed
Time Figures
In the 7th century, Muhammad founded Islam
Founding location
Mecca
Creation of the teaching process
In mecca missionary failures - leaving Mecca in 622 to move to Medina, establishing a Muslim community, the birth of the Arab state - occupying Mecca in 630 - the tribes recognized Muhammad's dominance.
Three major religions
Generation location
Buddhism originated in (ancient India); Christianity (Palestine); Islam originated in (Mecca City) -------- the three major religions all originated in (Asia)
Generation order
Buddhism was born (6th century BC); Christianity was born in the 1st century, and Islam was born in the 7th century
Propagation causes
All three religions spread with the support of rulers because their doctrines were conducive to the rule of the rulers
Arab Empire
dilate
In the mid-8th century, the Arab Empire spanned three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa.
It became the largest empire in the world at that time and promoted the spread of Islam.
Arab culture
mathematics
(1) Improved and disseminated "Arabic numerals" (2) created complete algebra
medicine
"" and "" have long been regarded as classics by Western medical circles
literature
Literary gem "", also known as ""
Propagator
Become a bridge between Eastern and Western cultures
In ancient times, the East and the West once had great empires spanning three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa
(1) Persian Empire (2) Alexander Empire (3) Roman Empire (4) Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Byzantine Empire)
(5) Arab Empire (6) Ottoman Turkish Empire
【Lesson 13: Economic and Social Development in Western Europe】
Changes in agriculture
Land change
After the 11th century, the European countryside appeared "", and the land area gradually expanded.
Some of the people who participate in the reclamation are "some are".
Serf changes
Serfs could buy with money "", gaining free control over their own labor
The serfs paid "" to leave the manor and gain freedom. Become your own workforce
Changes in the relations of production
Lords leased land, lived on "", and were not involved in the management of production. "It has become a trend, gradually concentrated in the hands of the "kulaks", and the kulaks have established"" the kulaks employ peasants who have no land or little land to cultivate,
Between the rich peasants and the poor peasants become ""
Changes in handicrafts
Variation one
The emergence of "" and the gradual transformation to "" further increased labor productivity
Variation two
Between merchants and workers becomes ""
Rural real power strata
The continuous concentration of land in the countryside also controlled the administrative affairs of the countryside and became a class of real power in the countryside
Urban real power class
Become a real power force in the city.
Comments
The real-class forces in the countryside and in the cities gradually evolved into """ the class factor that prepared capitalist society
Lesson 14 Renaissance Movement
Background reasons
The Emergence of Italy ( ) produced a new bourgeoisie , dissatisfied with the Church 's control over the spiritual world , demanding that man be centered rather than God-centered ; advocating the development of man's individuality and the pursuit of man's happiness in real life. (Note: The Renaissance discovered "man")
Time and place
Beginning in the 15th to 16th centuries of ( ) ( ) , it expanded to the rest of Europe
Guiding ideology
（）
parenchyma
（）。
Literary
Revival
accomplishment
representative
Works and achievements
appraise
status
《》
Dante is known as ()
Later he was called "the last poet of the old era and at the same time the first poet of the new era".
Dante, Petrarch
Boccaccio
Known as the Three Masters of Literature
Known as a great master of art
Da vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
Known as the Three Masters of Fine Arts
He is known as a literary giant
significance
It promoted the prosperity of the field of European culture and thought and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society
【Lesson 15 Exploring New Routes】
find
look for
new
boat
road
Find out why
(1) The demand for the European market is gradually expanding, the commodity economy is becoming more and more developed, and Europe is eager to open up new trade markets (the root cause)
(2) The Book of Marco Polo aroused Europe's yearning for the Orient. (3) The Ottoman Empire blocked trade routes between East and West.
Sailing conditions
(1) The development of European geography, the theory of the earth circle is popular. (2) Europeans mastered the compass invented by Chinese
(3) Major breakthroughs in European shipbuilding technology (4) Support from the Spanish and Portuguese royal families has provided a solid material base for voyages
seafarer
Sponsoring countries
Sailing time
Sailing routes or achievements
Direction of navigation
Dias
Portugal
1487-1488
Heading south along the west coast of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope was discovered
Entering the Indian Ocean and returning (fruitless return)
From west to east
Da Gama
1497-1498
Sail along the Dias Route and cross the Indian Ocean
Arrive in India and find the new route to the East
Columbus
Spain
In 1492
Crossing the Atlantic Ocean to reach "San Salvador Island" and later to Cuba and Haiti. He thought he had arrived in India and named the natives Indians. Columbus thought he had arrived in India until his death; he had no idea of the existence of the Americas in his mind.
From east to west
Magellan
1519-1522
Named Pacific, died in the Philippines, its fleet returned to Europe,
The realization of the "Magellan Fleet" to sail around the world proves the circle of the earth
history
After the opening of the new shipping route, the industrial and commercial economy on the Atlantic coast of Europe flourished, which promoted the emergence and development of capitalism
The continents became more and more close, the world began to be connected as a whole, and the concept of the world was gradually established (new shipping routes opened up and discovered the "world")
【Lesson 16: Early Colonial Plunder】
early
time limit
breed
people
rob
snatch
In the late Middle Ages, the commodity economy of Western Europe was unprecedentedly prosperous, requiring the expansion of markets, the promotion of products, and the search for raw materials
The earliest colonial power
Portugal and Spain
Portuguese colonial expansion
Colony point
Asia, Africa, Latin America
Colonial way
Establish colonial strongholds and trading posts and control maritime trade routes. The local robbery trade is carried out from the base of the stronghold
Spanish colonial expansion
Americas
(1) the establishment of the Armada in the 16th century; (2) the forcing of the Indians to mine gold and silver without compensation;
(3) Forcing Indians and Blacks to develop plantations
British colonial expansion
Expansion background
In 1588, the British annihilated the Spanish Armada and became the hegemon of the seas and began overseas colonization
Colonial performance
(1) Establish plantations in North America to produce raw materials for industry (2) Carry out triangular trade and sell black slaves to the Americas
Triangular trade
Slave states
The main operators are ()
route
Europe è Africa è Americas è Return to Europe (Note: both the starting point and the end point are there)
The bloodiest and cruelest section is "from Africa to the Americas", mainly through the "Atlantic Ocean".
(1) Depriving Africa of nearly 100 million strong laborers (2) Providing a large number of laborers for the Americas
(3) Promoted the development of European capitalism.
English, French, Dutch
Colonial conquest
Reasons for domination
To compete for colonies and world markets
Compete for dominance performance
In the 17th century, the Dutch, known as the sea coachman, joined the colonial plunder, and the French also joined
From the second half of the 17th century onwards, the war for hegemony began
outcome
Britain defeated the Dutch and France and gained large colonies in the world, calling the Empire the Sun Never Sets
Historical influences
Positive impact
(1) It contributes to the primitive accumulation of capital in the European colonial countries and contributes to the formation of the world market
(2) The spread of European culture to the colonies has had a profound impact on the development of colonial society
Negative effects
It brought deep disaster to the colonial people
Lesson 17 Constitutional Monarchy in Britain
monarch
host
stand
constitution
system
target
hero
country
The feudal dynasty that ruled England: The Stuart kings James I and Charles I promoted "divine right of kings" and longed for royal power, which led to an intensification of the conflict between parliament and royal power
Root cause
( ) hindered the development of capitalism
Leadership class
Bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy
Start flag
In 1640 Charles I convened a new parliament
Representative figures
Cromwell
Execute the king
Charles I was executed in 1649
Restoration of the dynasty
In 1660, Charles II's return to the throne marked the restoration of the Stuart dynasty (indicating that the revolution was tortuous)
Palace coup
A palace coup of 1688 drove out James II and invited Mary and William to england, also known as the Glorious Revolution
End flag
It is a glorious revolution. The reason is that after the Glorious Revolution, the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy took power and completed the purpose of seizing power
Important literature
In 1689, Parliament promulgated the ". Purpose: To limit the king's rights
Significance: Based on the Bill of Rights, the United Kingdom established the supreme position of parliament in the political life of the country,
Marking the formation of a "constitutional monarchy" in the United Kingdom
Revolutionary in nature
A bourgeois revolution
Lesson 18: Independence of the United States
beauty
alone
( ) seriously hindered the development of capitalism in North America
fuse
In 1773, the Boston Tea Pour Incident
Gunfire from The Nexington in 1775
leadership
Northern bourgeoisie and southern plantation owners
Continental Congress
Time
In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia
content
Announcement of the formation of the army: the militia will be reorganized into the Continental Army, and Washington will be the commander-in-chief
Proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic of China: The Continental Congress adopted the ""
《Declaration of Independence》
Drafter
Jefferson
(1) All human beings are created equal and enjoy the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
(2) Enumerate the tyranny of British colonial rule and call on the people to rebel against British colonial rule
Declared the independence of the 13 North American colonies from Britain
The Declaration of Independence was the first programmatic document to explicitly state the political demands of the bourgeoisie in the name of the state, and has been called the "First Declaration of Human Rights"
Important battles
The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 was a turning point in the Revolutionary War
In 1781, the American and French forces defeated the British at the Battle of Yorktown, and the British surrendered the Cornwagh Department
Truly independent
Britain recognized American independence in 1783 (Note: The end of the war, the true independence of the United States)
The nature of the war
It is both a war of national liberation and a bourgeois revolution
In 1787
U.S. Constitution
formulate
Washington presided over the Constituent Assembly, which established the U.S. Constitution of 1787
(1) The Constitution designed a federal republic based on the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances. (2) The executive, legislative and judicial powers shall be separated, and the President, the National Assembly and the Supreme Court shall perform their respective functions and check and balance each other
(3) Power-sharing between federal governments and local governments (4) Presidents and deputies are elected
The 1787 U.S. Constitution was the world's first written bourgeois constitution and had an important impact on the political changes that followed many countries
Washington
He was an outstanding bourgeois military and statesman who led the victory in the War of Independence, achieved national independence, established a relatively democratic political system, and pioneered democratic politics.
Lesson 19: The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire
law
big
leather
life
Enlightenment
Voltaire (standard-bearer of the Enlightenment), Montesquieu, Rousseau
Bash the object
feudalism
Ideological propositions
Propagate freedom, equality, and democracy; advocate enlightenment and education for the masses, and dispel darkness with reason
A bourgeois movement for the emancipation of the mind
Important theoretical preparations were made for the French Revolution
In 1789 a three-tiered council was convened
On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris captured the Bastille
bourgeoisie
Legal literature
(1) Promulgation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which proclaims the basic principles of human rights, the rule of law, freedom, separation of powers, equality and the protection of private property
(2) In 1791, the Constituent Assembly promulgated a constitution, abolishing the old system and establishing the basic framework of the new system
Louis XVI (founded the First French Republic after his death)
Robespierre (Jacobin leader, representing the interests of the petty and middle bourgeoisie)
Revolutionary climax
Robespierre came to power
Revolutionary influence
The Revolution destroyed the rule of the French monarchy and spread the ideas of bourgeois liberal democracy with world influence
take
break
Lun
emperor
Seizure of power
In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d'état to seize power
Called Emperor
In 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor and became known as the First French Empire
Measures of domination
Internal: vigorous development of industry, commerce and agriculture; formulation of the Napoleonic Code
External: Defeated the anti-French coalition forces many times and almost swept across the European continent.
Evaluate the Napoleonic Wars
(1) There was justice in the early stage: because it protected the achievements of the French Revolution and also attacked the European feudal forces.
(2) The later period is unjust: it harms the interests of the people of the invaded country and provokes the resistance of the local people.
Decline
In 1812, Russia was completely destroyed and seriously injured; in 1815, the First French Empire collapsed
Evaluate Napoleon
He was a great bourgeois politician and military man
【Lesson 20: The First Industrial Revolution】
industry
revolution
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Political premise
Britain completed the bourgeois revolution and established bourgeois rule.
Direct cause
In the 18th century, Britain became the largest colonial empire, and the production of handicraft workshops outstripped supply.
(), () invented ();
Iconic invention
In 1785, Watt improved ( ) to bring humans into ( ) .
The inventive significance of the steam engine
By the 1830s, the steam engine had become the main source of power, and when it was used, it made a one-by-one leap in the field of production, which greatly increased productivity and enabled the Industrial Revolution to develop in depth
Start the department
department. Before the invention of the steam engine, cotton textile factories in Britain were built next to ( ).
Completion flags
( ) England ( ) became the main mode of industrial production
Transportation
In 1807, the Americans built the world's first steamship
In 1825, the British invented the train
Railway significance
It provides society with fast, cheap and convenient transportation, so that the connection between production and markets has become closer
Historical impact of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution greatly increased the level of social productivity
It ushered in the age of steam
The UK became the world's first industrialized country
Lesson 21: The Birth of Marxism and the Rise of the International Workers' Movement
Marx
ism
birth
founder
Marx and Engels
constituent
（）（）（）
Birth sign
Publication of the 1848 "" Note: The Communist Manifesto reveals the objective law that () must be replaced by ().
Declaration content
The working class is called upon to organize itself, to establish a proletarian party, the Communist Party, to overthrow bourgeois rule with huge profits and to carry out a proletarian revolution.
Birth meaning
It marked the birth of Marxism; the international workers' movement entered a new historical period.
First International
In 1864, British, French, German and other workers' representatives established the "International Workers' Association", which is historically known as the "First International"
The economic struggle is waged with the goal of raising wages, shortening working hours and improving working conditions
Paris
commune
establish
In March 1871, the Paris workers revolted and the people elected the Paris Commune.
fail
On May 21-28, 1871, the bourgeois government counterattacked, causing the revolution to fail
The Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish power.
(Note: The Paris Commune was the first practice under the guidance of Marxism)
The Internationale
The background: the failure of the Paris Commune. The purpose is to create in order to inherit the spirit of struggle.