Page 1 About the Author
Tetsu (also known as Tokto, Tetsu Timur) was a politician and military figure in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty. Yu Yuanrenzong was born in the first year of the reign of Emperor Yuanrenzong (1314) into a noble family of prominent status. He is a Mongolian beggar. His uncle, Bo Yan, a chancellor of the Yuan Dynasty, served as the Right Chancellor of Zhongshu after the Yuan Shun Emperor Tuoba Timu'er ascended the throne, and he was the sole ruler of the country for eight years.
His father, Mazartai, held an important position since Emperor Renzong, and after Boyan's resignation, he was appointed as the Right Chancellor of Zhongshu. She was raised in the family of her uncle Bo Yan. History said that he was "born and different from the usual". After a little longer, he studied at the Pujiang famous Confucian Wu Zhifang. Wu Zhifang was the initiation teacher of Detachment, and later became a close aide to Detachment.
When he was a teenager, he had great strength to get rid of his body, could hold a bow and a stone, and was a prominent general. But through Wu Zhifang's sincere temptation, he accepted a lot of Confucian culture, and although he was not accustomed to sitting and reading poetry and books all day, his progress was still obvious. She is good at calligraphy and painting, and her calligraphy is strong and powerful, similar to Yan Zhenqing; painting bamboo is quite interesting. He was most influenced by Confucianism by Confucian standards, and he set the ambition of "diary the ancients to praise words and good deeds, and serve them for life".
His uncle Boyan was an old vassal of Emperor Wuzong of Yuan. After Emperor Taiding fell ill and died, he supported Yan Timur in launching a coup d'état and was the second greatest contributor to Emperor Wenzong's seizure of the throne. When Yan Timur died, Boyan embraced Tutu Timu'er, the Yuan Shun Emperor. Bo Yan monopolized the power, and the detachment also soared with it.
During his reign, he also presided over the revision of the three histories of Liao, Jin, and Song. Due to the implementation of the policy of reformation, the Confucian ministers who resigned during the dictatorship of Boyan were summoned to the National History Museum one after another, and they were appointed as the chief officials of the Three History Capitals, with Zhongshu Pingzhang Zhengshi, Kangli People's Timur Tazhi, Zhongshu Right Cheng Taiping, Yushi Zhongcheng Zhang Qiyan, Hanlin Scholar Ouyang Xuan, Shi Yushi Lu Sicheng, Hanlin Attendant Scholar Jie Daisi as the president official, and after selection and elimination, a number of revision officials were selected and eliminated, among whom there were historians of the Wu'er, Ha Lailu, Tang Wu, and Qincha. The participation of so many ethnic minority scholars in the revision of history is the only one seen in all twenty-four histories.
In 1351, the Anti-Yuan Red Turban Army was suppressed and temporarily suppressed. In 1354, he was impeached by political enemies in Korea and was dismissed from his post and exiled to YijinaiLu and Yunnan. In December of the fifteenth year of Zhizheng (January 1356), he committed suicide by drinking under the edict of Zhongshu Pingzhang's political affairs Hama Jiao, at the age of forty-two. In the course of reform, the dim politics of the last years of the Yuan Dynasty was transformed into Qingming, and many achievements were made. The "History of the Yuan" says that he "did not cut down the society, was extremely popular and not arrogant, light goods and wealth, distant voice, good and virtuous, all out of nature." As for the time of the king, he has never lost his courtesy, although there are ministers in ancient times, why should they be excessive."
Page 2 Reader Comments
1. Song Lian's "History of the Yuan": The detachment is majestic, and it comes from thousands of people, and the instrument is far-sighted and unpredictable. Meritorious charity and society without cutting, extremely popular and not arrogant, light goods and wealth, distant voices, good and virtuous people, all out of nature. As for the time of the king, he has never lost his courtesy, although he has a taoist minister in ancient times, how can he be excessive. But he was confused by the small group, anxious to restore personal enmity, and the gentleman ridiculed.
2. Ke Shaochen's "New Yuan History" is majestic, the instrument is deep, not reserved, light wealth and good soldiers, merit is in the society, and always does not lose the courtesy of the courtiers, and has the style of the ancient ministers. However, the credit of Ru Zhongbai and so on, for the sake of the people, gentlemen regret it. The thieves of the Yuan Dynasty swept across the country, sent the Minister of Xiang out of the chief division of a thousand, and looked forward to the wind and rushed to collapse. He who is loyal to Xu Guo, and who has the talent to fight against chaos, is only one person, but he is framed for adulterers, innocent and dead, and the country is also dead. The death of the thief is the death of the thief, and the heavens are really for it, and no human being can save the people! However, after the Yuan Dynasty, the prime ministers fell in love with each other and became a common practice, although they were free from the virtuous, they were not exempt from love and hatred, and sold grudges, so they also failed.
Page 3 Background of the times
The Liao Dynasty was founded in 907 AD, formally established in 916, the founding monarch was Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji, in 947 the name of the country was "Liao", in 983 it was renamed "Khitan", in 1066 restored the name of the country "Liao", was the ethnic minority dynasty in northern China that confronted the Northern Song Dynasty at that time.
In 1122, emperor Tianzuo fled north to Jiashan, and Yelü Chun was made emperor in Nanjing, Liaoning, and was historically known as Northern Liao. Until 1125, the Liao was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty. After the fall of the Liao, Yelü Dashi moved west to the Chu River Valley in Central Asia to establish the Western Liao. In 1211, he was usurped by the law of QuQu. In 1218, the Western Liao was destroyed by the Mongols.
In its exchanges with the Central Plains and Western countries, the Liao Dynasty brought together the strengths of all and effectively promoted the rapid development of the Khitan in all aspects of politics, economy and culture. The Liao transitioned from tribal clan society to a slave society in a relatively short period of time, and ruled northern China while leaping towards feudal society, bringing people of all ethnic groups closer together and promoting integration. It has played an important role in the development of Mongolia and northeast China. They created a splendid civilization and left a glorious history.
In its heyday, the Territory of the Liao Dynasty stretched from the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Japan in the east, the Altai Mountains in the west, the Ergun River and the Daxing'anLing Mountains in the north, and the Baigou River in the south of Hebei Province. The Khitan people were originally nomadic people, and the emperor of the Liao Dynasty made agriculture and animal husbandry develop and prosper together, each with its own place, and established a unique and relatively complete management system. The Liao Dynasty focused on the birthplace of the nation, and in order to maintain its national character, it ruled the nomadic peoples separately from the agricultural peoples, advocated rule according to customs, and created a bicameral political system.
And to create the Khitan script and preserve its own culture. In addition, it absorbed the cultures of the Bohai State, the Five Dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Western Xia and the Western Regions, and effectively promoted the political, economic and cultural development of the Liao Dynasty. The liao dynasty's military power and influence covered the western region, so after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, Central Asia, West Asia and Eastern Europe regarded the Liao Dynasty (Khitan) as a representative title for China.
Page 4 Summary of contents
The History of Liao is a history of the Liao Dynasty in the form of a chronicle. Meta-detachment waits. The book is 116 volumes, mainly describing the history of the Liao Dynasty in the 210 years from the first year of the Liao Taizu Divine Book (916) to the fifth year of the Tianzuo Emperor Baoda (1125). The book is divided into 30 volumes, 32 volumes, 8 tables, 45 volumes, and 1 volume of Chinese and five parts.
Benji: It describes the 9th Emperor of the Liao Dynasty, the first record is Taizu Yelü Abaoji, who established the Khitan state with the Khitan tribe Yili, and Taizong Yelü Deguang changed the name of the country to Daliao.
The Sacred Patriarchal Chronicle has the largest volume, reaching 8 volumes, because of its long reign, and the peak of national strength, stable rule, and talent.
The "Battalion Guard Chronicle" records the palace guard battalion and the tribal system, and the "Bing Wei Zhi" records the military system and various central, local and frontier troops.
The Geographical Chronicle is divided into five volumes, namely Beijing, Tokyo, Zhongjing, Nanjing, and Xijing, and records the administrative divisions of each region. The Chronicle of Almanacs records calendars, astronomy and astronomical instruments.
The Hundred Officials Chronicle describes the special official system of the Khitan clan ruled by officials in the north of the Liao, and the Han people ruled by the officials in the south. "Li Zhi" records the five ceremonies of Ji, Qi, Jun, Bin, and Jia.
The "Music Chronicle" records the chinese music, the various national music, the gagaku, the big music, the scattered music, the drumming music, and the horizontal blowing music. The Yiwei Zhi records the honor guards, car uniforms, and runes of the Khitan, Han, Bohai and other ethnic groups.
The Chronicle of Food and Goods records the economic system under the coexistence of nomadic animal husbandry and agriculture, such as farmhouses, rents, salt and iron, trade, pit smelting, spring coins, and herding. The Criminal Law Chronicle records the sinicization process of liao dynasty law. Table: There are 8 headings.
The "Table of The World" records the deeds of the Khitan people from the Han to the Tang. The "Table of Princes" records the imperial lineage, name, line, knighthood, official position, merit, sin, Xue Shou, and descendants of the princes of the previous dynasties. The "Princess Table" records the lineage of the princesses of various dynasties, mother, name, title, marriage, deeds, sins, curses, and sons.
The Royal Family Table records the continuation of the branches of the members of the clan. The "Table of Foreign Relatives" records the descendants of foreign relatives in the past dynasty who have knighthoods, titles, and names. The "Table of YouXing" records the deeds of the emperors such as hunting and going out on tours according to the year and month. The Tribal Table records the deeds of various ethnic groups within the Khitan and certain foreign tribes. The Table of Dependent States records changes in the relationship between minorities, neighboring countries, and the Liao Dynasty. Biography: Most of the biographies of the characters are written about the Ruling Patriarch Yelü clan and the foreign relative Xiao Clan.
The Table of Foreign Relatives says: "In the History of Liao, Yelü and Xiao Shi lived in eight or nine, and the clan and the foreign relatives were divided into enemies, and they were lips and teeth, and the Hanbang family was either or together. However, it is prosperous to be right, and it is also to die with yes, and the disadvantages of its law are also. "There are 11 categories of concubines, clan chambers, literature, noh officials, Zhuo Xing, lie women, fang ji, lingguan, eunuchs, adulterers, and rebel ministers. The Tale of the Neighboring Countries has 1 volume, name
"Records of the Two Foreign Countries", which records the two state affairs of Goryeo and Western Xia. Chinese explanation: In order to explain the Khitan Chinese specially opened, because the Liao is based on the Khitan ethnic group, its "local language is probably close to slang." ...... Therefore, the official system, palace guards, tribes, and geography are recorded in the history, and the rate is Chinese as the title. The author interprets the Khitan language that appears in the book in Chinese, which has a similar meaning, so that the reader can understand. This book is actually the most important document for the study of the history of the Liao Dynasty.
Page 5 Quotes
1. The loss of seeking others is small but forgivable, and it is as heavy as Mount Tai; and the unrighteousness of the body, although it is into great evil, is lighter than the hair.
【Source】《辽史本紀第·太祖上》
[Interpretation] Finding the faults of others, although they are small enough to be forgiven, also think that they are heavier than Taishan; they do unrighteous things themselves, although they are great and unforgivable, but they think that they are lighter than Hong Mao.
【Appreciation】 When The Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji first ascended the throne, the brothers Ofag, Die, and An Duan were dissatisfied, and repeatedly gathered the crowd to rebel. After finally suppressing the rebellion, Apaoji said the above words to the people on the left and right, exposing the villainous behavior of the brothers to the fullest, which convinced the people left and right.
2. The affairs of the military and the country are based on loving the people, and if the people are rich, the soldiers are sufficient, and the soldiers are strong.
【Source】《Liaoshi Honji 4th Emperor Dazongxia》
【Interpretation】 The major affairs of the military and the state are based on loving the people. When the people are rich, there will be sufficient military resources, and a country with sufficient military resources will become rich and strong.
【Appreciation】 Emperor Taizong of Liao, Yelü Deguang, went south to attack the Jin Dynasty, feasted on his courtiers at the Chishan Mountains, and asked about the important affairs of the military state, and the subordinates replied in this way. Emperor Taizong of Liao thought that this was very correct. When Emperor Taizong of Later Liao attacked the north of Fenzhou (Kaifeng), he said to the people around him: "I have three major mistakes in this southward journey. First, there should be no arsonists who plunder grain; second, private wealth should not be looted; third, the thrifty envoys in various localities should not be sent back in a timely manner. "Two of the three major mistakes in the review are that they did not focus on loving the people and deeply regretted it.
3. The transgression of a man is greater than the murder of the innocent.
【Source】Liao Shi Liechuan VIII
[Interpretation] The fault of a human monarch is not greater than the indiscriminate killing of innocents.
The author of "History of Liao" believes: "The transgression of a man is greater than the murder of the innocent." When Shang Tang cut down Xia Jie, among his crimes, there were "and called on the gods to be innocent"; when King Wu of Zhou cut down the King of Shang, there were "innocent in heaven"; Yao Fei Miaomin, Lü Hou counted his crimes and also said "killing innocents". Emperor Muzong of Liao was an alcoholic and killed innocent people at every turn. For the sake of a witch's prescription for life extension, I don't know how many lives have been killed. During his 18 years on the throne, he was "obsessed with killing", and countless people were killed by him, and finally he was killed by others.
4. The surrender cannot be killed, the death cannot be pursued, and the two or three virtues are not discussed.
【Source】Liao Shi Liechuan No. 10
[Interpretation] The surrendered soldiers cannot be killed, the fleeing soldiers cannot be pursued, of course, those capricious villains should be another matter.
【Appreciation】Liao Shengzong led the army to cut down the Song Dynasty, and the attendant Ma Dechen wrote a letter. Liao Shengzong thought that this statement was extremely reasonable, and the edict was implemented in the army. This statement can be said to be the most reasonable and clear statement, the surrender of the soldiers can not be killed, if surrendered and killed, who will surrender in the future? The fleeing soldier cannot be chased relentlessly, and if he is forced to hurry, he will fight with you to the death, and then it can only be a defeat for both sides.
5, spoil the precious and rare can be guaranteed for a long time, thinking that it is worrying about the ear!
【Source】Liao Shi Liechuan XII
[Interpretation] Wealth and wealth are rarely maintained for a long time, so I am worried about this.
【Appreciation】 Because he was the empress's brother, he was favored by the Holy Sect, but he was often worried. Whenever there was a feast and joy in the palace, he quietly avoided it. The queen was very unhappy and asked him, "Aren't you happy?" The heart answered her with the above words. Thinking of danger in times of peace and sounding alarm bells are indeed the words of the wise.
(6) Those who act in laws and decrees must not be careless in order to govern and human lives.
【Source】LiaoShi Liechuan 19
[Interpretation] The formulation of laws is the most important task in governing the country, because it is directly related to human life, so it is necessary to be particularly cautious.
【Appreciation】 This sentence was said when Emperor Xingzong of Liao revised the decree. He believed that the laws of the Liao Dynasty were of varying degrees of importance and should be revised, and asked the officials who revised the laws to "judge the severity and revise them from the appropriateness." Liao Xingzong's words really grasped the key to governing the country.
7, with wolves herding sheep, how can it last!
【Source】Liao Shi Liechuan 29
[Interpretation] How can the use of wolves to shepherd sheep be long-lasting?
【Appreciation】 The traitorous minister Yelü Yixin was "beautiful and elegant, cunning on the outside and inside", and since childhood, he had the ambition to swallow the sun and moon and seize the rivers and mountains, but the Liao Daozong favored and believed in him, and all the important affairs of the military state were entrusted to him. "The situation is epicenter, and the feedback under the door is endless. Those who are obedient are recommended and promoted, and those who are loyal are rebuked. Xiao Yanshou, a loyal minister, was reprimanded and exiled because of his upright temperament and exposing Yi Xin's plot to depose the crown prince. The people of that time said, "How can the sheep be long-lasting by wolves?" ”
(To be continued)
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